Swear An Oath

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Why Put Off Making a Will? Is There a Difference between a Conveyancer and a Solicitor? Iuppiter Lapis was held in the Roman tradition to be an Oath Stone , an aspect of Jupiter in his role as divine law-maker responsible for order and used principally for the investiture of the oathtaking of office. We have, for instance, the sacred stone silex which was preserved in the temple of Iuppiter on the Capitol, and was brought out to play a prominent part in the ceremony of treaty-making. The fetial , who on that occasion represented the Roman people, at the solemn moment of the oath-taking, struck the sacrificial pig with the silex , saying as he did so, "Do thou, Diespiter , strike the Roman people as I strike this pig here to-day, and strike them the more, as thou art greater and stronger.

The punisher of broken oaths was the infernal deity Orcus. Walter Burkert has shown that since Lycurgus of Athens d. Various religious groups have objected to the taking of oaths, most notably the Religious Society of Friends Quakers and Anabaptist groups, like Mennonites , Amish , Hutterites and Schwarzenau Brethren.

This is principally based on Matthew 5: Here, Christ is written to say "I say to you: James the Just stated in James 5: Let your 'Yes' be yes, and your 'No', no, or you will be condemned. Not all Christians interpret this reading as forbidding all types of oaths, however. Opposition to oath-taking among some groups of Christian caused many problems for these groups throughout their history. Quakers were frequently imprisoned because of their refusal to swear loyalty oaths. Testifying in court was also difficult; George Fox , Quakers' founder, famously challenged a judge who had asked him to swear, saying that he would do so once the judge could point to any Bible passage where Jesus or his apostles took oaths.

The judge could not, but this did not allow Fox to escape punishment. Legal reforms from the 18th century onwards mean that everyone in the United Kingdom now has the right to make a solemn affirmation instead of an oath. The United States has permitted affirmations since it was founded; it is explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. Only President Franklin Pierce has chosen to affirm rather than swear at his inauguration. As late as , Charles Bradlaugh was denied a seat as an MP in the Parliament of the United Kingdom because of his professed atheism as he was judged unable to swear the Oath of Allegiance in spite of his proposal to swear the oath as a "matter of form".

God does not hold you responsible for the mere utterance of oaths; He holds you responsible for your actual intentions.

Oath of office

If you violate an oath, you shall atone by feeding ten poor people from the same food you offer to your own family, or clothing them, or by freeing a slave. If you cannot afford this, then you shall fast three days. This is the atonement for violating the oaths that you swore to keep. You shall fulfill your oaths. God thus explains His revelations to you, that you may be appreciative.

Germanic warrior culture was significantly based on oaths of fealty. Hedin was coming home alone from the forest one Yule -eve, and found a troll -woman; she rode on a wolf, and had snakes in place of a bridle. She asked Hedin for his company. From the foundation of the Irish Free State in , both had to make an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and of fidelity to King George V.

This did not take place in public. In Israel, the Basic Laws specify oaths of office of high-ranking members of the government. For the President of Israel , there is a "Declaration of Loyalty":.

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I pledge to maintain loyalty to the State of Israel and to its laws and to faithfully fulfill my duties as President of the State. In the Knesset , the oath of office or "declaration of allegiance" is as follows:. Oldest member of Knesset or chairperson: I pledge myself to bear allegiance to the State of Israel and faithfully to discharge my mandate in the Knesset.

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Each other member of the Knesset, in turn: The Prime Minister of Israel has to make the following "declaration of allegiance" upon taking office:. I, name , pledge myself as Prime Minister to bear allegiance to the State of Israel and to its laws, to carry out faithfully my functions as Prime Minister and to comply with the decisions of the Knesset. I, name , pledge myself as a member of the Government to bear allegiance to the State of Israel and to its laws, to carry out faithfully my functions as a member of the Government and to comply with the decisions of the Knesset. In Italy , before taking office, the President is required by Article 91 of the Constitution to take an oath of allegiance to the Republic and swear to uphold the Constitution before Parliament in joint session.

Also, Article 54 of the Constitution requires public officials to fulfil their functions with discipline and honour , taking an oath to that effect in those cases established by the law. Giuro di essere fedele alla Repubblica, di osservarne lealmente la Costituzione e le leggi, e di esercitare le mie funzioni nell'interesse esclusivo della Nazione.

I swear to be faithful to the Republic, to loyally observe its Constitution and laws, and to exercise my functions in the exclusive interest of the Nation. In Lebanon , the president must take the following oath before the Parliament:. I swear by Almighty God to observe the Constitution and the Laws of the Lebanese Nation and to maintain the independence of Lebanon and its territorial integrity.

Article 5 of the Constitution of Luxembourg prescribes the following oath for a new Grand Duke:. I swear to observe the Constitution and the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, to maintain the national independence and integrity of the territory, as well as public and individual liberties. I swear to be faithful to the Grand Duke; I swear to observe the Constitution and the laws of the country. A Lieutenant of the Grand Duke takes an oath to respect the Constitution, but no exact text is prescribed.

Deputies at the Chamber of Deputies the Luxembourg parliament take the following oath upon taking office:. I swear to be faithful to the Grand Duke and to obey the Constitution and the laws of the State. I swear allegiance to the Grand Duke and obedience to the Constitution and the laws of the State. I promise to fulfill my duties with integrity, exactitude, and impartiality. Further we do solemnly and truly declare that we shall at all time protect the religion of Islam and uphold the rules of law and order in the Nation.

Federal Constitution requires the various executive and legislative members to take the Oath of Office and Allegiance as follows:. Article 87 of the Mexican Constitution provides that the incoming president of Mexico should raise his or her right arm up to shoulder-level before the Congress of Mexico and say the following oath of office in Spanish:.

I promise to make and to keep the political constitution of the United Mexican States and the laws that from it derive, and with loyalty and patriotism the position of President of the Republic that the people has given me, looking above all for the good and the prosperity of the Union; and if I don't, the nation should demand it from me. Afterwards, the outgoing President passes him the presidential sash the Banda Presidential , which is worn from the left shoulder to the right rib, to the new President.

Article 79 of the Constitution of Moldova provides that the President, no more than 45 days after his election, and before the Parliament and Constitutional Court, gives the following oath:. I solemnly swear to devote all my personal strength and abilities to the prosperity of the Republic of Moldova, to abide by the Constitution and the laws of the country, to defend democracy, fundamental human rights and freedoms, the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of Moldova.

As set out by the Swearing-in and Investiture Act, the oath of office for the monarch of the Netherlands , which in accordance with Article 32 of the Constitution is to be declared as soon as possible after the King or Queen takes office in a public united meeting of the States General in the capital of Amsterdam , is as follows:. I swear affirm to the peoples of the Kingdom that I will always observe and uphold the Statute for the Kingdom and the Constitution.

I swear affirm that I will defend and preserve, with all My power, the independence and territory of the Kingdom; that I will protect the freedom and the rights of all Dutchmen and all residents, and will employ for the maintenance and promotion of the welfare, all the means which the laws place at My disposal, as a good and true King should do.

So help me, God Almighty! After this declaration the chairman of the States General, in the name of the States General, the States of the Netherlands Antilles and the States of Aruba , pronounces the following solemn declaration:. We receive you and do homage to you as King in the name of the peoples of the Kingdom and by virtue of the Statute for the Kingdom and the Constitution; we swear affirm that we will uphold your inviolability and the rights of your crown. So help us, God Almighty! The oath of office for ministers and state secretaries, which shall be administered by the King, and for members of Parliament is as follows:.

I swear or declare and affirm that in order to do or refrain from doing anything whatsoever in this office, I have not accepted and will not accept, directly or indirectly, any promises or presents from anyone whomsoever. I swear or affirm allegiance to the King, to the Statute for the Kingdom and to the Constitution.

I swear or affirm that I will faithfully perform all the duties which the office lays upon me. So help me God Almighty! The chief justice of New Zealand administers the oath of office at the installation of new Governors-General of New Zealand. The oath is as follows:. As soon as the King, being of age, accedes to the Government, he shall take the following oath before the Storting article 9 of the Constitution of Norway: I promise and swear that I will govern the Kingdom of Norway in accordance with its Constitution and Laws; so help me God, the Almighty and Omniscient.

If the Storting is not in session at the time, the oath shall be made in writing in the Council of State and be repeated solemnly by the King at the first subsequent Storting. The oath of office of the President of Pakistan is as follows:. I, name , do solemnly swear that I am a Muslim and believe in the Unity and Oneness of Almighty Allah, the Books of Allah, the Holy Quran being the last of them, the Prophethood of Muhammad as the last of the Prophets and that there can be no Prophet after him, the Day of Judgment, and all the requirements and teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah:.

That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan: That, as President of Pakistan, I will discharge my duties, and perform my functions, honestly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well- being and prosperity of Pakistan: That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions: That, in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favor, affection or ill- will: And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of Pakistan, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as President.

May Allah Almighty help and guide me A'meen. The oath of office of the Prime Minister of Pakistan is as follows:. I, name , do swear solemnly that I am a Muslim and believe in the Unity and Oneness of Almighty Allah, the Books of Allah, the Holy Quran being the last of them, the Prophethood of Muhammad as the last of the Prophets and that there can be no Prophet after him, the Day of Judgment, and all the requirements and teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah:. That, as Prime Minister of Pakistan, I will discharge my duties, and perform my functions, honestly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well- being and prosperity of Pakistan: That I will strive to preserve the Islamic Ideology which is the basis for the creation of Pakistan: And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Prime Minister except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Prime Minister.

May Allah Almighty help and guide me A'meen [ citation needed ]. The oath of office of the President of the Philippines as written in the Constitution is as follows:. I, name , do solemnly swear or affirm that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President or Vice-President or Acting President of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. The oath from the Filipino language version of the constitution was used for the inauguration of Presidents Fidel V.

Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos. Prior to the Constitution the oath of office for the President of the Philippines is as follows:. I, name of Hometown , having been elected and proclaimed as President of the Philippines, do solemnly swear or affirm that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President or Vice-President or Acting President of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. During the inauguration of President Corazon C.

Aquino , this version was used:. I, name , do solemnly swear or affirm that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President or Vice-President or Acting President of the Philippines, preserve and defend its fundamental law, execute its just laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. The oath of office requirement for all public officers and employees of the government including every member of the armed forces is as follows:. All public officers and employees of the government including every member of the armed forces shall, before entering upon the discharge of his duties, take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend the Constitution; that he will bear true faith and allegiance to it; obey the laws, legal orders and decrees promulgated by the duly constituted authorities; will well and faithfully discharge to the best of his ability the duties of the office or position upon which he is about to enter; and that he voluntarily assumes the obligation imposed by his oath of office, without mental reservation or purpose of evasion.

So Help me God. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos [ citation needed ]. Assuming, by the will of the Nation, the office of President of the Republic of Poland, I do solemnly swear to be faithful to the provisions of the Constitution; I pledge that I shall steadfastly safeguard the dignity of the Nation, the independence and security of the State, and also that the good of the Homeland and the prosperity of its citizens shall forever remain my supreme obligation. Assuming this office of Prime Minister or Deputy Prime Minister or minister , I do solemnly swear to be faithful to the provisions of the Constitution and other laws of the Republic of Poland, and that the good of the Homeland and the prosperity of its citizens shall forever remain my supreme obligation.

I do solemnly swear to perform my duties to the Nation diligently and conscientiously, to safeguard the sovereignty and interests of the State, to do all within my power for the prosperity of the Homeland and the well-being of its citizens, and to observe the Constitution and other laws of the Republic of Poland. The Constitution of Portugal requires that the following oath be taken by the President -elect upon entering into office:. I swear by my honour to faithfully perform the functions in which I am invested and to defend and observe the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic and cause it to be observed.

Article 82 of the Constitution of Romania provides that the President, before the Chamber of Deputies and Senate in joint session, gives the following oath:. I solemnly swear that I will dedicate all my strength and the best of my abilities for the spiritual and material welfare of the Romanian people, to abide by the Constitution and laws of the country, to defend democracy, the fundamental rights and freedoms of my fellow citizens, Romania's sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity.

When taking office the President of the Russian Federation shall take the following oath of loyalty to the people:. I swear in exercising the powers of the President of the Russian Federation to respect and safeguard the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to observe and protect the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to protect the sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of the State, to faithfully serve the people. The oath shall be taken in a solemn atmosphere in the presence of members of the Council of the Federation , deputies of the State Duma and judges of the Constitution Court of the Russian Federation.

During the Coronation of the Russian monarch , after his anointing , but prior to partaking of Holy Communion, the Tsar recited a coronation oath, in which he swore to preserve the autocracy intact and to rule his realm with justice and fairness. The oath of office of the President of Singapore is as follows:. I, name , having been elected President of the Republic of Singapore, do solemnly swear or affirm that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to the best of my ability without fear or favor, affection or ill-will, and without regard to any previous affiliation with any political party, and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic, and that I will preserve, protect, and defend its Constitution.

The Prime Minister of Singapore swears 2 oaths: I, name , having been appointed to the office of Prime Minister, do solemnly swear or affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Singapore, and that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore. I, name , being chosen and appointed Prime Minister of Singapore, do solemnly swear or affirm that I will at all times faithfully discharge my duties as Prime Minister, according to law, to the best of my knowledge and ability, and without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.

I, name , having been appointed to the office of Minister, do solemnly swear or affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Singapore, and that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore. I, name , being chosen as Minister of Singapore, do solemnly swear or affirm that I will at all times faithfully discharge my duties as Minister according to law, and to the best of my knowledge and ability, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.

For members of the Parliament of Singapore , it is:. I, name , having been elected as a Member of the Parliament of Singapore, do solemnly swear or affirm that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to the best of my ability, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic of Singapore, and that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore.

The Captains Regent of San Marino are sworn into office by reciting the following oath:. Giving praise and reverence to God Optimus Maximus, Blessed Mary ever Virgin, Blessed Marino, Patron and defender of the Commune and the People of this Land, and of its curia, District and Peasantry, You, Captains Regent, called and elected to govern the Republic for the six months ahead starting from today, and to continue and finish happily, by putting your hands on the holy Gospels of God, you swear that you will always preserve the Republic and its empire, freedom, dignity, privileges, exemptions and any other right, with your eyes, soul, thoughts and care, and that your mind will only be centred on public good.

With all your strength, you will promote peace and harmony among citizens, of which there is nothing more healthy in a free City; day and night, you will be the most vigilant custodians of this Land and you will care to observe and enforce the Statutes, laws and decrees of this Land, both existing and to be drawn up, and, in default of them, the praiseworthy customs of the People. You will be favourable and benign defenders of widows, orphans, children and poor people, as well as of Churches, Hospitals and other venerable places, as well as of property, and of their rights.

Constantly, at the usual times during your office, you will sit on your usual Throne to adopt decisions that are equal for all, and you will always act in a way that you judge will be good for the Republic and its citizens. Schedule 2 of the Constitution of South Africa specifies the oaths or affirmations of office for the various high offices of state.

Oath of office - Wikipedia

These oaths are sworn before the Chief Justice or another judge designated by the Chief Justice. The President and any Acting President swears the following oath:. In the presence of everyone assembled here, and in full realisation of the high calling I assume as President or Acting President of the Republic of South Africa, I, name , swear or solemnly affirm that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa, and will obey, observe, uphold and maintain the Constitution and all other law of the Republic; and I solemnly and sincerely promise that I will always promote all that will advance the Republic, and oppose all that may harm it; protect and promote the rights of all South Africans; discharge my duties with all my strength and talents to the best of my knowledge and ability and true to the dictates of my conscience; do justice to all; and devote myself to the well-being of the Republic and all of its people.

The Deputy President swears the following oath:. In the presence of everyone assembled here, and in full realisation of the high calling I assume as Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa, I, name , swear or solemnly affirm that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey, observe, uphold and maintain the Constitution and all other law of the Republic; and I solemnly and sincerely promise that I will always promote all that will advance the Republic, and oppose all that may harm it; be a true and faithful counsellor; discharge my duties with all my strength and talents to the best of my knowledge and ability and true to the dictates of my conscience; do justice to all; and devote myself to the well-being of the Republic and all of its people.

Ministers and Deputy Ministers of the Cabinet swear the following oath:. I, name , swear or solemnly affirm that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey, respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the Republic; and I undertake to hold my office as Minister or Deputy Minister with honour and dignity; to be a true and faithful counsellor; not to divulge directly or indirectly any secret matter entrusted to me; and to perform the functions of my office conscientiously and to the best of my ability.

Members of the National Assembly , the National Council of Provinces and the provincial legislatures swear the following oath:. I, name , swear or solemnly affirm that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey, respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the Republic, and I solemnly promise to perform my functions as a member of the National Assembly or permanent delegate to the National Council of Provinces, or member of the legislature of the province of province to the best of my ability. Premiers , Acting Premiers and Members of the Executive Council of a province swear the following oath:.

I, name , swear or solemnly affirm that I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa and will obey, respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the Republic; and I undertake to hold my office as Premier or Acting Premier or member of the Executive Council of the province of province with honour and dignity; to be a true and faithful counsellor; not to divulge directly or indirectly any secret matter entrusted to me; and to perform the functions of my office conscientiously and to the best of my ability.

Judges and acting judges swear the following oath:. I, name , swear or solemnly affirm that, as a Judge of the court , I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa, will uphold and protect the Constitution and the human rights entrenched in it, and will administer justice to all persons alike without fear, favour or prejudice, in accordance with the Constitution and the law.

Article 61 of the Spanish Constitution requires the King to take the following oath as soon as practicable after ascending to the Throne and before performing any other official duty:. I swear to faithfully execute my duties, obey and enforce the Constitution and the laws, to respect the rights of the citizens and of the Autonomous Communities. The heir to the Crown, upon becoming of age, and any Regents, upon taking office, are required by the Constitution to take the same oath, adding to it a vow of allegiance to the King.

In an inauguration ceremony a new Spanish Prime Minister takes an oath or affirmation of office over an open Constitution, which may be next to a cross and a Bible , and before the King of Spain and other dignitaries. Other ministers take a similar oath. In Sweden , a judge, whether a legally trained judge or a lay judge Swedish: I, name , promise and affirm on my honour and conscience that I will and shall impartially, as to the rich as well as to the poor, administer justice in all matters to the best of my ability and conscience, and judge according to the law of the Realm of Sweden; that I will never manipulate the law or further injustice for kinship, relation by marriage, friendship, envy, ill-will, or fear, nor for bribes or gifts, or any other cause in whatever guise it may appear; nor will I declare guilty one who is innocent, or innocent one who is guilty.

Neither before nor after the pronouncement of the judgment of the court shall I disclose to the litigants or to other persons the in camera deliberations of the court. All this, as a honest and righteous judge, I will and shall faithfully observe. In Switzerland , according to the Federal Act on the Federal Assembly, people elected at the Swiss Federal Assembly or elected by it such as the Swiss Federal Council have to take an oath in front of the assembly.

I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Constitution and the law and to fulfil the duties of my office to the best of my abilities. I solemnly promise to uphold the Constitution and the law and to fulfil the duties of my office to the best of my abilities. In the Republic of China mostly Taiwan and surrounding islands , oath of office is required to be taken by the President-elect before he or she assumes office.

All members of the Turkish Parliament, as well as cabinet ministers that are not members of parliament are required to take the following oath in a parliamentary session before taking office. The Turkish President takes a slightly modified version of this oath:. All members of the Turkish Armed Forces should take the following oath before starting their service:.

To serve my nation and republic in times of war and peace with integrity and affection, on land, on the sea, and in the air, To abide by all rules and regulations and to obey my superiors, To value more than my life, the honor of service and the reputation of the Turkish Flag, And if necessary, to willingly give up my life in the name of duty, homeland, and republic.

The President-elect recites the oath with his hand on the Constitution and the Peresopnytsia Gospels. I, name and surname , elected by the will of the people as the President of Ukraine, assuming this high office, do solemnly swear allegiance to Ukraine.

I pledge with all my undertakings to protect the sovereignty and independence of Ukraine, to provide for the good of the Motherland and the welfare of the Ukrainian people, to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, to abide by the Constitution of Ukraine and the laws of Ukraine, to exercise my duties in the interests of all compatriots, and to enhance the prestige of Ukraine in the world.

In the United Kingdom, no formal oath is essential to be taken by the monarch in relation to his or her accession. He or she is, however, required to take an oath regarding the security of the Church of Scotland. At a coronation, the monarch usually takes an oath but as a coronation is inessential, Monarchs need not take a similar oath in order to discharge their duties, as with the case of Edward VIII. The exact wording of the coronation oath of various monarchs has altered throughout the years without statutory authority but remain based on the oath as prescribed by the Coronation Oath Act Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the Peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon, and of your Possessions and the other Territories to any of them belonging or pertaining, according to their respective laws and customs?

Will you to your power cause Law and Justice, in Mercy, to be executed in all your judgements? Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel? Will you to the utmost of your power maintain in the United Kingdom the Protestant Reformed Religion established by law? Will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of the Church of England, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof, as by law established in England?

And will you preserve unto the Bishops and Clergy of England, and to the Churches there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges, as by law do or shall appertain to them or any of them? Then the Queen arising out of her Chair, supported as before, the Sword of State being carried before her, shall go to the Altar, and make her solemn Oath in the sight of all the people to observe the premisses: