One Civilized Tribe

The process of forced removal came to be known as the Trail of Tears due to the unnecessary death and hardship that characterized it. The survivors were relocated to large adjoining tracts of land in the eastern part of Indian Territory. Here they maintained a significant degree of autonomy over their internal affairs until Public school systems were instituted, in part supported by tribal funds and in part provided by Christian church missionaries.

During the American Civil War most tribes were divided between supporters of the Union and the Confederacy , providing soldiers for each army. Their territories were depopulated and devastated. Before this time, and especially following the reorganization of each nation after the war, economic and educational progress was rapid, and distinctive fusions of Indian and Anglo-American cultures developed. When transcontinental railroads were built through Indian Territory and the settlement of adjoining states increased, the Five Civilized Tribes lost their independence.

Between and when Oklahoma became a state the U.

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Former tribal land was opened to white settlement, and many Indian allottees lost their land through unscrupulous practices. The tribal governments have continued in modified form to the present, but with significantly less sovereignty; all tribal members are full citizens of Oklahoma and the United States. The Bureau of Indian Affairs provides some services for enrolled tribal members, but no reservation system is in effect. We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles.

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Cherokee , North American Indians of Iroquoian lineage who constituted one of the largest politically integrated tribes at the time of European colonization of the Americas. Westward expansion In Southeast Indian: Their system of government was hereditary.

Chiefdoms were of varying size and complexity, with high levels of military organization. George Washington and Henry Knox pursued an agenda of cultural transformation in relation to Native Americans. The Cherokee and Choctaw tended, in turn, to adopt and appropriate certain cultural aspects of the federation of colonies. At the time of the Declaration of Independence, the culture of the United States as a nation was, itself, emergent.

Many of the cultural practices appropriated by The Five Tribes were ones that they found useful. In the early part of the 19th century, the U. This displacement initiative was dubbed the Indian Removal. A significant number were displaced to the area that would, in future, become the state of Oklahoma. At the time of their removal, the tribes were suzerain nations.

Why were the Cherokee called a "civilized” tribe?

The federally legislated displacement of the tribes from their homes east of the Mississippi River took place over several decades during the series of removals, which is also known as the Trail of Tears. The territory to which they were displaced was, at the time, called Indian Territory , currently eastern Oklahoma. One point of contention regarding the treaty is whether it is an instrument of mass displacement in violation of the human rights on which the new republic had been established, or a legal exchange of territory for land further west.

The Choctaw and Chickasaw fought predominantly alongside the Confederates while the Creek and Seminole fought alongside the Union. The Cherokee fought a civil war within their own nation between the majority Confederates and the minority, pro-Union camps. As an element in Reconstruction after the Civil War, new Reconstruction Treaties were signed with the indigenous nations that had entered into treaties with the Confederate States of America.

The Civil War was not good to the tribes. The first three battles of the Civil War were fought in Indian territory, with some tribes joining treaties with the Confederates, and others with the Union. Once the tribes had been relocated to Indian Territory , the United States government promised that their lands would be free of white settlement. Some settlers violated that with impunity, even before , when the government opened the " Cherokee Strip " to outside settlement in the Oklahoma Land Run.

Relative to other states, all Five Tribes are represented in significant numbers in the population of Oklahoma today. Washington promulgated a doctrine that held that American Indians were biologically equals, but that their society was inferior. He formulated and implemented a policy to encourage the "civilizing" process, which Thomas Jefferson continued.

How different would be the sensation of a philosophic mind to reflect that instead of exterminating a part of the human race by our modes of population that we had persevered through all difficulties and at last had imparted our Knowledge of cultivating and the arts, to the Aboriginals of the Country by which the source of future life and happiness had been preserved and extended.

But it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the Indians of North America — This opinion is probably more convenient than just.

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It is notable that the legal systems among the five tribes reputedly appropriated slavery. They speak an Iroquoian language. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were. They are related to the Cherokee who were forcibly relocated there in the s under the Indian Removal Act. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is on the Qualla Boundary in western North Carolina, and are descendants of those who resisted or avoided relocation.

The Cherokee tribe is the second largest tribe in the nation, having more than , members.

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The Chickasaw are Native American people of the United States who originally resided along the Tennessee River and other parts of Tennessee, west of present-day Huntsville, Alabama , parts of Mississippi and the southwest side of Kentucky. They spoke some French and some English. Some historians credit the Chickasaws' intervention in the French and Indian War on the side of the British as decisive in ensuring that the United States became an English-speaking nation. All historical records indicate the Chickasaw lived in northeastern Mississippi from the first European contact until they were forced to remove to Oklahoma , where most now live.

Five Civilized Tribes

They are related to the Choctaws , who speak a similar language, both forming the Western Group of the Muskogean languages. The Chickasaw are divided in two groups: Unlike other tribes, who exchanged land grants, the Chickasaw received financial compensation from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River.

The Chickasaws built some of the first banks, schools, and businesses in Indian territory. They also signed a treaty with the Southern United States during the Civil War and brought troops to fight for the Confederates. There were about 20, members of this tribe when they were forced to move to Indian territory. Many of them did not survive.

The word Choctaw also known as Chahta , Chato , Tchakta , and Chocktaw is possibly a corruption of the Spanish chato , meaning flattened, in allusion to the tribe's custom of flattening the heads of infants. The early Spanish explorers , according to the historian Walter Lee Williams , encountered their ancestors.

This tribe was predominantly farmers like most Indians were at the time until they were removed from their land. They have grown substantially since the Trail of Tears and there are currently about , members, making the Choctaw the third largest Native American population in the United States.

The capital of the Choctaw Nation is currently located in Tuskahoma, Oklahoma. I rejoice, brothers, to hear you propose to become cultivators of the earth for the maintenance of your families. Be assured you will support them better and with less labor, by raising stock and bread, and by spinning and weaving clothes, than by hunting. A little land cultivated, and a little labor, will procure more provisions than the most successful hunt; and a woman will clothe more by spinning and weaving, than a man by hunting. Compared with you, we are but as of yesterday in this land.

Yet see how much more we have multiplied by industry, and the exercise of that reason which you possess in common with us. Follow then our example, brethren, and we will aid you with great pleasure Mvskoke is their name in traditional spelling. The Muscogee Creek tribe is not one tribe but a group of several tribes, each of which had their own distinct land.