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During the five-day Carnival in Rio attended by more than 5 million people, Psy performed "Gangnam Style" with singers Claudia Leitte and Gilberto Gil to mark the 50th anniversary of Korean immigration to Brazil. The success of "Gangnam Style" is a result of the build-up of South Korea's music industry that has been in the works for over 20 years, [] and it has led to other K-pop artists positioning themselves for a similar breakthrough in the U. According to the news agency Agence France-Presse , the success of "Gangnam Style" has led to the further rise and spread of the Korean Wave to other countries.

According to Soutphommasane, the world is only beginning to appreciate Gangnam Style as "part of a broader hallyu cultural wave coming out of the country [South Korea]". This was mainly due to the growing influence and popularity of K-pop songs such as "Gangnam Style". Record executives in the music industry believe that music charts will increasingly be filled with YouTube-driven globalised acts from foreign countries. Sean Carey, a research fellow in the School of Social Sciences at the University of Roehampton , wrote that the flow of popular music will no longer be a single traffic route from North America and Europe to other parts of the globe, but will also move the other way as well.

The Harvard Business Review published an article written by Kevin Evers, who explained how "Gangnam Style" had changed Billboard's ranking methodology of its music charts. Instead of relying solely on radio plays and paid purchases, Billboard started to place a heavier emphasis on digital sales and YouTube views. The song and its accompanying music video currently hold, or have attained, the following records:. Online ' s No. Melissa Locker of the magazine wrote "The catchy song paired with social satire and tongue-in-cheek vibe has spread so quickly it reminds us why videos are called viral.

The video has sparked an International dance craze and catapulted Psy to international super stardom. Music , [] and No. Upon its release, "Gangnam Style" was an enormous hit. The song went straight to number one on the Gaon Singles Chart on the fourth week of July, , with , digital downloads, [] [] and spent five consecutive weeks at the top position of the chart, tying it with IU 's "Good Day" for the most weeks at number one single in the chart's history.

The record, however, was broken by Lee Seung-gi 's "Return" earned six weeks at the top spot from December to January In Oceania, "Gangnam Style" was a huge success. After one week of the band's reign, "Gangnam Style" regained its number one position and stayed at the top spot for a further four weeks, tallying a total of six non-consecutive weeks atop the chart. The track was ranked in the top ten of the chart for 17 consecutive weeks before it fell to number 11 on the January 14, chart. It reached number one on the chart just three weeks after its release, overtaking " Battle Scars " by Guy Sebastian featuring Lupe Fiasco , and spent six consecutive weeks at the summit, making it the second longest running chart-topper for behind Flo Rida 's " Whistle " remained at the pole position for seven weeks.

In addition, "Gangnam Style" was the first Korean song to enter the chart and to climb to the top spot in Australian chart history. The song, however, rebounded from the position to number three on the issue date of December 31, It descended to number 14 in its 18th week, ending a week in the top ten, and out of the top 20 the following week, placed at number In Europe, the song was successful as well, topping the charts in almost all countries.

It reached the top ten in its fifth week, and climbed to number four in its sixth. In its 24th week, it climbed back to the top, giving it its 8th week in that position. The single spent 22 straight weeks in the top ten of the chart.

Steroids: reactions and partial syntheses

The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number on September 1, , and in its fourth week broke into the top 40 at number While the track only remained atop the chart for one week before being overtaken by Rihanna's " Diamonds ", it spent a further 17 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the chart before it fell to number twelve on the January 26, chart. The song was the sixth biggest selling single of with , sales, [] and ranked at number 24 among the top 40 most streamed tracks of the year in the United Kingdom.

Elsewhere in Europe, the song also peaked at number one on the German Singles Chart for two non-consecutive weeks in For the week of January 11, , it returned to the summit, ending the ten-consecutive-week reign of "Diamonds" by Rihanna, and spent a week at the top. Psy's song has remained in the top ten on the chart for a 19 straight week including fifteen in the top three position since October In the United States, "Gangnam Style" debuted at number 64 the Billboard Hot in the week of September 22, , with 61, downloads sold, more than the total number of previous weeks 57, , becoming the second K-pop song to enter the chart behind the Wonder Girls ' " Nobody ", which spent a week at No.

For the week of November 24, the song dropped to number five on the Hot , despite leading in sales with , downloads. The track returned for a sixth week atop Hot Digital Songs with , downloads sold including 41, stemmed from the duet version, which mixed in Hammer's No. YouTube video streaming data to its platforms, which includes an update to the methodology for the Billboard Hot chart.

Thanks to the change to reflect online video activity, "Gangnam Style" rebounded from number 48 to number 26 on the Hot for the week of March 2, On October 11, , Billboard unveiled new methodology for the Hot Rap Songs chart, including digital download sales and streaming data for the first time, along with radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS.

Due to this, "Gangnam Style" soared from number 20 to number one on the October 20, chart. After four weeks of his reign, "Gangnam Style" regained its number one position in the week of January 12, In Canada, "Gangnam Style" was a big hit just like the rest of the world.

The Life And Work Of Pierre Henry, Ceaseless Sonic Explorer

The song entered the Canadian Hot chart at number 71 on the week of September 8, Mallika Rao of The Huffington Post wrote that the video was "apparently retrofitted here to work from a woman's point of view, but the main difference we're spotting is less invisible horse riding and more sultry side-eyeing. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. CD single digital download. K-pop [1] [2] dance-pop [3] [4].

Int'l Lit& Psy Conference, Arles, France , List of Participants

Park Jae-sang Yoo Gun-hyung [5]. K-pop and Korean Wave. Gangnam Style music video. Gangnam Style in popular culture. Schoolboy Universal Republic Records. Yoo Gun Hyung Psy. How 'Gangnam Style' exploited K-pop's secret strength and overcame its biggest weakness". Retrieved June 13, Archived from the original on December 2, Retrieved December 21, Retrieved January 25, Archived from the original on 24 September Retrieved 31 July Archived from the original on July 12, Retrieved July 30, Retrieved May 7, And of course, around the world, people are being swept up by Korean culture — the Korean Wave.

Gangnam Style, Geek Speak and More". Archived from the original on December 9, PSY on 'Gangnam Style', posers and that hysterical little boy". Korean rapper Psy's 'Gangnam Style' is unstoppable". Popularity Has Koreans Puzzled, Gratified". The Wall Street Journal. The New York Times. News Corp Australia Network.

Archived from the original on October 18, Retrieved October 21, Retrieved November 8, Retrieved September 28, Das beliebteste YouTube-Video aller Zeiten". Augsburger Allgemeine in German. Der Spiegel in German. Archived from the original on September 28, Don't make me laugh". Retrieved December 23, Archived from the original on September 17, Retrieved September 14, Archived from the original on October 13, Archived from the original on November 18, Retrieved November 15, South Korea's soft power goes Gangnam Style". Archived from the original on March 2, The Business of 'Gangnam Style ' ".

Knowledge Wharton High School. Retrieved 8 May Britney Learns 'Gangnam Style' from Psy! Retrieved November 25, Gangnam Style vs Call Me Maybe: Retrieved November 12, Archived from the original on November 26, Retrieved — via Twitter. Archived from the original on September 27, Retrieved November 26, Big Morning Buzz Live. Archived from the original on October 6, Retrieved December 26, The only hiccup is this so-called thesis writer is actually Simon Gosselin, a blogger and videographer who invented everything for fun. An obvious fake, the quote has its origins in a spoof five-minute "documentary" posted on YouTube that has garnered up 1.

The video's YouTube page updated with 1,,, at Retrieved December 24, While browsing videos on YouTube the past day you may have noticed that the site's icon in the upper lefthand corner has been taken over by a. Retrieved 17 January While the music video has been viewed over 28 million times on video sharing site YouTube, and has been praised for its catchy rhythm as well as its wacky 'horse dance', not everyone is impressed — his detractors have labelled his music vulgar.

Regression-Discontinuity Impacts of Migrating to Korea". Retrieved December 17, Retrieved December 18, The Sydney Morning Herald. This is an almost Dada-esque series of vignettes that make no sense at all to most Western eyes. Psy spits in the air while a child breakdances, sings to horses, strolls through a hurricane that shoots whipped cream in his face, there's [sic] explosions, a disco bus, he rides a merry-go-round, dances on boats, beaches, in car parks and in elevators and generally makes you wonder if you have accidentally taken someone else's medication.

New Psy video blows up on YouTube". I think we can all agree that K-Pop singer Psy's music video 'Gangnam Style' is one of the greatest videos ever to be uploaded to YouTube.

Gangnam Style

Retrieved December 9, Chart of the Day". The Huffington Post UK. Archived from the original on October 14, Archived from the original on October 29, Retrieved November 22, Archived from the original on November 10, Retrieved October 20, Retrieved October 26, Retrieved December 14, Archived from the original on June 26, Retrieved October 5, Daily Press Briefing — October 3, Archived from the original on October 7, David Cameron and I have danced Gangnam style".

Retrieved October 18, Archived from the original on November 15, Retrieved October 12, NHS do Gangnam spoof Retrieved November 6, I can do 'Gangnam Style' dance". Archived from the original on December 31, Retrieved September 25, Archived from the original on September 30, Where Schaeffer was cool and cerebral, a theoretician with a background in radio engineering, Henry was wild, a musician prone to impulse and occasional flights of fancy.

Henry was trained in percussion and piano, and wanted to make songs at a fast clip. Schaeffer, meanwhile, sought to develop a lofty philosophy of sound. Both were geniuses, and both were stubborn. Henry helped take that music out of the laboratory and into the world. He wasn't afraid of commercial success, or of pop music. Schaeffer and Henry worked tightly together before acrimoniously parting ways in and then befriending each other again, decades later. We quarreled a great deal and he ended up firing me.

But it wasn't such a bad thing because I founded my own studio. Henry set up his own studio, which he called Studio Apsome, in his house. In , he created one of his enduring masterpieces — Variations pour une porte et un soupir "Variations For A Door And A Sigh" , inspired by sampling the squeaky sounds on a door in an old French farmhouse.

In addition to squeaky door sounds, there was also an actual sigh, and plenty of farm noises, too. Altered metabolism of bile salts because of an imbalance in the gut microbiota could also be implicated in chronic liver diseases. An imbalance in the gut microbiota could be implicated in alcoholic liver diseases and non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut dysbiosis and increased gut permeability could also be implicated in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic patients. Alcoholic cirrhotic patients could be particularly at risk.

The more liver insufficiency, the more gut permeability, thereby leading finally to bacterial translocation and infection including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis but not exclusively. The impact of oral supplementation in vitamin D in patients with chronic kidney disease on endotoxemia, and small gut permeability has been tested in a pilot study with inconclusive results.

Finally, vitamin D could be implicated in the gut—liver axis through the regulation of the digestive immune system, which has a crucial role in the interaction with the gut microbiota. As a modulator of the immune system and as a potential actor of bacterial translocation during bacteremia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, vitamin D could be implicated in infections in cirrhotic patients.

VDR could also be implicated in gut microbiota instability, in bacterial translocation, and in the action of intestinal biliary salts, leading finally to increased liver inflammation and fibrosis, which has been reviewed recently. A potential link between a OH vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency and infection, and mortality in patients suffering from liver diseases, and particularly cirrhotic patients, is of potential interest because of the possibility of providing supplements to patients.

Surprisingly, recent prospective studies of supplementation with vitamin D for patients with tuberculosis or exposed to a viral respiratory tract infection did not clearly demonstrate benefit of vitamin D supplementation compared with standard of care. First, the most appropriate form should be chosen, as vitamin D3 would be better absorbed than vitamin D2. Second, the amount and the frequency of administration should be defined while managing observance, which can be low in patients with chronic disease. The efficacy of supplementation as reflected by the increase in the OH vitamin D level in the blood should be checked regularly.

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The question of the best patients to treat is also an open one. Treating patients with a normal or near normal vitamin D level, before the occurrence of the deficit, could be easier. Our study has some limitations and strengths. It is a monocentric study, thus external confirmation should be made before making definitive conclusions and planning strategies for OH vitamin D supplementation in cirrhotic patients.

The number of patients was limited and did not allow detection of a difference in mortality between patients with and without a OH vitamin D deficiency. More of the included patients had alcoholic cirrhosis than hepatitis C. This reflects the epidemiological repartition of the causes of cirrhosis in France such as in Europe where most cirrhotic patients are alcoholics http: Our main objective was to focus on infected vs.

Of course, analysis stratified according to the cause of cirrhosis would have been of interest.

However, in this monocentric study, with 2 years of inclusion, not enough patients were included to conduct analyses according to the causes of the cirrhosis. However, focusing mainly of alcoholic cirrhotic patients is of interest, as these patients are more likely to develop a bacterial infection than cirrhotic patients from other causes. All infected patients were diagnosed with strict diagnostic criteria of infection, and almost all patients had bacteriological confirmation.

All non-infected patients had no infection 2 months before or following 2 months after hospitalization, which permitted good discrimination between the two groups. In conclusion, OH vitamin D was lower in infected than in non-infected cirrhotic patients. The inverse relationship between OH vitamin D and the risk of infection was independent of the Child—Pugh score, suggesting a unique effect of vitamin D on the risk of infection in these patients. Owing to the severity of the infection in cirrhotic patients, a prospective assessment of OH vitamin D supplementation should be done in randomized clinical trials.

We thank Dr M. Brahimi-Horn for editorial correction. In memory of Jean Gabriel Bernard-Cuisinier. Anty planned the study, wrote the paper, and approved the final submitted draft; M. Tonohouan collected the data and approved the final submitted draft; P. Ferrari-Panaia performed the assessment of OH vitamin D, corrected and approved the final submitted draft; T. Piche corrected and approved the final submitted draft; A.

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Pariente participated in the statistical analyses, interpreting the data, drafting the manuscript, and approved the final submitted draft; Q. Anstee participated in the statistical analyses, interpreting the data, drafting the manuscript, and approved the final submitted draft; P. Gual corrected and approved the final submitted draft; A.

Tran corrected and approved the final submitted draft. Supplementary Information accompanies this paper on the Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology website http: National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

Journal List Clin Transl Gastroenterol v. Published online May Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. To view a copy of this license, visit http: This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Table 1 Characteristics of the studied population.

Open in a separate window. Quantitative variables are presented as the median interquartile range. Table 2 Bacteriological characteristics of infected patients. The presence of an infection and the severity of the liver insufficiency predicted mortality Patients were followed from their inclusion until their death or the last follow-up. Acknowledgments We thank Dr M. Notes Guarantor of the article: Footnotes Supplementary Information accompanies this paper on the Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology website http: Supplementary Material Supplementary Tables Click here for additional data file.

N Engl J Med. Vitamin D regulation of immune function. Vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk in the general population: Am J Clin Nutr. Vitamin D with calcium reduces mortality: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Association of low serum hydroxyvitamin D levels and sepsis in the critically III. Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: Marked hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with poor prognosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

Association of hydroxyvitamin D levels with liver dysfunction and mortality in chronic liver disease. Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: Management of infections in cirrhotic patients: Prevalence and risk factors of infections by multiresistant bacteria in cirrhosis: Second infections independently increase mortality in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: Low vitamin D serum level is related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to interferon-based therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C.

Vitamin D levels and IL28B polymorphisms are related to rapid virological response to standard of care in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. A genetic validation study reveals a role of vitamin D metabolism in the response to interferon-alfa-based therapy of chronic hepatitis C. Vitamin D deficiency and a CYP27B promoter polymorphism are associated with chronic hepatitis C and poor response to interferon-alfa based therapy. Vitamin D binding protein gene polymorphisms and baseline vitamin D levels as predictors of antiviral response in chronic hepatitis C.

Vitamin D supplementation improves sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 -naive patients. Vitamin D status does not predict sustained virologic response or fibrosis stage in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection. Associations between serum hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and liver histology in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.