Sáo Paulo - Stadtentwicklung und Probleme einer Global City (German Edition)
Sassen, like many other de-territorialization theorists, stresses the global scale as the dominant factor for urban development. As a consequence of their global importance, cities become more equal around the world: In this context, the nation state and its institutions, as well as their historical evolution, must be considered.
Globalization and the City
Although the relevance of historical structures — such as national urban systems — has been mentioned, hardly any effort has been made to develop this concept as an explanation for the global city network. This approach is heterogeneous rather than a fully articulated, general theory; it focuses on historical processes and historical structures of firms, industries or cities and their influence on current spatial patterns.
As a consequence, the concept of path dependence is non-deterministic; dominant pathways can end or transform into one another. The debate about evolutionary processes revolves around three main arguments for the explanation of dominant development paths: Second, increasing returns, resulting from externalities and learning mechanisms, can cause self-reinforcing processes.
This study is relevant in two aspects: In this period, Frankfurt dominated the newly located foreign banks. To overcome this deficiency, this chapter will examine the link between evolutionary economic geography and global city research. Global cities are defined as places where the knowledge of the management of globalization is concentrated, i.
Therefore, we assume that the status of a global city is a result of its development path; similar to the case study of Frankfurt as a dominant international financial center, the spatial pattern of producer service firms 45 originates in a dominant development path. First, global producer service firms are a recent, not a historic phenomenon, which makes it impossible to redraw pathways based on this indicator.
For this reason, alternative indicators, which describe the evolution of a global city, must be considered. Second, the historical view might be clear for those cities that are at the top of the global city network and look back on a long tradition as cities with global relevance, such as London, Paris or Amsterdam. I will also address the historic preconditions of this recent development. During the s, the situation in Vienna changed dramatically. Furthermore, the number of employees in foreign subsidiaries grew from 11, to , However, the development of passive FDIs in Vienna was ambiguous; while the stock of equity capital increased continuously from 5.
Within this period, active FDIs in Vienna showed a clear spatial shift toward the transformation markets in eastern Europe: On the contrary, Regional distribution of active and passive FDIs from and in Vienna number of employees and invested capital, per cent , Surprisingly, the opposite is true: While in eastern Europe about In absolute numbers, Viennese banks and their engagement in eastern Europe have been a crucial part of Viennese internationalization since It is remarkable that the three largest foreign banks in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Slovenia are all located in Vienna: Several studies emphasize the increasing relevance of foreign subsidiaries based in Vienna, which have significantly expanded their areas of responsibility and have become regional headquarters for the region.
Indirect FDIs 54 from Western European firms in eastern Europe are the most relevant, but it is surprising that firms from eastern Europe — on a smaller scale — also profit from Vienna as a gateway to western Europe see table 2. GaWC data provides very little information about these aspects. This investment boom had a number of important consequences: First, it established a railway system, which was as developed as that in Western European countries, even in the most rural regions.
Furthermore, Vienna was the sole market and gateway for incoming foreign investment capital.
References
A Hungarian historian described it as follows: The banking and finance sector in Vienna was affected by these severe geopolitical changes in several ways: To counter this decline, the banks tried to establish Vienna as an international center of excellence for the Danube region; by doing so, foreign investors held an increasing share of the capital stock of Viennese banks. Furthermore, the national accreditation policy of the new states promoted their own banking systems, and Viennese banks were pressured to sell their foreign subsidiaries or to focus on less profitable investments.
- Gefahren aus dem Internet - Viren, Trojaner und Hacker (German Edition);
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During the war, western Austria experienced a much higher degree of industrialization and integration into the German war economy than Vienna and eastern Austria. In this period, contacts of Viennese firms with Central and Eastern Europe were re-established; some of these contracts dated back to the interwar period, and some resulted from the USIA network. Even during the U. Nationalized companies and banks alike specialized in trading with the East.
It is remarkable that, for instance, Creditanstalt installed a foreign representative in Budapest in ; the first official branch opened in London in The concentration of many firms on the national market, a lack of innovation and poor competitiveness compared to the western European standards led to significant job losses. Instead, good contacts and knowledge about institutions and market structures beyond the Iron Curtain gave Viennese businesses crucial advantages over competitors from western Europe.
It is remarkable that the light areas overlap with the territory of Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Geography of the balance of active and passive FDI from and in Vienna The earlier one lasted from the late s until The second began with the transformation in eastern Europe from onwards.
Will the current financial crisis bring the recent pathway to an end? In any case, we can redraw these two dominant pathways through empirical data such as the share of investments in Transleithania or FDIs in this region. Both were crucial insofar as they preserved the weak ties of formal and informal contacts of corporate and personal networks until Thus, the following question arises: This chapter has demonstrated that Vienna belongs to the former category. Review of International Political Economy 1 1 , Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy.
University of Michigan Press. Die De-Zentrale als Chance. Die Osteuropazentralen als Kompetenznetzwerke der Zukunft. The Handbook of Evolutionary Economic Geography. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 35 1 , Evolution and Path Dependence in Economic Ideas. Urban Studies 47 9 , Staat, Nation und Demokratie in Europa.
Journal of Economic Geography 7, Development and Change 17, Bericht zur Wiener Wirtschaft. Konjunktur im Jahr Geographische Rundschau 56 4 , Urban Geography 20, Geographische Zeitschrift 91 In this period, contacts of Viennese firms with Central and Eastern Europe were re-established; some of these contracts dated back to the interwar period, and some resulted from the USIA network. Even during the U. Nationalized companies and banks alike specialized in trading with the East.
It is remarkable that, for instance, Creditanstalt installed a foreign representative in Budapest in ; the first official branch opened in London in The concentration of many firms on the national market, a lack of innovation and poor competitiveness compared to the western European standards led to significant job losses. Instead, good contacts and knowledge about institutions and market structures beyond the Iron Curtain gave Viennese businesses crucial advantages over competitors from western Europe.
It is remarkable that the light areas overlap with the territory of Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Geography of the balance of active and passive FDI from and in Vienna The earlier one lasted from the late s until The second began with the transformation in eastern Europe from onwards. Will the current financial crisis bring the recent pathway to an end? In any case, we can redraw these two dominant pathways through empirical data such as the share of investments in Transleithania or FDIs in this region. Both were crucial insofar as they preserved the weak ties of formal and informal contacts of corporate and personal networks until Thus, the following question arises: This chapter has demonstrated that Vienna belongs to the former category.
Review of International Political Economy 1 1 , Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy. University of Michigan Press.
What makes a city “global”? | Publish your master's thesis, bachelor's thesis, essay or term paper
Die De-Zentrale als Chance. Die Osteuropazentralen als Kompetenznetzwerke der Zukunft. The Handbook of Evolutionary Economic Geography. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 35 1 , Evolution and Path Dependence in Economic Ideas. Urban Studies 47 9 , Staat, Nation und Demokratie in Europa. Journal of Economic Geography 7, Development and Change 17, Bericht zur Wiener Wirtschaft. Konjunktur im Jahr Geographische Rundschau 56 4 , Urban Geography 20, Geographische Zeitschrift 91 Urban Studies 33 1 , Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geographie 2 , World cities in a world-system.
Cambridge University Press, Das Ende der Politik? Globalisierung und der Strukturwandel des Politischen. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 11, Journal of Economic Geography 6, Chancen als spezialisiertes Dienstleistungszentrum in Mitteleuropa? Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 4, Social Forces 64 3 , Wien in der Weltwirtschaft. Bankhistorisches Archiv 45, London, New York, Tokyo.
International Research on Metropolises. Sassen Sassen , Territory, Authority, Rights. From Medieval to Global Assemblages. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 20, Die drei historischen Regionen Europas. Progress in Human Geography 18 2 , Progress in Human Geography 19 1 , Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 95 5 , Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 91 2 , A Survey on Cities in Globalization.
For instance, this is the case if a Viennese firm, which is a subsidiary of a Munich firm, opens a subsidiary in Budapest. Musil , cartography: Partl interpolation of the most important investment locations according to the balance of profits, weighted by the volume of active and passive FDIs. You can suggest to your library or institution to subscribe to the program OpenEdition Freemium for books. Feel free to give our address: We will be glad to provide it with information about OpenEdition and its subscription offers.
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Results per book Results per chapter. Imperialism, Proto-Globalization, and a Nineteenth Centur The Development of a Megacity in th Search inside the book. The Evolution of a Global City: Text Bibliography Notes Author. Introduction 1 Sassen , 4. Zoom in Original jpeg, k. Partl interpolation of the most important investment locatio Bibliography References Angew, John Notes 1 Sassen , 4.