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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Ion , Republic , Cratylus Aristotle: Poetics , Rhetoric Horace: Art of Poetry Longinus: On the Sublime Plotinus: On the Intellectual Beauties St. On Christian Doctrine Boethius: The Consolation of Philosophy Aquinas: Inquiry into Literature Valmiki: The Invention of Poetry from the Ramayana Anandavardhana: Light on Suggestion Cao Pi: A Discourse on Literature Lu Ji: Rhymeprose on Literature Liu Xie: The Literary Mind Wang Changling: The Twenty-Four Classes of Poetry.
Answer to Davenant's preface to Gondibert Pierre Corneille: The Art of Poetry John Locke: An Essay on Criticism Joseph Addison: The New Science Edmund Burke: Of the Standard of Taste Samuel Johnson: The Paradox of Acting Immanuel Kant: Critique of Judgment Mary Wollstonecraft: Collected Works John Keats: Conversations with Eckermann , Maxim No.
Symbols John Stuart Mill: What Is a Classic? The Poetic Principle Matthew Arnold: The Salon of Karl Marx: The Experimental Novel Anatole France: The Adventures of the Soul Oscar Wilde: The Evolution of Literature , The Book: Poetry for Poetry's Sake Sigmund Freud: Creative Writers and Daydreaming Ferdinand de Saussure: The Structural Study of Myth T. Art as Technique T. Romantic Melancholy Carl Jung: A Room of One's Own I.
Practical Criticism Mikhail Bakhtin: Poetry and Abstract Thought Kenneth Burke: Literature as Equipment for Living Ernst Cassirer: Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley: The Second Sex Ronald Crane: The Burning Fountain Theodor Adorno: The Poetics of Space Ernst Gombrich: Art and Illusion Martin Heidegger: Objective Interpretation Noam Chomsky: Aspects of the Theory of Syntax Jacques Derrida: Truth and Power ; What Is an Author?
Phenomenology of Reading Raymond Williams: The Country and the City Lionel Trilling: The Liberal Imagination ; Julia Kristeva: Colonialist Criticism Stanley Fish: The Laugh of the Medusa Jonathan Culler: Beyond Interpretation Geoffrey Hartman: Literary Commentary as Literature Wolfgang Iser: The Repertoire Hayden White: Truth and Method Paul Ricoeur: On Textual Understanding M. How to Do Things with Texts J.
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The Critic as Host Clifford Geertz: Feminist Manifesto Yokomitsu Riichi: Sensation and New Sensation Oswald de Andrade: The Bow and the Lire. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Modernity as Rationalized Sexual Misbehaviour. During a debate on the price of corn in Lord Warwick said:. This was probably done on the principles laid down by a celebrated and able writer, Doctor Adam Smith, who had maintained that every thing ought to be left to its own level. He knew something of that Gentleman, whose heart he knew was as sound as his head; and he was sure that had he lived to this day and beheld the novel state of wretchedness to which the country was now reduced He would now have abundant opportunities of observing that all those artificial means of enhancing the price of provisions, which he had considered as no way mischievous, were practised at this time to a most alarming extent.
He would see the Farmer keeping up his produce while the poor were labouring under all the miseries of want, and he would see Forestallers, Regraters, and all kinds of Middle-men making large profits upon it. The Radical MP Richard Cobden studied The Wealth of Nations as a young man; his copy is still in the library of his home at Dunford House and there are lively marginal notes on the places where Smith condemns British colonial policy.
There are none on the passage about the invisible hand.
In , Cobden quoted Smith's protest against the "plain violation of the most sacred property" of every man derived from his labour. Cobden believed it to be morally wrong to lend money to be spent on war. In , when The Times claimed political economists were against Cobden on this, Cobden wrote: Cobden said that if Bright had been as plain-speaking as Smith, "how he would have been branded as an incendiary and Socialist".
You will find just the same authority in Adam Smith for the one as for the other. Interestingly, after the British took control over occupied French North America in the Seven Years War, Charles Townshend suggested that the American colonist provide help to pay for the war debt by paying an additional tax on tea.
During this time, Adam Smith was working for Townshend and developed a relationship with Benjamin Franklin, who played a vital role in the United State's independence three months after Smith's The Wealth of Nations book was released. James Madison , in a speech given in Congress on 2 February , cited The Wealth of Nations in opposing a national bank: This effect was inevitable.
It was admitted by the most enlightened patrons of banks, particularly by Smith on the Wealth of Nations. With 36, citations, it is the second most cited book in the social sciences published before , behind Karl Marx 's Capital. George Stigler attributes to Smith "the most important substantive proposition in all of economics" and foundation of resource-allocation theory. It is that, under competition, owners of resources labour, land, and capital will use them most profitably, resulting in an equal rate of return in equilibrium for all uses adjusted for apparent differences arising from such factors as training, trust, hardship, and unemployment.
Paul Samuelson finds in Smith's pluralist use of supply and demand —as applied to wages, rents, and profit—a valid and valuable anticipation of the general equilibrium modelling of Walras a century later.
Literary criticism
Moreover, Smith's allowance for wage increases in the short and intermediate term from capital accumulation and invention added a realism missed later by Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx in their propounding a rigid subsistence-wage theory of labour supply. Ronald Coase suggests that if Smith's earlier proposal of granting colonies representation in the British parliament proportional to their contributions to public revenues had been followed, "there would have been no , … America would now be ruling England, and we [in America] would be today celebrating Adam Smith not simply as the author of the Wealth of Nations , but hailing him as a founding father.
Mark Blaug argues that it was Smith's achievement to shift the burden of proof against those maintaining that the pursuit of self-interest does not achieve social good. But he notes Smith's relevant attention to definite institutional arrangements and process as disciplining self-interest to widen the scope of the market, accumulate capital, and grow income.
Economic anthropologist David Graeber argues that throughout antiquity, one can identify many different systems of credit and later monetary exchange, drawing evidence for his argument from historical and also ethnographical records, that the traditional explanation for the origins of monetary economies from primitive bartering systems, as laid out by Adam Smith, does not find empirical support. The idea of barter, on the other hand, seems only to apply to limited exchanges between societies that had infrequent contact and often in a context of ritualised warfare , rendering its conceptualisation among economists as a myth.
This type of economy is, then, contrasted with the moral foundations of exchange based on formal equality and reciprocity but not necessarily leading to market relations and hierarchy, based on clear inequalities that tend to crystallise in customs and castes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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Retrieved 10 March Retrieved 9 March Sack, From Jacobite to Conservative. Reaction and orthodoxy in Britain, c. Fasnacht, Acton's Political Philosophy. Hollis and Carter, , p.
The Wealth of Nations - Wikipedia
Mitchell, Charles James Fox Penguin, , p. The Years of Acclaim London: Constable, , p. The Consuming Struggle London: Oxford University Press, , p. Fisher Unwin, , p. Fisher Unwin, , pp. Retrieved 1 December London School of Economics. Also published as Selected Papers, No. Critical Assessments , pp.