Is Killing Wrong?: A Study in Pure Sociology (Studies in Pure Sociology)

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Mark Cooney | Department of Sociology

View more great items! This listing is currently undergoing maintenance, we apologise for any inconvenience caused. Yet while some killers are pilloried and punished, others are absolved and acquitted, and still others are lauded and lionized. The traditional answer is that how killers are treated depends on the nature of their killing, whether it was aggressive or defensive, intentional or accidental.

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But those factors cannot explain the enormous variation in legal officials' and citizens' responses to real-life homicides. Cooney argues that a radically new style of thought pure sociology can. Conceived by the sociologist Donald Black, pure sociology makes no reference to psychology, to any single person's intent, or even to individuals as such. Instead, pure sociology explains behavior in terms of its social geometry its location and direction in a multidimensional social space. Drawing on data from well over one hundred societies, including the modern-day United States, it represents the most thorough account yet of case-level social control, or the response to conduct defined as wrong.

The first specimen of a theoretical strategy later called pure sociology , the theory eschewed all psychology.

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Absent, then, was one of the chief concerns of conventional sociologists: Instead Black dealt with cases of conflict - their social characteristics and their outcomes. The theory thus introduced not only a new subject matter the variability of law and social control and new explanatory variables including multiple forms of social status and social distance but also a new unit of analysis the case.

Is killing wrong?: a study in pure sociology

The novelty of the theory became a source of confusion, though, as researchers soon devised misguided "tests" of the theory. One of the most prominent of these was conducted by Michael R. Gottfredson and Michael J. Hindelang , who argued that the seriousness of an offense, not the variables derived from Black's theory, best predicts whether crime victims call the police. Here the misunderstanding was fundamental. Black's theory is a theory of the response to deviant conduct, and the extent to which deviant conduct is defined as serious is part of this response.

What Gottfredson and Hindelang did, then, was to observe whether dimensions of Black's dependent variable correlated. Many other studies were also flawed, and even the more appropriate ones were normally limited to a particular setting or aspect of the legal system.

Now, anyone interested in the evidence concerning Black's theories can begin with Is Killing Wrong? In it Cooney conducts what he calls a meta-test —a review of all relevant evidence. Because the focus is on homicide, the meta-test is a comprehensive review of the literature on responses to killing. This substantial body of knowledge includes two studies conducted by the author as well as numerous studies by historians, anthropologists, human rights organizations and others. The evidence provides overwhelming support for Black's theory, and it would be difficult to question the theory's overall validity in light of this study.

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This test surpasses others in its cross-cultural breadth. Looking across societies allows consideration of the full range of the concepts, and Cooney documents an astounding degree of variability in responses to homicide. Killers may be executed by lynch mobs or by the state, or they may be imprisoned, banished, asked to pay [End Page ] compensation, placed on probation, shunned or even rewarded.

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