Trop désespérée (French Edition)
Ionesco was born in Slatina, Romania in His legal name was Eugen Ionescu. His father, the famous lawyer Eugen Ionescu, was Romanian.
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In reality, she was Romanian, and was born in Craiova She was also of Jewish origins, something that Ionesco never mentioned. Ipcar was a common Sephardic name in the Craiova region. Her mother, Annette Abramovici, was probably Jewish as well.
In his diaries, the Romanian Jewish writer Mihail Sebastian tells how Ionesco confided in him in that he was Jewish: Yes, she had been Jewish, from Craiova; her husband left her with two children in France; she remained a Jew until her death, when he—Eugen—baptized her with his own hand… Poor Eugen Ionescu! What fretting, what torment, what secrets for such a simple matter 13! His departures and returns to and from France and Romania allowed him to hide his identity, but also reveal the complications and pain of multiple identities.
He thus spent his childhood in France. He was schooled in Romania during the period of the rise of the fascist Iron Guard and the rise of violent anti-Semitism. He said he always felt an outsider in Romania, and he hated his father. Ionesco describes the man as a strict person who worshipped authority and whose right-wing politics clashed with those of his son His experience breaks with the typical view of immigrants who came to France as their country of exile.
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It was the opposite for Ionesco, who felt in exile in his own native country and at home in France. He never finished it; he instead focused on literary criticism, which he wrote in Romanian But that was not the end of his back and forth between France and Romania. At the moment of the defeat in , he fled back to Romania But almost immediately Ionesco desperately sought to leave for France, especially after Romania joined the Axis powers shortly after he returned to Romania.
His trajectory breaks the mold of our usual understanding of immigration as a departure and an arrival. For Ionesco, immigration was a series of comings and goings, both between countries and languages. He went back and forth between two cultures that were both descending into fascism. He seemed to think that in France, despite being under Nazi occupation, he would be safer as a Jewish person.
Ionesco has said that at that time he felt in exile in Romania and was homesick for France, as opposed to the other way around.
Ionesco has written that the only legal way for him to return to France was to take an official post in the Romanian government. Perhaps he felt safer in France, or perhaps this was an excuse he made for why he came to work in Vichy. Either way, this era of his life is usually glossed over by critics; scholars have completely ignored it or provided incorrect information about it.
Free Ebook Trop Désespérée French Edition Ibook By Victors Ibiteye
The Ionescos move to Marseille. While this article does not aim to condemn Ionesco, it does point to his deep involvement in the politics of his time. Nevertheless, the situation was not always as black and white as it seems. He was, according to Nazi law, a Jewish man hiding in plain sight in Vichy. He also corresponded with Jean Ballard of the Cahiers du Sud , who published writers on the Left as well as Jewish writers such as Benjamin Fondane, about publishing translations of Romanian poetry He referred to Voronca by the pseudonym Edouard Valla Instead, his network provides a new opportunity to study the role of language in cultural diplomacy in Occupied France.
Throughout the s and s, the government had managed propaganda through both the President of the Council of Ministries and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Dragu served as the head of the press services in the Southern Zone of France. He writes that Romanian propaganda in France is a psychological arm, which he and his staff use in an organized, methodological, and scientific manner Dragu recommends a propaganda campaign over the press and the radio that speaks to the French: Donning the clothes of France meant understanding and reporting on the political, economic, and cultural atmosphere of France.
His main headquarters remained in Vichy The Romanian delegation focused its activities in these four cities, as well as in Vichy and Paris. The Paris offices also included another young Romanian writer: Ionesco published his very first works in French under Vichy and in the aim of promoting Franco-Romanian relations. As early as July , the Nazi occupiers enforced the requirement to have ausweise [laisser-passer] to circulate around France. But members of the Romanian Delegation had access to ausweise and passierschiene [passes] allowing physical movement between Paris and Vichy This ausweis was one of the resolutions to a number of problems Dragu had outlined that summer: As a member of the delegation, Ionesco himself had freedom of movement between Vichy, Marseille, Montpellier, and Toulouse.
His job description of working with the cities of Nice, Toulouse, Montpellier, and Marseille, while being based in Vichy, necessitated the ability to travel around the country. Tzara spent the beginning of the Occupation in the Provencal region, first in Sanary.
His home had been under police surveillance and he was only able to escape with the help of a resistant police officer By the end of the Occupation, he had become an important figure in the cultural Resistance in Toulouse. The daily struggles he faced weighed on his work. In the same letter in which Tzara discusses his immobility and inability to visit his son, he also mentions his poem about a son who flees his family and goes on the roads of France just as a war is breaking out. In his postwar analysis, Michel Leiris understood La Fuite as a clear allusion to the experience of the exodus.
Leiris read the essence of this poem as: The particular situation of Tzara was one of displacement, but of displacements constrained by administrative laws that forbade him from circulating freely. His work focused on circulation of ideas and knowledge of Romania: The archival documents regarding propaganda in the universities in particular reveal the motives behind representing Romanian literature in translation.
This is in part due to the nature of the surviving reports Ionesco wrote, but also to his reflections on the role of students and the university system in promoting cultural messages to the public. The remainder of this article explores how his work in university centers, on promoting students coming from Romania to France to study abroad, as well as establishing a Romanian studies journal, all point to the cultural exchanges between France and Romania that he promoted in the war. In spite of the war, the intellectual world was not one of stagnation, but actually went through a transnational moment.
These positions, classes, and lectures were indirect means of propaganda that skirted the issue of Vichy censorship of the press. I will look at two different examples: Although they organized and oversaw special examinations in Bucharest, no actual hires seemed to result from this initiative. In our reports, which also express the point of view of the counselor I. DRAGU, the head of our Press Department, we underlined the usefulness of creating regional propaganda centers, specifying that they can be created within the natural framework of Romanian language chairs around which Romanian studies circles and conference cycles, libraries, etc.
Not only were there built-in positions for Romanians who could also report directly to Ionesco, as Tanase did, but they also did not have the illusion of people who were hired for propaganda purposes. Here circulation of scholars between France and Romania served to create another form of propaganda through university education on Romanian language and culture.
Tanase implicitly argued that Romania is close to France through linguistics. He demonstrated that Romanian syntax, main verbs, and most of the vocabulary used orally and in writing are Latin-based.
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Thus he concluded that the Romanian language is a neo-Latin language. Ionesco approved of the message, and suggested in his report that in the future the Ministry of Propaganda should work to create lectureships in French universities for other Romanian students in France. That summer, in August , Ionesco wrote another report requesting books on Romanian literature, language, and history, as well as dictionaries, that were unavailable in France be sent to Tanase from Romania Set up a giveaway.
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Eugène Ionesco, : Political and Cultural Transfers between Romania and France
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