Murad Lo Sfortunato (Italian Edition)

It is met with in Italian on the final vowels of some words only, and is used to mark either a contraction as: As a general rale, Uie is mostly laid in Italian on the pcnultimaU. E e has two diflerent sounds, a broad one, like the vowel sound in English iltere, fair the French e , as: The e at tbe end of a word is never mute; its sound, however, is less oiien tmd much shorter than at the beginning or in the middle of ft word.

At the end of n nwiwsyUaUc its sound is shoH and sharp tt. U, u sounds like in hoots, but never like the English H in up. This vowel is sometimes short os in tiiou. Further observations on pronunciation are given in tbe second Part of this grammar. E-u ro-pa; hitoi, pr. ProiiQiiciatlon of the consonants. B, b as in English: C c, has a double sound: CO before e or i sound like itsh, as: Bcccllrnsa Excellency , pr.

B, d as in English: F, f has the same sound as in EngUsh: G, g has a double sound: In order to harden the soft sound of this letter before e or I, h is added to it, as in strighe witches , pron. H, h is never pronounced see c and g. L, 1 as in English: The beginner must not forget, that where cwnpound ccmonants occur 11, mm, nn, pp, n etc. S, s 08 in English: Between two vowels its sound is less hissing. I as in English. Z, z Tlie sound of this letter is sometimes soft like ds, as: II sudlo fangdso, immdndo, prato pel gran passure d'udmiui c cavuili, le case piene di solddti, le niura sddice ed affumic4te.

Em una dduna, c6Ue mani legdte diAtro le rdni, e. The article iuclicntes the gender of substantives. The Italian language has two genders, vh. There are two articles in Italian us in English: The definite article for muscuUnc suhsfuuiircs is il and lo; for feminme substatUices la. H jmtlrc, the father; il fmtHlo, the brotlier; H vhlo, the heaven. In this cose the article is not il bat lo. The reason is, that the Italian ear cannot bear a coming together of three consonants ffl AAijVio.

Also words beginning with s can take tbe article lo, ns: In the plural they always take tbe article gli, as: The article la is ased before every feminine noun beginning with a consonant, as: The iudefinite article is for tnasc. We recommend the pupil, when learning these words by heart, to add the defin. The feminine plural of noona usually retains the fall article, as: Io bo la rosa. Io ho una i-osa. Tn hai il libro. Hai tu un libro? II padre ha il giardino. La zoadi'e ha il pane.

Il funciullo ha lo specchio. La zia ha nn' oca. Mio fratello ha nn cane. Eglino hanno nn cavallo. Hanno esse un cone? Avete voi no fiore? Il fanciullo ha un fratello ed nna zia. I have the book. I have a rose. Thou hast the bat. Hast thou a dog? Hast thou a Inoking'glass? He has the coat. My father has the bird.

Has she a pear? Has he the bread? We have a bat. Have we the gun? Yon have the goose. They have a garden. The king bos a horse. The child bos a book. The queen has a rose. My brother has the dog. My mother has a pen. Ho io la rosa? Hai tn il libro? Avete voi un libro? Il fratello ha uno schioppo? Voi avete la rosa. Si, io bo nn libro. Si, il fanciullo ha nn fiore. Si, il fratello ha nno schioppo. No, voi avete I'abito. For tlie poliie mode of addressing a person, see the same lesson, Note 4.

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BAnno essi nna pern ed tina ciriegia? Ha egli il pane? Ha ella un Bore?

Hanno essi nna sorella? Si, essi hanno nna pera ed nna ciriegia. Si, egli ha il pane. Si, ella ba nn fiove. No, essi bonno nna zia. The Plural of substantives. The following general hints will enable the pupil to learn the formatioii of the Plural ndtbout difficulty: Words ending in a preceded by e or g, take in the PlurnI an h after these consonants, in order to retain the hard sonnd. In the first Part of this gi'amroar we shall always indicate the Pinr. U marce; la spidggia the coast — le sjtiagge.

The following are irregular: For farther observatione on irregalarities in the forraatioa of the Plural see the second Part of this grammar. The Plural of the article U is i, as: The Plural of tlie article la is le, as: Il feiupcrino, the penknife. H gdito, the cat. Vhino hymn — gVinui; Vinfelioe the unhappy man gVinfeUci etc. Noi aTevaino nn ooItelJo. La casa ba due ixirte. Avevate voi gli alberi? Si, noi avevamo gli alberi.

Mio aio aveva vednto tre etufe. Ecco i quadri e gli specchi. Noi abbiamo veduto qnattro sorci. I fancialli avevano tre pere. Mia zia aveva nna etufa. Le zie averano i gatti. Mia zuadre ha due eorelle. Beco il palazso del of the duca. I bad three brothers. The duke has the sword. The children have the flowers. Here are the games, the pencils, and the coats. Here are also the houses, the castles, and the palaces. Had she the hats? No, she bad the coats. The countries have the canals. My father has three sisters. Hodst thou a physician? Yes, I had a physician.

No, they had four dogs and three cats. The wives have the eggs. The eye is large. I have two eyes. Here is the house of the poet. There is a Ood. Avevamo noi un temperino? Aveva io i coltelli? Hai tu vednto un papa? Gli uomini banno vednto gli dei? Avevano essi vednto i castelli ed i i alazzi? Avete voi un novo? Mio padre ha i ginocbi?

Voi avevate un temperino. Si, tn avevi i coltelli. Si, io ho veduto due papi. No, gli uomini non banno veduto gli dei. No, i ffionarcbi banno le spade e gli scettri. Si, essi avevano vednto icaatelli ed i palazzi. Si, io ho due uova. The above example is, according to its meaning, nilier iranMlatcHl: Anehe not aNftamo teduto i quadrL or: L'aomo ayera tre fancluUL Avevate voi yednto i poeti? No, non avevaroo vednto i poetL Third Lesson.

Julian nouns fonn the different of the Singular and Plural by means of prepositions. These prepositions, however, are not, as in English, simply put before the article, but undergo a contraiiioM with the article into one word. It is used to express a source or origin, distaucc or retnoval, and also a dicdling upon, a cJiaracleristic token or fitness for anythiug. These prepositions are not liable to contraction before the indefinite article. It may be observed, liowever, that di commonly drops its final i and takes an apostrophe in its stead, as: Before consonants, except s impura.

Bat aglt scolari, to the pupils. Plural j the angels. Dat ad nna madre, to a mother. Dot a quests strade, to these streets. In the same manner are declined the above mentioned possessive adjectives mio, my, tuo, thy, suo, bis, her etc. II creatdre, the creator.

U mdndo, the world. Vamico, the friend L. U viclno, the neighbour. La porta della Casa. Le porte della cose. Le fioestre dei palasr. Il gatto 3 on animale. I gatti sono i nemici dei sorci. Voi date gli scrignt agli amici ed alle amiche. I nemici degli uomini. Le foglie di qnesti fiori. Le finestre di qnestn casa. The brother of the consin m. The sisters of the cousin fj. The gates of the town. The houses of the towns. The windows of the houses. Ood is the creator of the world.

The dog is the enemy of the cat. The dog is the iViend of the man. I give the book to the brother. The sleep of the child. The leaves of the roses and of the trees of the garden. Here are the clothes dliti. I come from the duke's palace. Thus a lady would pay: Ho io il libro del cugino? Hai ta il ritmtto della zia?

Ha egli vednto il giardino del re? I fancialH hanno gli scrigni? Obi who aveva la penna del fmtello? Di chi 8ono qnelle pere? Di cbi sono quest! Avete Toi veduto il caue del- Taniico? Di chi sono qucste ocbe? To hai il libro del cugino. Si, egli ba veduto il giardino ed il ca. Si, i fanciulii bnnno gli scrigni. Io aveva la peuna del fratello.

Sono di mio fratello. Sono del re e della regina. Questi libri sono di vostro padre. Sono di vostra cugina. Fi'CCiuently the cases of substantives are governed by prepo. In elegant speed , however, some of them are used with the genitive and dative case, whereby a slight variation in the original signification is effected.

La 6cti6la, the school. U mahtro, the master. Sono iof am I? Il gatto 6 dietro la stofs. Siete voi in cucina? Luigi b da mio padre. I cayalU sono davanti la porta. Il fanciullo b sotto I'albero. Qnesta pera 6 per mla zia. Mia zia k in cbiesa. Mia cagina sta a Parigi Pat'is nella casa di mla zia. Egli aveva le inani tn tasea. II libro 6 nella tas- ca del padre. The servant is in tbe room. Tbe mantel's are at school. The birds are on tbe roof of tbe cborcb.

My sister is at home. Tbe two knives are upon tbe table. Where are the cats? They aia in tbe kitchen. The three children of my cousin m. The horses are in tbe water. The penknife of the boy is on the table. I come with the friend of my brother. Dove d mio flglio? Di che cosa icltat parli speakesi tu? Dove abita tuo cogino? Vostra cngina d in iscuola? Chi 6 andato in cbiesa? La serva d in cucina o in giardino? Avevate voi vednto le tinltre ducks nel cortile? CJon chi with whom siete andati? Egli c nel cortile dello zio. Egli d in giai'dino. No, essi gindcano play da- vanti dla casa.

No, essa in cbiesa. No, h andato dal medico. Noi avevamo veduto le anitre, a le ocbe. Noi siamo andati con nostro padre. Mio ratello e andato m. Thus the wine, the beer, tftc oil means: Id vino, della birra, ddl'olio. He sells paper, pencils, and ink, egli vende carta, matUe ed ineJiiostro. Jo vedo deUe anitre, I see some a few ducks. Jo vedo anitre, I see ducks but no geese. EgU vende fabacco, he b a tobacconist. We have no flowers. You have neither money nor friends. Non avete ni danaro ni auiicL W La farina, the flour, ujeal. U ragdzso, the boy.

To avrb, I shall have tu avrdi, thou wilt have egli avTii, be will have. IK lo avrd del pane e della farina. Avrete voi anehe del sale? Eglino avranno anche del danaro. Tu avrai del formaggio. Questo mercante vende olio ed aceto. Luigi avrk anche dei lihri e delle matite. Nel cortile souo le oche e le anitre. Vi sono oche nel cortile. GU stranieri avranno del dauaro. Noi avrcmo della luinestra e della came. Nel giardino vi sono alberi, frutta e fiori.

You will have milk and eggs. Here is the bread. Here is some bread. My father bad lead and iron. This child had some flowers. My consin fj will have some flour and bread. There arc soop, oil and vinegar. The queen had gold and silver. They will also have some paper and ink. My uncle sells paper, pencils, pens and ink. Lewis has horses and dogs. Thy sister will have shoes and stockings. Shall you have any friends m. These men are foreigners. See the note page Abbiaxno noi della farina? Cbe cosa avete voi?

Ha Ella delle roaUte? Hanno essi delle pere? Che cosa hai tu sotto il brac- cio arm? Per chi toAow sono qaesti libri? Avete delle frutta in casa? Noi abbiamo del sale e della farina. No, signora Jifadam , ma abbiamo del denaro. Abbiamo carne e pane. No, ma bo delle penne. No, ma essi hanno delle pragne. Essi sono per mio cugino. Ella ba dello zuccbero e del caffd. Si, egU avrb dei quademi, del- rinchiostro e delle penne. Vi sono libri e qnadri. It is formed by patting a or ad before the parlilive articles di-f, itdla, ifrllo, delV; pi.

You always thick off mouey, of wiue. In fumIHar coQversetion Itelino. Here tlie article is entirely omitted, di taking its place before the substantive, as: Nona, dd vino, some wine, j della hlrra, some beer. Una liotiiglia di vino, a bottle of wine. Dtcci lihbre di came, ten pounds of meat Una di xucchero, a great deal of sugar. English vonqiound substantives are often rendered by this genitive, us: II maestro di scuola, the school-master.

II mercanie di vino, the wine-merchant.. Adjertices, denoting tlie materiel of which a thing is made, are rendered by suhstantives witli di, as: Una iawla di legno, a icooden table. This genitive is also governed by some adirrhs of quantity, as; vUntr, nothing; gmlchc cosa, something etc. QualcJte cosa di grande, something grand. The nominative and accusative case of this partitive form are always alike. Tlie pupil would be CDtirelv wrong in saying ns in French: U lUro, the liter.

U legno, the wood. But hu niay say: The luoal manner of rendering such expifsaions does not differ from English. Ecco una bottigUa di vino. Noi abbiamo comprato tre cbilogramxni di zaccbero. Ta peoai setspre a balli ed a concert. Ho ricevato quest libri da degli amici. Miaziaavrh una dozzina di calze. Voi nvrete un foglio di carta. II contndino aveva cinquo buoi, dieci cavalli cd una quantitu di porci. Egli ba bevuto troppo too inucU vino. Voi nvrete un orologio d'oro. Ho rieevuto una lettera e una scatola da mia zia. Thou wilt have a sheet of paper. We shall have a glass of wine. My brother will have nothing good.

I shall also have a bottle of wine. I have drunk two glasses of water and a bottle of beer. An illustrious and powerful queen. Illustrious and powerful kings. When the adjective qaalifies two or more singular nouns of the same gender, it is put in the plural, and agrees with them in gender. The widow and her daughter ate poor but industrious. The rose and the camellia are beautiful. Bich and poor are mortal. The soldiers and their wives were grateful and civil. In Italian, adjectives may generally precede or follow nouns, taste and euphony being the best guide in the application of this rule ; however, in familiar style, adjectives which denote shape, colour, or express some physical quality, as also those derived from verbs or ruxmes of nations, follow the noun.

A white flag is the signal of truce. A blind man has sharp ears. Two or more adjectives qualifying the same noun are generally placed after it. Un oratore eloquente e persuasive, An eloquent and persaasive orator. Una fanduUa bella e modesta, A beautiful and modest young girl. The ancient Caledonians were implacable enemies, 54 ind.

Exfle is very painful. He has many enemies and few friends. How many priests and friars one meets in the streets of Rome. How difficult it is to learn to speak a language fluently. I send you three sheets of the manuscript, and I hope to send yon as many more next week. How LONG, in speaking of time, is rendered by quanto tempo. Quanto tempo eovdate di tratte- nervi tul Ccndnentef Quanto tempo avete stvdiato Vita- lianof How long do you intend to remain on the Continent? How long haye you studied Ita- Uan? With a little patience we shall succeed in our enterprise.

The Italian painters have never been surpassed: Mezzo, halff when placed after the noun, is invari- abUj but when placed before, it changes its termination. Two hours and a half. Half used substantively must be expressed by metcL, and not mezzo, Ex. I have eaten the half of an orange. The adjective bello is curtailed of the last syllable before masculine nouns beginning with a consonant, ex- cept an 5 impure ; before a vowel it loses the final letter and receives an apostrophe.

Un bel pdldzzo, a fine palace, Un bello specchioj a handsome mirror, BeWocchio, a beautiful eye, Bei pcdazzi. Un bnon architetto, Un buon pittore, Un buono sctdtorej A good architect. A few adjectives vary their signification according as they come before or after the nouns they qualify. A news which is certain. PiU di half of the earth is covered with water. SI uffizio Inquisizio7ie md. Numeral Adjectives are divided into cardinal and ordinal numbers. Vho, 1 I Diciassette,. Uno, one, a, is used substantively to signify a man, a woman, a person, and is the only cardinal number which agrees with the noun it accompanies.

Venfuna lira, Lire veiWuruif Twenty-one pounds. In speak- ing of years, the preposition in, which is used in English, is joined in Italian to the definite article. In fourteen hundred and ninei Nel mille quattro cento novanta due V America fu acoperta, Nel mille sei cento sessanta sei fa venduto it th a aesaanta aceUini la libbrOf two America was discovered. In sixteen hundred and sixty- six, tea was sold at sixty shillings a pound.

The transposition of the unit before the ten is not admissible in Italian. Ha combattuto in venti due hattaglie, Furonfatbi trenta ivQprigionierij He has fought in two-and-twenty battles. Three-and-thirty prisoners were taken. The conjunction between numbers is not required, except after mille and milione, when it may be used.

He is twenty years of age. One of his danghters who was about ten years old. Primot first Decimo sestOf 16th Secondoj 2nd Decimo settimo. Ordinal numbers agree with the nouns to which they relate. La prima aetHmana del primo mese delVanno, La seconda scena dd secondo attOf The first week of the first month of the year. The second scene of the second act. In France, many presents are ex- changed on the 1st of January. The preposition on, which is employed in English before dates, is omitted in Italian.

II cinque di Novemhre fu sco- perta la cospirazione delta pol- vere da cannone, Sabato prossimo, On the 5th of November the gun- powder plot was discovered. A che ova fate merenda? A che orafaremo colazione f At what o'clock do yon lunch? At what o'clock shall we break- fast? Noi facciamo colazione alle otto, pranziamo alle cinque e rnezzo, prendiamo it tl alle sette meno tm quartOt e ceniamo alle dieci e un quarto, We breakfast at eight o'clock, we dine at half-past five, we take tea at a quarter to seven, and we sup at a quarter-past ten.

Distributive and Collective numbers. Five years, or a lustre. Each, or a head.

Murad Lo Sfortunato

This day week the schools will reopen. In a fortnight we shall have va- cations. On the 24th of April , General Oudinot disembarked 93 92 Generate shared at Civita Vecchia with twenty-five thousand men, and on 58 the 30th of April the French attacked Eome and were attaccarono Roma ind. Germania desinavamo 95 and we supped at six. In Italian the meaning of nouns may be modified in various ways, by adding to them certain syllables ; nouns so modified are curtailed of the final vowel. The great belL The boy. The strong, stout boy. A poet, a poor rhymster. A man, a despicable little man.

The face, the prettr little fece. The hook, the small hook. The stick, the small stick. A poor man, a poor unfortunate man. The river, the rivulet. An old man, a poor old man. Some adjectives and Christian names are modified in a similar manner. Adverbs also admit of these modifications. A little, very little. One, accio, and ino are the most commonly used termina- tions, and may be applied to almost all words, whilst the others can- not be used indiscriminately.

Every evening we take a walk along a small Ogni facciamo passeggiata lungo Stream, in which a thousand little fish play. Lahoudita Italian ; she pronounces very well, but she should read a pronunzia very little slower. In Italian, the comparative degrees of superiority and inferiority are formed by translating morej piii ; less, meno; and than by di or che, Than is generally translated by di before all pro- nouns and numeral adjectives.

Greece was more polished than any other nation of antiquity. Do not send me less than a hun- dred pounds. Ua ipiU dotta di Ini, EgUno sono stati piu saggi di me. She is more learned than he. They have been wiser than I. But when a personal pronoun is followed by a verb, of which it is the subject, titan is rendered by cAe, and the p'onoun is used in the nominative, as in English. When the comparison is made between two infini- tives, two adverbs, or two adjectives, than is translated by che, and also when the two nouns compared are only sepa- rated by than.

E megUo salvare un colpevole che condannare un innocentej Facevapm caldo ieri che oggi, E meglio tardi che mai, I stun capelli erano piu bianchi che biondi, Vi sHncontrano piu uomini che donne, It is better to acquit a criminal than to condemn an innocent person. It was warmer to-day than yes- terday. It is better late than never. Her hair was more white than fair. One meets there more men than women. Before proper names, as in many other cases, than may be rendered by di or che ; when di is used, the ex- pression a comparazione, in comparison of, is understood, and when che is employed, the verb of the proposition, accompanied by non, can be repeated ; if the sense of the phrase does not admit of this repetition, che is not to be used.

Ossar is more esteemed than Pompey. When than is followed by a verb not in the infi- nitivCy it is expressed by di quel che, or che non, Ex. The great of the earth are less to be envied than we think. A wise person listens more than he speaks. Silver is less precious than gold. In the first centuries the Romans were more warlike secolo guerriero than literary. The following adjectives may form the compara- tive degrees in two ways. CattivOf pill cattivo, or peggiorCj Bad, worse. In speaking of physical size, piil grande, piU piccoloj must be used, and not maggiore, minore.

II mio giardino I piu grande dd vostro, La htna h piu piccola ddla terra, My garden is larger than yours. The moon is smaller than the earth. The following adverbs form the comparative de- grees without the help oipiil or meno. Much, more, or the most. Little, less, or the least. One of the great qualities of Plutarch is that which qualitcL Plutarco quella che is the most requisite for a historian, the love of truth, — necessario ad storico The remedy is worse than the disease. Imaggiori means ancestors, superiors. It would be better if you spoke less and listened more. Comparisons of equality are formed as follows: Cosl or si, as or so, Cbwe, as.

TantOj altrettantOj as or so Quanto, as. Pill, or quantopiH, the more, Piit, or tanto ptit, the more. Meno, or quanto meno, the Meno, or tanto meno, the less, less. Tanto, quanto, should be used in forming comparisons oi guantity, Ex. The first terms, cosi, tanto, tale, may be omitted, but not if they relate to nouns of different gender.

He is not so sillj as he looks. Naples has not as many inhabi- tants as Paris. A servant's eje never sees so well as a master's. This room is as long as jours is broad. I will describe it to you as I have seen it. The more ignorant one is, the more ready one is to judge. The less you study, the less you will know. He has shown himself such as we judged him to be. Poverty is the only enemv of the poor man ; those of the dissolute are as numerous as his unbridled desires.

When tanto, quanto; tale, quale, are governed by a noun, they are used as adjectives, and are declinable. Alpar di, equally, as, may be used instead of cost, come; tanto, quanto, Ex. Si mostrarono valorosi al par degli antichi Spartani, Non sarete ricompensato al par di vostra BoreUa, They proved themselves as va- liant as the ancient Spartans.

You shall not be equally rewarded as your sister. The Superlative Absolute is formed, — 1st, By changing the final vowel of adjectives and ad- verbs into issimo. Grande, grandissimo, Male, malissimo. Observe — Adverbs which are formed by adding mente to adjectives, form the superlative absolute by omitting the final vowel of the adjective, and adding issimamente. He beloDgs to a very rich family.

When she saw me, she became very red. A few adjectives form the superlative absolute in errimo. The study of languages is very agreeable and very studio 25 piacevole osefdl. The sea air is very salubrious. The Superlative Relative is formed by placing il piUj il meno, before the adjective. The least gay of the party. Grace is the noblest part of beauty. The article maybe omitted when piU and meno follow the noun. Kossuth d Voratore piu doqtiente dei nostri tempi, Washington I il cittadino piu granae che abhia prodotto VA- merica, Kossuth is the most eloquent ora- tor of our day.

Washington is the greatest citi- zen America has produced. Adjectives ending in ore require no adverb to form the superlative relative. The greatest, the least, the best, the worst. The following words express by themselves the superlative absolute degree, and preceded by the article the superlative relative. J7 sommo, the highest. The language of a people is the most important monu- popolo monu- ment of their history.

Of me, di me. Of us, di not. To me, a me mi. To us, a not. Abu From or Abl. From or by me, da me. Of thee, di te. Of you, di voi. To thee, a te. To you, a voi. From or by thee, da te. He or it, egli or NoM. Of him, di lui. Of them, di loro.

To him, a lui. To them, a loro. From or by him, da lui. She or it, ella or essa Gen. Of ber, di lei. To her, a lei. From or by her, da lei. They, elle7io or esse. From or by them, da loro. This pronoun serves for both genders and numbers. St, has no nominative. Of one's self, or of himself, herself, them- selves, di se. To one's self, or to himself, her- 1 self, themselves, a se Ace. One's self, or himself, herself, 1 themselves, se. From or by one's self, himself, herself, themselves, da se.

In Italian, personal pronouns in the nominative case may be expressed or omitted. In Italian, there are two ways of expressing the dative and accusative cases of personal pronouns. The master praised her because she has been attentive, and blamed him for being negligent. I speak to you, Henry. The conjunctive pronouns are used when there is one dative or one accusative in the same phrase, — they are placed hefore the verb, and in compound tenses before the auxiliary.

I have promised her Alfieri's tragedies. I hope to induce him to come and spend the vacations with me. Having given us the message, he ran off. Advise her to go on the Conti- nent. Lend me yonr penknife. Non mi parlate piu su questo soggetto, Le dica la verith, Mi dicano quello che hannofatto, Do not speak to me anj more on this subject. Let bim tell her the trath. Let them tell me what they have done.

When the verb to which the pronoun is joined ends in an accented vowel, or is composed of one syllable, the initial consonant of the pronoun, except of ffU, is doubled, and in the first case the accent is not retained. Appena d vide, invitocci a pran- zo, Fammi U favore di tradwrre queata letteraf Dalle la mvsica che S sul piano- forte, As soon as he saw ns, he invited us to dinner. Do me the favour of translating this letter. Give her the music which is on the piano. The English neuter objective pronouns it, them, are rendered in Italian by the conjunctive pronoun Zo, which in this case serves as a relative pronoun, and agrees with the antecedent to which it relates, and precedes or follows the verb according to the rules given for the con- junctive pronouns.

Wlio has taken my umbrella? Your uncle has taKen it. Do you know the lesson? I do not know it. Who has given you those beauti- ful flowers? I have bought them. In the square of the old Palace in Florence there are very beauti- ful statues. Have you seen them? The conjunctive pronouns mi, ti, ci, vi, si, change the final i into e when followed by any of the relative pro- nouns lo, la, li, le, ne. These pronouns are written sepa- rately when they come before the verb, and are joined to it when they follow it. The keeper showed it to me.

In showing it to me, he said to me. We warned you of it in vain. Where have you bought those oranges? Our grandfather has made us a present of them. I ctCnnot lend it to you. They have repented of it. Observe — By the above examples it will be seen that in Italian the relative pronouns are placed after the con- junctive, and not, as in English, before.

Orsu MirtUlo, i tempo che tu ten vada. Dio vel perdoni, Temo cen privi. Mirtillo, it is time thoa wert going. He did not allow it to me. May God pardon yon this. I fear he will deprive us of it. When several verbs govern the same pronouns, the pronouns are generally repeated in Italian with each verb. Niuna accademia si pub attribu- ire plena e sovrana signoria sopra una lingua. The custom of the people who speak it be- comes an absolute standard ; authors and scientific men may, however, maintain, illustrate, purify, and enrich it. We love and esteem him.

Fear warns us of dangers, firmness removes timore aiwertire pericolo fiducia allontanare them, and restores composure to us. I have sent them to him, and he must have received them hy this. His friends spoke to him of it in confidence. Glie is also used for the feminine instead of Ze, when followed by a relative pronoun.

I know my cousin likes flowers, and I send her some often. You must give it to her, as you have promised it to her. I gave them the half. It is useless to give them good advice. When a Gonjunctive pronoun is accompanied by the word ecco, here is, there is, it must be placed after it, Sind joined to it. Eccomi pronto a servirvtf Here I am ready to serve you. Dove sano gli aUrif Eccoli, Where are the others? Eccoci giuntif Here we are arrived. X7io tradotto lo, Oli ho parlato io stesso, Ella stessa d ha agridati.

I translated it myself. I spoke lo him myself. She scolded us herself She dressed herself elegantly. They vainly flatter themselves that they will persuade ns. We resigned ourselves to our fate. The Greeks, in order to oblige their wives to remain onde costringere 58 a at home, forbid to them to wear shoes in the house.

However they may be employed, they follow the rules already given for conjunctive pronouns. Ci and vi as relative pronouns, signify of, to, for j at, upon it, them. They are great misfortunes, hut we cannot help them. Before undertaking anything, one should reflect ahout it. Used as adverbs, ci translates here, and vi there.

Now that I am here, I will re- main here to the end. I have never seen her here. We will go there soon. In order to prevent repetition, vi and d are sub- stituted for each other. Ti ci condussero, not vi vi con- j They took yoi; there. Flechier was of low extraction ; a bishop having once hdssa estrazione vescovo 96 alluded to it with contempt, he replied: My lord, fare allusione disprezzo rispose Monsignore there is this difference between you and me, if you had fra been born in my father's shop, you would be there still.

It answers to the French word en, Ex. Ne ho tanti che mi bastano, Ne parliamo caetantemente, Dopo it primo otto se ne andby JEgli neparla con molto inter esaCt I have quite enough of them. We speak of it constantly. After the first act he went away. He speaks of him or it with much interest. Avete danari f ue ho. Ne is employed to supply the omission of a noun, which in English is often understood. I have two or three. I will give you a very interesting one. One misfortune often brings many.

It was an ancient Eoman custom to recite funeral recitare funehre orations at the burial of old women ; Caesar was the orazione junerale ind. There pubblico 50 hihlioteca are three. II mio dovere, la vostra giiistizia, My duty, your justice, their virtue. The article is omitted when the pronouns precede nouns of kindred or rank in the singular, loro excepted. In the plural, the article is used. He loved his country more than his life. Her Majesty Queen Victoria.

Their cousin lives in Florence. The possessive pronouns may be placed after the noun, and in this case the article is placed before the noun instead of the pronoun. Your excellent father and your affectionate mother. I gave your little brother a letter for you. His disagreeable sister always dis- pleases me. My duty, his honour. The possessive pronouns require the article when they precede the following nouns of kindred. Jl mio genitore, instead of padre, father.

La mia genitrice, II tuo germano. When the noun, preceded by the possessive pro- noun, is used in a vague and indefinite sense, the article is not required before the pronoun. Aspetto con impazienza vostre tetteref Per amor mio egli vi conserUi, Bra Buo parere che rum vi andas- stmOf 1 expect impatiently letters from you. He consented to it for my sake. It was his opinion that we should not go. His house is larger than onrs. I know his brothers, but not yours. When these pronouns accompany the verb essere, the article is usually omitted. Whose box is this? Your cousins are pupils of mine.

He is an enemy of mine. One of my iriends has married a friend of yours.

Religioni e Filantropia nel Mediterraneo: Tradizioni, Simboli e Iconografie by Baskerville - Issuu

One of my servants is sick. When the possessive pronouns are preceded by a numeral adjective, by a demonstrative or an indeterminate pronoun, with the exception of tutto, or when followed by a noun in the vocative, the article is omitted. Give it to this friend of mine. He has sold some of his estates. All your reasons do not satisfy me. The customs of our ancestors were more eimple and antenato ind. In Italian, the possessive pronouns may be omitted and replaced by the article when there can be no dovht of the possessor.

My foot pains me. Put your purse in your pocket. Egli si giuutta la saluie col troppo studiare, Egli s' invigorisce la mente coUo studio delta JUosofia, Eglino si hagnarono i piedi net fiume. Si misc il maTiteUo e uschy He ruins his health with too much study. He strengthens his mind with the study of philosophy. They hathed their feet in the stream. He put on his cloak and went out. But when the action of the verb is not directed to its subject, the possessive pronoun is replaced by the con- junctive pronouns in the dative case. The surgeon set my arm. I pressed her hand. And in this way he saved thwr life.

He lost his life in a naval engagement. I gloves," answered the soldier. As long as you spend your own money. He will go to spend the winter in Paris vjith his relations. When our supporters shall all have voted. When his, her, do not refer to the subject of the verb, or when there are two nouns of different genders in the same proposition, it is necessary, in order to avoid ambiguity, to use the pronouns di lui, of him, di lei, of her, instead of suo, sua, Ex. He loves his sister and her sons. Anthony found her ring in a. He is my brother. I am her daughter. I bave seen him witb my own eyes.

He gave it to me with his own bands. He is charitable to every one except to his family. Give me a dictionary, but not that of your sister.

Walter Bianchi

Questo cadoy e questa cremat This cheese and this cream. QvLestiJichit e quesie peschCf These figs and these peaches. Where did you buy that watch and that chain? Table of Contents Alerts. Citations to this Journal [4, citations: Tsalikakis, Apostolos Papalois, and Zenon S. Pilbrow, and Vicky A. Franke, and Francene M. Chevillet, Inyoul Lee, Hilary A. Kwan, and Emelia J. Ivanova, Kateryna Bazaka, and Russell J. Campbell, Angela Fiester, Roy L.