Building Research Culture and Infrastructure (Building Social Work Research Capacity)

Table 3 Exploratory factor analysis for organization, team, and individual domains. Table 4 Strength of relationship between significant demographic variables and factors identified. Discussion This study contributes to the understanding of key factors influencing the research capacity of the allied health workforce within a large Australian metropolitan health district.

Key factors affecting research capacity Organization domain factors and implications The two factors impacting the organization domain were the research infrastructure available and the research culture within the organization. Team domain factors and implications Two key factors impacting research at the team level included the research orientation and research support within the team.

Individual domain factors and implications At the individual level, only one key factor was identified as impacting research capacity which was the research skill of the individual. Motivators and barriers to allied health research The majority of allied health participants in this study reported that the main motivators to be involved in research were to develop skills, to increase job satisfaction, and to keep the brain stimulated, an identified problem that needs changing Table S2B. Demographic variables potentially affecting research capacity Our study identified two other variables that may impact research capacity and culture at the individual level.

Limitations of the study There were a number of limitations of this study. Conclusion The novel finding of our study was the identification of key factors in the organization, team, and individual domains of the RCCT that impacted research capacity and culture in a large Australian metropolitan health district.

Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the help provided in an initial consultation with the developers of the RCCT. Footnotes Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. Building research capacity in the allied health professions. Embedding research culture and productivity in hospital physiotherapy departments: Embedding research in clinical practice: Becoming a clinician researcher in allied health. Physiotherapy departments in Australian tertiary hospitals regularly participate in and disseminate research results despite a lack of allocated staff: Research capacity and culture of the Victorian public health allied health workforce is influenced by key research support staff and location.

Motivators, enablers, and barriers to building allied health research capacity. A framework to evaluate research capacity building in health care. Evaluation of a scheme to support primary care practitioners with a fledgling interest in research. Improving health care globally: Developing a culture to facilitate research capacity building for clinical nurse consultants in generalist paediatric practice. Research culture in allied health: Aust J Prim Health. A thematic analysis of the role of the organisation in building allied health research capacity: Building a culture of research among clinical pediatric radiologists: Farmer E, Weston K.

A conceptual model for capacity building in Australian primary health care research. Thomas P, While A, West London Research Network Increasing research capacity and changing the culture of primary care towards reflective inquiring practice: Evaluating a team-based approach to research capacity building using a matched-pairs study design. Validation of the research capacity and culture RCC tool: Uncovering motivators and stumbling blocks: Int J Speech Lang Pathol.

Factors influencing research engagement: Positioning occupational therapy as a discipline on the research continuum: Aust Occup Ther J. Involvement in research activities and factors influencing research capacity among dietitians. J Hum Nutr Diet. Williams C, Lazzarini P. Understanding the research capacity and culture of Australian podiatrists. J Foot Ankle Res. Research capacity and culture in podiatry: J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol.

Setting directions for capacity building in primary health care: Research electronic data capture REDCap — a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Research culture and capacity in community health services: Bursaries, writing grants and fellowships: Mapping allied health evidence-based practice: Organisational support for evidence-based practice: J Health Organ Manag.

Retooling institutional support infrastructure for clinical research. Development of an instrument to evaluate the research orientation of clinical professionals. Research orientation of South African occupational therapists. S Afr J Occup Ther. Wenke R, Mickan S. The role and impact of research positions within health care settings in allied health: Allied health research positions: Health Res Policy Syst. A cross sectional observational study of research activity of allied health teams: Research experience and research interests of allied health professionals. Gardner F, Nunan C.

How to develop a research culture in a human services organization: Developing a teaching research culture for general practice registrars in Australia: Asia Pac Fam Med. Practitioner-researchers in occupational therapy. The experience of clinician-researchers in occupational therapy. Am J Occup Ther. Integrating research into the culture of allied health professions: Building research capacity in south-west Sydney through a primary and community health research unit. Ried K, Fuller J. Building a culture of research dissemination in primary health care: Support Center Support Center.

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Presented research findings at a conference in oral presentation or poster format. Presented research findings at conference s in more than one presentation or poster. Written a research paper for publication in a journal. Successfully published a research paper in a journal. Successfully published more than one research paper in a journal.

Supervised others to undertake a research project. Formed a new research collaboration with other health professionals. B Research-related activities and provisions made to conduct research. The strategy employed by the fellowship program, suggesting a list of broad topic areas of research, has had success in generating research publications on a wide range of topics. A list of fellows provided by NIJ for our assessment suggests that adequate management and monitoring of the fellowship program were not in place.

The original list included individuals as having received funding when in fact they had not. It also included administrative personnel from the universities as recipients of the fellowship but no information regarding the actual recipient. Most awards are for a 1-year period; however, time of completion is not recorded by personnel in charge of the fellowship programs.

According to our review, 5 more than half of the Graduate Research Fellow recipients contacted did not complete their research in 1 year—the range for completion was years. This is not surprising for dissertation work. In summary, after making these awards, NIJ does not appear to have spent much effort to see that work was completed in a timely manner, to assess the career impacts of the award, or to continue a relationship with the awardees. The programs, while well intentioned and contributing to the growth of doctoral graduates in the criminal justice field, have not been integrated into the program plan or operations of the agency.

Tier 1 journals represent the top publications in individual disciplines and for this analysis include the following publications: See for example the Ph.

Building Research Culture and Infrastructure

Louis, available at http: See information on pursuing a Ph. See degree program information at http: Du Bois Fellowship Program was undertaken to address a critical need to build the ranks of minority researchers interested in crime and justice issues. Planning of the program began in , with the goal of providing an opportunity for minority researchers to interact with NIJ staff and to provide their perspective on NIJ programs.

Seeking the guidance of the U. Despite this setback, plans for the program moved ahead. New guidelines were written in such a way to appeal as much as possible to minority researchers, and race as a selection criterion was dropped. The original guidelines also included a requirement that grantees spend at least a portion of their time onsite at NIJ, where they would participate in its various activities. Du Bois fellowship was awarded in Fellowship awards have the goal of supporting projects with direct implications for criminal justice policy and practice in the United States National Institute of Justice, c.

Du Bois fellows are monitored like other grant recipients. Recipients are required to submit progress reports every six months for the duration of the grant. A final report is also required. Du Bois fellows are encouraged to present at professional meetings, but NIJ has neither facilitated this nor tracked when it happens. Since the beginning of the program there have been four different managers.

Again like the Graduate Research Fellowship Program, there are no formal procedures in place for transition of the program and the program history has not been well documented. Recipients were selected from across the United States, with three selected from the South, two from the Midwest, two from the mid Atlantic, and one from the Pacific. The review of the current resumes of seven of the nine awardees, identified 67 publications 11 since completion of their fellowships, approximately half of which were related to their fellowships; 16 of 37 published journal articles are available in Tier 1 and Tier 2 journals.

All the award recipients were located in established educational institutions and committed to the field of criminology. All have stayed in the field, becoming productive scholars and continuing work that began during the fellowship. Although there is variation in the productivity of the fellows, our review of their professional careers suggests that the fellowship stimulated their work and resulted in numerous publications. Of course we cannot determine how these individuals would have done without the award, but we note that the Du Bois fellows have contributed to the breadth of crime and justice research in terms of the range of topics related to the goals of the program.

In addition, those supported by this program have become productive contributors to the crime and justice research literature. However, NIJ currently does not have a very effective way to monitor and track research produced by fellowship recipients. Without such followup, there is no way to assess the extent to which the goal of increasing the number of young scholars, particularly underrepresented minorities, is being met. The goal of the Visiting Fellows Program, begun in , was to bring criminal justice professionals and researchers to NIJ for a period of months to work on research projects or the development of research-based action programs.

For the most part, the fellows were established leaders in their field. The award included salary, benefits, reasonable relocation expenses, travel and supplementary costs for their project, and office expenses. Fellows were required to spend at least 80 percent of their time at NIJ. Often they were assigned to work with a particular program or organizational unit. Over time, there may have been some deviation from.

Publications include articles in peer-reviewed journals, books, chapters, and technical reports. The committee could not find any systematic records on the fellows program or the contributions of the fellows. Without better documentation, we cannot determine how many applications were received, how the fellows were selected, what role they played at NIJ, or how their final reports were used by the agency.

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We were verbally informed that the program was discontinued in because of resource constraints. The agency did not issue a solicitation for the program for fiscal year FY The absence of better records on this program left the committee in a position of recognizing the potential value of this type of effort but with no way to assess that value. NIJ has been a leader at the federal level in recognizing the importance of collecting, archiving, and making available to other researchers the data collected as a part of the projects it funds.

In NIJ began requiring research award recipients to submit the data collected in their projects. NIJ-sponsored researchers are required to submit their data to the DRP at the conclusion of their projects. Scholars, practitioners, policy makers, students, community activists, and any other interested parties throughout the world can freely use all NIJ-sponsored data collections for the purposes of conducting scientific research.

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This research can include verifying, refining, or refuting the origi-. NIJ benefits from a number of important ICPSR roles, including 1 the perpetual preservation of its research investments and products, 2 an infrastructure on the Internet that provides worldwide dissemination of its data and related documentation to the research community, 3 added value by documenting and describing data files that aid the users of data, 4 a team of justice data specialists who have unique skills in data management and computerized mapping technical assistance needed by archive sponsors and data users, and 5 training programs to communicate quality research methods and analysis and promote the use of existing data.

NACJD, however, regularly monitors submissions to the archive, uses of the archive, and feedback from its training programs. In , NIJ-sponsored data comprised The database tracking NIJ-funded research was developed in December and therefore contains complete records from the year Our review of the data archive program included conversations with current and former staff at NIJ and the University of Michigan, responses to questions posed by the committee to archive staff, a site visit to the archive, and consideration of a report on the archives prepared by Kaye Marz and Christopher Maxwell.

The committee notes with appreciation the contribution of the report prepared by Marz and Maxwell made to this section. Data from 47 studies remained to be processed. Note that this number of studies released or preserved does not include the studies from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods PHDCN released between and , for which a dedicated processor was assigned, jointly supported by NIJ and the MacArthur Foundation until March There have been improvements in the quality of files deposited in the archive.

Even though data sets submitted to the archive have increased in size and complexity, their usefulness has improved as more attention has been paid to data quality. In our survey of researchers and practitioners, 75 percent of the respondents indicated that they had used the archive and 90 percent of those judged it useful to their work. These efforts include special award conditions, letters to those who had not submitted data indicating the possibility of negative consequences for future funding if they did not submit their data, and new special conditions in that require awardees to deposit data and data documentation 90 days before award closeout or risk nonpayment of grant funds.

These efforts combined with technological changes at the archives that make submission easier have resulted in increases in the number of data sets deposited. What is not known is the current extent of data archiving that is occurring. One obvious measure is the proportion of completed awards that deposit complete and usable data in NACJD.

This calculation is complicated by the difficulty of determining the number of awards made by NIJ and the number of those awards that produce data sets. However, records from NACJD as well as our own efforts to identify principal investigators in the archive database see citation analysis in Chapter 6 indicate that a substantial number of projects that should have archived data have not done so—the estimates range from half to upward of 90 percent of all research awards since Even though we cannot precisely gauge the problem, we think that efforts must be undertaken to improve the archiving of data.

An important first step to achieving this will be for NIJ to substantially improve its administrative records. We also urge NIJ to screen former NIJ grantees who are applying for grants as to whether they have complied with data archiving requirements and to withhold support until such requirements are met. Undergraduate students, faculty, and, to a lesser extent, nonacademic researchers constituted the rest of the users. Nearly half of the total users were from criminal justice or sociology departments. The remainder of users represented other disciplines.

By , the number of similar accesses was 18,, representing 35 percent of NACJD downloaded studies see Figure NACJD also keeps track of literature that cites any of the data it archives. This bibliography is publicly available online and contains links to the respective data sources and their descriptions see Chapter 6. Through the DRP, NIJ not only supports an archive of data generated from the studies it sponsors, but it also funds proposals to replicate previous findings and conduct original research extending data available from the archive, as well as training programs on data acquisition and analysis.

It has done this by issuing annual solicitations calling for secondary analysis of data to replicate findings of the original study or to test new hypotheses with existing data. In the period , NIJ made 16 awards under the Data Resources Program solicitation, an average of 4 awards per year. Most of these awards addressed effects on crime trends, such as mental illness, neighborhood dynamics, legal deterrents, and incarceration. These solicitations are generally open-ended, inviting researchers to ask compelling questions that promote understanding of crime or inform criminal justice policy and practice.

However, the solicitations may suggest topics of specific interest. For example, the solicitation expressed interest in studies of crime trends in cities. The solicitation interests included analysis of data and evaluation research from PHDCN, particularly the use of experimental designs and cost-benefit analysis. Given the high cost of data collection required for many studies, this small initiative leverages prior NIJ investments and can provide a good return on the funding. The program resumed in with the sponsorship of the Workshop on the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods.

Activities continued in the federal case data course in In addition, a workshop on spatial statistics using CrimeStat 14 was held in , , and Highlighted topics and studies selected each year present substantive areas of research interest, new analytical techniques or applications, and available data on the topic from the archive.

The workshops recruit expert researchers or faculty as presenters, including those who were principal investigators on the data set of interest. Workshop participants are a combination of university faculty, advanced graduate students, and criminal justice agency—based researchers or analysts. These workshops are designed to enable participants to achieve a theoretical understanding of the topic and to gain practical knowledge from using the data.

Participants have consistently reported these workshops to be of high value. On a wide range of fronts, there have been increasing calls for research to inform practice Sherman, ; MacKenzie, ; Welsh and Farrington, ; National Research Council, c; Ritter, As part of their efforts to build research infrastructures, federal research agencies have a responsibility to facilitate the transfer of research findings to policies, applications in the field, and public knowledge. This is particularly important for NIJ, since it has a mandate to improve federal, state, and local criminal justice systems.

As we outline in Box , there are many possible federal-level activities aimed at guiding practice and policy at state and local levels. One of the continuing challenges facing NIJ is to support activities that are best aligned to its research mandate and to assign a lower priority or to avoid support for activities that are best assumed by other programmatic offices in OJP, such as the Bureau of Justice Assistance. In this section, we describe three activities currently pursued by NIJ to guide practice and policy: Given that NIJ has a wide audience, a limited budget, and a first priority of sponsoring research aimed at accumulating knowledge, the committee grappled with the question of what assistance activities are appropriate for a federal research agency.

While there is a continuum from development of technology to adoption of new technology by state or local agencies, no clear thresholds exist between research, development, dissemination of knowledge from that research, and assistance in using that knowledge to acquire, conduct training on, or use new technologies. As the activities fall on the continuum from technology research and development to assistance as ranked by the committee. Activities that define the federal role in supplying technology-related support to state and local agencies.

Testing and evaluating technology and developing performance standards for technology and its use. Providing information in the form of technology news, including federal reports, newsletters, etc. Providing advice on selecting technology, such as evaluations of technology appearing in federal publication, Internet sites, etc. Providing technology assistance by applying federal resources and expertise to specific problems. We then ranked the activities associated with technology-related support on a four-point scale from most appropriate to not at all appropriate for a federal research agency.

The activities in Box are ordered by the averages of the rankings from low indicating lean toward research functions to high indicating lean toward assistance functions. The RAND report was based on findings from the nationwide Law Enforcement Technology Survey and a similar Forensics Technology Survey, conducted in late spring and early summer ; interviews conducted throughout the year; focus groups conducted in autumn ; and review of an extensive, largely nonacademic literature.

The report examined the technologies in use or needed by law enforcement agencies at the state and local levels, for the purpose of informing federal policy makers as they consider technology-related support for these agencies.

Building Social Work Research Capacity - Oxford University Press

NIJ currently engages in all of the activities identified in Box Its role in sponsoring research and development is discussed in Chapter 3. There is continuing need in law enforcement agencies to procure products and equipment, at reasonable cost, that can be used effectively under rigid safety standards Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, ; Schwabe, Davis, and Jackson, The best way to verify the capabilities and reliability of particular products is through independent, third-party testing and evaluation in combination with recognized performance standards McBath, Through OST, NIJ administers a standards and compliance testing program to help ensure that equipment will perform at a safe, dependable, and effective level.

The NLECTC system see Chapter 3 oversees the development of standards for equipment, testing protocols, and evidence collection; the production of standard reference materials, operating procedures, and equipment guidelines; and a standard-based compliance testing program. Through its testing and evaluation and standards programs, NIJ has been able to help criminal justice agencies make informed procurement, deployment, applications, operating, and training decisions for over 35 years.

Although the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory changed names 16 over the years, its role and duties have persisted. Support of its testing and evaluation and standards programs represents percent of the yearly budget of OST, according to figures supplied by NIJ. The first standards formulated were for ballistic resistance of police body armor and for hearing protectors used on police target firing ranges. By , the standards laboratory had completed nearly 20 performance standards for protective equipment e.

Through the standards contract to NIST, OST supports the development of performance testing methods and the creation of standards for equipment and operating procedures, the testing and evaluating of existing equipment, the development of examination methods for evidentiary materials, and the production of standard reference materials. NIJ has recently revised its standards development process and is currently creating or revising standards for the chemical, biological, radioactive, nuclear CBRN protective ensemble, holsters, handcuffs, and electronic monitoring.

In the new standards development process, NIJ iden-. A special technical committee is set up to define the scope of the effort and to produce the standard and related documents. An advisory working group and steering committee 18 are also established to provide guidance and oversight. Draft documents are made public for review and comment before they are approved by the steering committee and published by NIJ Robinson, Standards-based testing is conducted at NIJ-approved independent laboratories to confirm the equipment compliance with voluntary performance standards developed by OLES.

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This testing is now being performed continually on ballistic-resistant body armor, stab-resistant body armor, and computer forensic tools and periodically as needed on metallic handcuffs, semiautomatic pistols, and walk-through metal detectors. Comparative evaluations field-test equipment in order to make test data available to law enforcement agencies as well as vendors. This testing has been performed on patrol vehicles; patrol vehicle tires including testing of winter tires ; replacement brake pads; and cut, puncture, and pathogen-resistant protective gloves see http: The first performance standard and testing program for ballistic body armor has been credited with saving thousands of lives National Institute of Justice, d.

Groundbreaking work in developing forensic science standards has pioneered advances in arson, ballistics, fingerprint, and DNA analyses National Institute of Standards and Technology, It also has links to other standards documents and consumer product lists of relevance to the public safety community see http: It is intended to keep practitioners up to date with technologies currently being developed by the NLECTC system, as well as other research and development efforts within the Federal Government and private industry see http: They highlight a specific technology, identify benefits and issues, and provide resources for more information.

Success of the standards programs has increased the call for more standards Schwabe, Davis, and Jackson, ; Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council, However, it is difficult to separate out what specific activities are included in the budget category of technology assistance. Some of them, if they have a foundation in knowledge from research, are appropriate for a federal research agency, but several are better suited for an assistance agency see Box From funds appropriated by Congress specifically from to , the NLECTC centers have been able to provide resources to law enforcement agencies, public safety personnel, and vendors.

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