Scanning SQUID Microscope for Studying Vortex Matter in Type-II Superconductors (Springer Theses)

The proposed scenario of vortex clustering is supported by the results of numerical simulations, based on the time-dependent Ginzburg—Landau TDGL formalism and the local heating model Supplementary Fig. The vortex cluster formation time, compared with the short quenching time, clearly places the quenching process in the KZ regime. The lower panel shows the distribution of the electron mean free path, which models a set of quasi-random pinning centres.

When the tunnelling current is on, local superconductivity is fully suppressed. The simulation results are displayed in Fig. The local heating, caused by tunnelling current, leads to the formation of a normal-state region in the vicinity of the STM tip. The normal region can be considered as a big pinning site, which is capable to accommodate a relatively large magnetic flux.

This pinning site attracts and traps vortices from the surrounding superconducting area, where the temperature is elevated and the mobility of vortices is increased due to their weaker interaction with pinning centres. When the tunnelling current is switched off and the local temperature relaxes to T 0 , the trapped flux transforms into a compact vortex cluster, which is stabilized by the pinning centres. Similarly to the experiment, the calculated vortex pattern demonstrates the appearance of vortex-depleted regions around the vortex cluster, which become more evident when increasing the intensity of local heating and the cluster size.

The obtained results suggest that local heating with an STM tip can provide an efficient tool to arrange vortices in superconductors. Finally, we demonstrate the ability of using the STM tip to manipulate individual vortices Supplementary Movie. This is an important extension of the pioneering work of Eigler and Schweizer 16 from manipulating single atoms to manipulating single-quantum vortices.

A hot spot is generated and the vortex is attracted to the location of the hot spot. Then the STM tip is retracted and moved to the next position. By repeating the above process, we are able to drag the vortex to any position in the superconductor. As shown in Fig.

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We are also able to drag the vortex cluster as one object to a new position and then detach the two vortices by increasing the temperature Supplementary Fig. Compared with other techniques, such as magnetic force microscopy 6 , that are used to manipulate individual vortices, the important advantage of our technique is that no magnetic field or transport current is needed. Three single flux quantum vortices are observed at naturally formed pinning centres. The solid lines are a fit with the monopole model.

In conclusion, we have shown that a controlled heating effect generated by the tunnelling current can be used to locally suppress superconductivity, with this area playing the role of a pinning centre. We are able to tune the power of the nano heater simply by changing the bias voltage. Moreover, the tunnelling pulse applied through the STM tip enables dragging and manipulation of individual quantized vortices which may be used for the development of new fluxon-based devices. Our results demonstrate the utility of the local heating effect for characterizing and manipulating vortices in a superconductor.

This new approach provides a lot of information which is of great interest for studying other systems, such as local and non-local phase transitions in superfluid, cosmology and many-particle systems. The thickness of Au yields a smooth surface with a roughness less than 0. The pulse tunnelling current was applied by controlling the bias voltage between the STM tip Au of a commercial Hall probe shown in Fig.

The magnetic field distribution is recorded using the scanning Hall probe microscope from nanomagnetics in a lift-off mode Supplementary Fig. First, the Hall sensor approaches the sample under the control of a piezo until the tunnelling current is established. In all the measurements, the magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the sample surface. For a superconductor with pinning centres, which originate from a local reduction of the mean free path , the TDGL equation for the order parameter , normalized to 1, can be written in the form A 0 denotes the vector potential corresponding to the externally applied magnetic field H 0 , while A 1 describes the magnetic field H 1 induced by the currents j , which flow in the superconductor:.

Integration in equation 2 is performed over the volume of the superconductor. In general, the total current density contains both the superconducting and normal components: The distribution of the scalar potential is determined from the condition. Both the j n and vanish when approaching meta stable states, which are of our main interest here.

Assuming that the thickness of the superconductor layer is sufficiently small, variations of the order parameter magnitude across the sample as well as currents in this direction can be neglected and equation 1 becomes effectively two-dimensional. This equation together with equations 2 and 5 are solved self-consistently following the numerical approach described in ref.

How to cite this article: Nanoscale assembly of superconducting vortices with scanning tunnelling microscope tip. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. All authors contributed to the discussion and analysis.

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National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Dec 9. Jun-Yi Ge , 1 Vladimir N. China Find articles by Youhe Zhou. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Sep 12; Accepted Nov 8. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material.

To view a copy of this license, visit http: Abstract Vortices play a crucial role in determining the properties of superconductors as well as their applications. Open in a separate window. Introduction to the operation of the heating effect generated with a scanning tunnelling microscope tip. Controlling the vortex cluster size The size of the vortex clusters can be well controlled. Vortex clustering as a function of bias voltage. Disintegration of vortex cluster with increasing temperature. Theoretical simulations The proposed scenario of vortex clustering is supported by the results of numerical simulations, based on the time-dependent Ginzburg—Landau TDGL formalism and the local heating model Supplementary Fig.

Manipulation of single-quantum vortices The obtained results suggest that local heating with an STM tip can provide an efficient tool to arrange vortices in superconductors. Manipulation of individual vortices with the STM tip. Discussion In conclusion, we have shown that a controlled heating effect generated by the tunnelling current can be used to locally suppress superconductivity, with this area playing the role of a pinning centre.

TDGL simulation For a superconductor with pinning centres, which originate from a local reduction of the mean free path , the TDGL equation for the order parameter , normalized to 1, can be written in the form Data availability All relevant data are available from the corresponding author. Additional information How to cite this article: Supplementary Material Supplementary Information: Footnotes Author contributions J. Vortices in high-temperature superconductors. B 73 , Nucleation of vortices inside open and blind microholes.

B 53 , — Supercond. Pinning by an antidot lattice: B 57 , — Controlled multiple reversals of a ratchet effect. Nature , — Mechanics of individual isolated vortices in a cuprate superconductor.

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Dramatic role of critical current anisotropy on flux avalanches in MgB 2 films. A one-dimensional chain state of vortex matter. Imaging superconducting vortex cores and lattices with a scanning tunnelling microscope. Direct observation of Josephson vortex cores. Observation of ordered vortices with Andreev bound states in Ba 0. Characterization and manipulation of individual defects in insulating hexagonal boron nitride using scanning tunnelling microscopy.

Mapping polarization induced surface band bending on the Rashba semiconductor BiTeI. Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope. An atomic switch realized with the scanning tunnelling microscope. A kilobyte rewritable atomic memory. Partial sequencing of a single DNA molecule with a scanning tunnelling microscope. Direct observation of melting in a 2-D superconducting vortex lattice. Direct observation of nodes and twofold symmetry in FeSe superconductor. Science , — Enhancement of long-range correlations in a 2D vortex lattice by an incommensurate 1D disorder potential.

Single Abrikosov vortices as quantized information bits. Local magnetic probes of superconductors. Bound vortex dipoles generated at pinning centers by Meissner current. Creating nanostructured superconductors on demand by local current annealing. Vortices and Nanostructured Superconductors. X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Semiconductors. Photoelectrochemical Solar Fuel Production. Fundamentals of Nanomechanical Resonators. Heat Transfer II Essentials. Charge Dynamics in Iron-Based Superconductors. Spin Physics in Semiconductors. Electromagnetic Field Theories for Engineering.

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The Principles of Astronomical Telescope Design. Control of Magnetotransport in Quantum Billiards. Introduction to Optical Components. Polarized Electrons at Surfaces. Optical Sources, Detectors, and Systems.

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