The Punk and Hardcore Youth Subcultures in the USA Since the 1980s

What was so special about these records is that they came with foldout posters not only advertising other records but also covering the war and the history of US—Middle East relations. In Nevada a group called Positive Force arranged cooperations with established non-profit organizations to educate themselves. The issues they were most interested in in the s included the threat of a nuclear war and intervention in Central America. Positive Force still exists in ; it is now based in Washington, D.

This is how the organization is introduces itself on their home page www. We promote active, questioning,responsible, alternative lifestyles. In the end, it is what each of usdoes, and not what we say, that really counts.

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Our lives can be the mostpowerful protest imaginable. In the s people from the punk subculture in large cities would also become politically involved with the New Left and the Nuclear Freeze Movement. Yet, punk had its own forms of protest that manifested themselves in spontaneous actions, for example street theater or political graffiti — something Mattson calls lifestyle politics.

These actions were often directly linked to the political leadership and President Reagan himself. Additionally, the end of the Reagan years in the United States marked the lack, or at least the waning, of a clearly identifiable national enemy against whom the punks could position themselves. Reagan was seen by many as the national avatar of what the skinheads represented on the local level, and while the policies of the Reagan administration did not disappear with the Bush administration [ For a certain part the, however swiftly, changing innerpolitical climate may have contributed to the decline of the strongly political aspects of the subculture.

Other factors include the end of the cold war and with it no longer the immediate threat of nuclear war. However, probably the crucial point in the history of punk was the growing commercialization of the punk image by corporations who saw an attractive market opening up to which they responded by designing fashion especially for the youth subculture. By mainstreaming punk culture, it became attractive as a fashion and an image for apolitical teenagers who were never part of the Do-It-Yourself and protest culture.

The crucial element of shocking people solely by what someone was wearing was almost completely lost. Besonders die Frisuren und die Art, sich zu kleiden, dienten dazu, gesellschaftliche Tabus zu brechen. Stauffenburg , , p.

Punkrock und die Entwicklung zum American Hardcore. Coda , , p. American Studies, Spring , Vol. American Music, Economics, and Politics in the s and s. Popular Music and Society. Politik - Internationale Politik - Region: Geschichte Europa - Deutschland - Neuere Geschichte. Politik - Internationale Politik - Thema: English - Pedagogy, Didactics, Literature Studies. Kulturwissenschaften - Allgemeines und Begriffe. Romanistik - Spanische Sprache, Literatur, Landeskunde. English - Applied Geography. American Studies - Literature. GRIN Publishing, located in Munich, Germany, has specialized since its foundation in in the publication of academic ebooks and books.

The publishing website GRIN. Free Publication of your term paper, essay, interpretation, bachelor's thesis, master's thesis, dissertation or textbook - upload now! Register or log in. Our newsletter keeps you up to date with all new papers in your subjects. Request a new password via email. Theory of Subcultures When it comes to the theory of subcultures, and especially the punk scene, the two authors frequently quoted are Greil Marcus, author of Lipstick Traces. Theory in Punk Rock Marcus focuses on the aesthetic and semiotics of punk. Theory in Hardcore Theoretical writings about hardcore analyzing it in the same or a similar way like punk are simply not existing.

Ronald Reagan - Seine 1. War on Drugs — Reagan, Bush und Clinton. The mod subculture began with a few cliques of trendy teenage boys in London, England in the late s, but was at its most popular during the early s.

Mods were obsessed with new fashions such as slim-cut suits; and music styles such as modern jazz, rhythm and blues, soul, ska , and some beat music. Many of them rode scooters. The mod and rude boy cultures both influenced the skinhead subculture of the late s. The skinheads were a harder, more working class version of mods who wore basic clean-cut clothing styles and favoured ska, rocksteady, soul and early reggae music.

Subcultures were often based on socializing and wild behaviour, but some of them were centred around politics. Allen Ginsberg took part in several protest movements, including those for gay rights and those against the Vietnam War and nuclear weapons. In Paris, France in May , there was a university student uprising, supported by Jean-Paul Sartre and other intellectuals who signed a statement asserting "the right to disobedience. The Hacker culture was beginning to form in the s, due to the increased usage of computers at colleges and universities.

Students who were fascinated by the possible uses of computers and other technologies began figuring out ways to make technology more freely accessible. The international Happening and Fluxus movements also had its beginnings in the s, evolving out of the Beat subculture. In the s, the hippie, mod and rocker subcultures were in a process of transformation, which temporarily took on the name of freaks openly embracing the image of strangeness.

A growing awareness of identity politics combined with the legalisation of homosexuality and a huge amount of interest in science fiction and fantasy forms of speculative writing produced the freak scene. Bands on the freak circuit cultivated an anti-capitalist, communal lifestyle.

It was a continuation of the trendies of the s mod culture, appealing to the androgynous trend of the s. Computer usage was still a very inaccessible secret world to most people in those days, but many people were interested in computers because of their appearance in science fiction. The dream of one day owning a computer was a popular fantasy amongst science fiction fandom , which had grown from a minor subculture in the first half of the 20th century to a quite large contingent by the s, along with horror fandom, comics fandom and fantasy freaks.

The skinhead subculture from the late s continued into the s, and some skinheads became influenced by the punk subculture. These skinheads became associated with the Oi! Disco , which had begun in gay dance clubs, became a significant from about onward. In some sectors, particularly in the New York City area, where disco had seemingly "taken over" all aspects of youth life, an aggressive counter-disco movement was born. Musically and lyrically, punk rock was the intentional antithesis of the disco scene, the progressive rock genre and the hippie subculture.

Early punks played aggressive, quick-paced three-chord rock and roll songs. Within the decay of the hippie subculture, some of the remaining branches of bikers progressively turned in metalheads with succeeding aesthetics of horror and violence of late 's that influenced progressive rock hard rock in the more obscure form of early heavy metal.

Metalheads preserved the instituted use of long hairs, took garnments from leather culture of late 's and formed a culture on separatism and orthodoxy against mainstream. In , a hit song " Convoy " by C. McCall arrived in the pop charts and romanticised the Trucker and CB radio subculture. The word " convoy " and quotes from the song lyrics became part of a popular cultural image of people standing up for their freedom.

Gradually, from the s, s and through into the s, the cultural influences of the Merry Pranksters , the freak scene, the New Age movement and the Convoy idea seem to have coalesced into what became New age travellers. Beginning around , the anarcho-punk scene in the UK developed the band Crass and related bands, including The Poison Girls.

History of modern Western subcultures

The Crass Records label was an independent operation, enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the major labels might not have bothered with them. Crass also organised gigs around the country for themselves and other bands, and campaigned politically for the anti-nuclear movement other causes. Mods made a comeback in the late s as a post-punk mod revival , inspired by The Jam and the British film Quadrophenia.

In , Usenet was created as a medium of communication over the, still very primitive, Internet of the time. The Usenet and the Bulletin board system BBS subculture would become increasingly significant over the next few decades. The Sapeur cult promoted high standards of personal cleanliness, hygiene and smart dress, to a whole generation of youth across Zaire. When I say well-groomed, well-shaven, well-perfumed, it's a propriety that I am insisting on among the young.

I don't care about their education, since education always comes first of all from the family. At the beginning of the s, some of the followers of punk rock became bored [ original research? By , this trend resulted in the development of the New Romantics , a group whose preferred music was synthesiser electropop. New Romantics tended to be slightly campy and fey , and visually there was an androgynous vibe to the subculture, [ citation needed ] regardless of the individual's sexual orientation.

Clothing styles demonstrated a return to the freak scene's roleplay of fashions from previous eras or imagined future ones in order to use fashion to create a time warp. Other punk rock followers took the genre and culture further underground, where it evolved into a faster, harder genre coined as hardcore punk.

Along with the hardcore scene came the straight edge subculture. Straight edge is a lifestyle that advocates abstinence in relation to tobacco, alcohol and recreational drug use especially psychoactive and stimulant drug use , and for some people, in relation to promiscuous sexual behavior. Other former punks searching for a new direction around eventually developed into the nucleus of what became the goth subculture. The goths are a subculture of dark dress and gloomy romanticism.

Unlike the New Romantics, goth has lasted into the 21st century. In the UK, goth reached its popular peak in the late s. In American urban environments, a form of street culture using freeform and semi- staccato poetry , combined with athletic break dancing , was developing as the Hip hop and Rap subculture.

In jazz jargon, the word rap had always meant speech and conversation. The new meaning signified a change in the status of poetry from an elitist artform to a community sport. Rappers could attempt to outdo each other with their skillful rhymes. Rapping is also known as MCing , which is one of the four main elements of Hip hop: From the early to mids, poetry culture in a broader sense caught the same kind of energy as rap and so began the first of the poetry slams.

Poetry slamming became an irregular focus for the latest wave of poetry aficionados. In , Stonehenge Free Festival was disrupted by a massive police presence attempting to prevent the festival and break up the Peace Convoy. The resulting Battle of the Beanfield was the largest mass civil arrest in English history. Free parties and raves began from the mids and became a flourishing subculture. The music embraced by this subculture was electronic dance music which developed from Techno , pioneered in Detroit and Chicago by people like Juan Atkins , Derrick May , and Kevin Saunderson , as well as electronic music , pioneered by Karlheinz Stockhausen , John Cage and others, taken by way of progressive rock bands like Hawkwind , filtered through the sounds of dub -reggae and the electropop bands like Kraftwerk and Depeche Mode and given a different twist via Art of Noise and early hip hop and recycled psychedelia.

Rave culture thrived from the mids to the end of the century and beyond. The Usenet and BBS subculture had developed a subculture which involved its own forms of etiquette and behaviour patterns both social and anti-social and the phenomena of trolling , spamming , flaming etc. The computer subculture was also influenced by fictional subcultures in cyberpunk literature. Tales for an Accelerated Culture , was used to describe the generation that followed the Baby Boom Generation , or those who came to adulthood in the late s and early s. On the West Coast of the United States became popular a style of alternative rock known as Grunge , pioneered by bands like Nirvana , Soundgarden and Mudhoney , which developed his associated subculture.

• Beate Gansauge (Author of Reagan v. Roosevelt).
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One of the main technological developments of the s was the World Wide Web. Running on the older infrastructure of the Internet , the web allowed small subcultures to grow into large global online communities.

Online game communities, forums, chat rooms and Internet cafes became popular. The s saw the rise of the anti-globalization movement. This was a response to the increased impact of globalisation and global capitalism. The anti-globalisation protest movement was accompanied by the fair trade movement. Named in relation to Generation X, Generation Y or "Echo Boomers" a reference to the fact that many of the parents of this generation had belonged to the Baby boomer generation consisted of individuals that had come to adulthood during the s.

Subcultures that emerged or became popular in the first decade of the 21st century included Emo , Scene [4] and Chav. The Emo subculture is rooted in the Post Hardcore genre of hardcore punk and old Nokia phones, and changed over the years becoming more mainstream, following the commercial success in early 's. The contemporary hipster became prominent in the s.

On March 20, , Alexis Petridis, a journalist for the British newspaper The Guardian , claimed that subcultures were rapidly declining, with only Emos and metalheads having any visual significance. Throughout the s, subcultures have split into smaller subcultures that grow into the mainstream. This is possible due to the widespread accessibility of the internet and social media platforms. Some of the newer groups of the late 's include: Twitter Stans, koreaboos , art hoes, edgelords, niche memers, IG baddies, hypebeasts and thousands of others.

The s also saw revivals of many past subcultures, particularly from the 80s and 90s following the release of many television shows set in that era. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Punk subculture - Wikipedia

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