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La conianza tiene un enorme poder en las capacidades de desarrollo de las sociedades, en el caso norteamericano, mientras mayor era la conianza, mayor la prosperidad del Estado Judt, Las redes sirven para dar solidez a las interacciones entre los actores. No obs- tante, no debe dejar de reconocerse que los intereses de las redes no son necesariamente los intereses del Estado.

De esta forma surge una especie de paradoja en la que el Estado necesi- ta de las redes para impulsar sus iniciativas, sin embargo, estas iniciativas pueden ser blo- queadas por las propias redes Pierre y Peters, La gobernanza dice Klijn es una red de relaciones entre los gobiernos, los negocios y la sociedad civil basada en interde- pendencias que no son necesariamente equitativas.

De igual manera, se piensa que en este enfoque se exageran las bondades del consenso que puede generar diicultad para resolver posiciones contrarias, por la defensa de intereses particulares Pierre y Peters, En este sen- tido, la estructura es menos importante que las interrelaciones que en ella suceden.

Los procesos de asociacionismo se desarrollan y maniiestan en diferentes formas y pre- sentaciones institucionales Greve y Hodge, Aunque se per- cibe como natural que el trabajo conjunto se puede traducir en mejores resultados, McQuaid identiica algunos aspectos que pueden suponer un riesgo para la eicacia del asocia- cionismo entre los que se encuentran los siguientes: Finalmente, conviene recordar en cuanto al asociacionismo lo asentado por McQuaid , quien encuentra que los esquemas de asociacionismo son de gran diversidad y com- plejidad.

Dichas seis dimensiones son: Se da por sentado que el liderazgo es un asunto de la mayor importancia para alcanzar re- sultados relevantes que puedan ser caliicados de exitosos Bryson, Crosby y Stone, , Ansell y Gash, , citados por Crosby, Brynson y Stone, Bello y Guttai s. Si una de ellas domina sobre las otras, airma, las conse- cuencias son nefastas. Dicho en otras palabras: Sauquet y Vielajus Al respecto es adecuado recor- dar lo anotado por Azua En los tiempos actuales, Aguilar Villanueva Los actores de la gobernanza tico: El bono que puede ser utilizado como pago en el caso de un servicio similar, prestado por una empresa privada.

La velocidad de cambio es tan acelerada que los gobiernos no pueden depender de un con- junto ijo de soluciones, sino que deben aprender a escuchar las, siempre cambiantes, de- mandas e innovar para encontrar soluciones a ellas ocde , Su relevancia es tal que, con frecuencia, exigen condiciones anteponiendo sus intereses a cualquier tipo de principios y, sin embargo, no pueden ser obviadas.

En seguimiento a lo anterior, se obtiene la exis- tencia de tres esferas: Esto no quiere decir que no tenga gobierno, lo que hace o mantiene libre a la sociedad es el tener una estructura de poder apta para neutralizar todo poder excesivo Sartori, Edwards identiica tres papeles interrelacionados para la sociedad civil: En el componente social, el principal aporte es, precisamente, el capital social; es decir, el conjun- to de normas sociales positivas que alientan la estabilidad.

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A mayor abundamiento entendemos que es pertinente recordar que existe la evi- dencia de que las relaciones en un nivel macro entre el tercer sector y el Estado —gobierno— beneician a ambas partes Pestof y Brandsen, Es de destacar que el potencial de la sociedad civil es enorme y que, acorde con un entor- no globalizado, es capaz de trascender fronteras. En un testimonio de la signiicancia de la sociedad civil en el nuevo orden mundial, Lipschultz De la misma forma se debe mencionar que, aparentemente, la mayor parte de la literatura sobre las organizaciones del tercer sector tiende a reconocer que dichas instituciones tienen procli- vidad a ser innovadoras por naturaleza Pestof y Brandsen, Por otra parte, es de reconocer que las redes de actores sociales al tomar mayores respon- sabilidades han llevado al relevo de muchas tareas tradicionales realizadas por el gobierno Peters, Kast y James E.

Enfoque de sistemas y de contingencias McGraw Hill en el sentido de que las organizaciones a pesar de contar con estructuras y sistemas bien deinidos, deben ser capaces de ajustarse a las cambiantes condiciones del entorno. Por el lado de la oferta se incluyen: Cuenta con 76 Premios Nobel. Asimismo, en la Conferencia se aprobaron tres acuerdos fundamentales: A este respecto, subrayamos la importancia de establecer, en caso necesario, directrices y regla- mentos apropiados, de conformidad con las prioridades y leyes nacionales, para promover y apoyar el turismo sostenible.

Por su parte, la omt deine al desarrollo sostenible de la siguiente forma: El desarrollo sostenible atiende a las necesidades de los turistas actuales y de las regiones recep- toras y al mismo tiempo protege y fomenta las oportunidades para el futuro. Ritchie y Crouch Pobreza Giddens al revisar las distintas aproximaciones para deinir la pobreza reconoce dos orientaciones, por un lado, la de pobreza absoluta y, por otro, el de la pobreza relativa.

Vivienda c Porcentaje de viviendas particulares habitadas sin excusado. Disponibilidad de bienes h Porcentaje de viviendas particulares habitadas que no disponen de refrigerador. La complejidad inherente al turismo y la actualidad propia de la gobernanza han sido do- cumentadas, de manera reciente, por varios autores Bramwell y Pomfret, , Bramwell y Cox, , Dredge y homas, , Beaumont y Dredge, , Dredge, , citados por Dredge y Whitford, S, citando a Bramwell y Lane, Weiss , citado por Zahra, Models of urban gover- nance: Urban Afairs Review, 34 3 , En el apartado 3.

En esta modalidad, las relaciones entre los miembros pueden ser reguladas por tres tipos de control informales: Y en algunas diputaciones y ayuntamientos, lo mismo. Como asienta Hall a: European Palnning Studies, 14 3 , Dicha interdependencia es la fuente del desarrollo de un marketing colaborativo. Los recursos que se intercambian entre los actores de la red incluyen conoci- miento y dinero. Redes lideradas por la autoridad local. Redes lideradas por la industria. Por naturaleza es descentralizada. La tercera constituye una entidad administrativa independiente y funciona como un nodo central de la red.

Henriksen y Halkier Asociacionismo y colaboracionismo Hall Asi- mismo, se establecen dos tipos de tendencias vinculadas con el asociacionismo en turismo: Adicionalmente a lo anterior, estos mismos autores encontraron otros tres hallazgos de importancia: Por su parte, Anastasiadou Bramwell y Lane subrayan que la gobernanza eicaz y a la medida es un requisito pa- ra alcanzar el turismo sostenible, en al menos dos orientaciones: Ollson P, Folke, C.

Basado en el folklore local con inluencias del patrimonio literario en un ensamblaje de experiencias comercializables, nacional e internacionalmente. Trascendencia en el tiempo. Programa Nacional de 3 1. Programa de Fortaleci- miento de la Competitividad 3 1. Agenda para un destino modelo en Los Cabos, Baja 2. De esta forma, se identiicaron cinco estrategias en dicho Programa de Desarrollo del Sector Turismo que eran: Hacer del turismo una prioridad nacional. Tener turistas totalmente satisfechos. Contar con empresas competitivas.

Propiciar el desarrollo sustentable. Identiicamos que el proceso consta de las siguientes etapas: Involucramiento de la sociedad y de las autoridades locales. Compromiso con la sociedad local. Compromiso de las autoridades estatales y municipales. Planes de desarrollo estatal y municipal. Impulso al desarrollo municipal. Programas diversos de apoyo al desarrollo municipal.

Oferta de atractivos y servicios. Disponer de servicios de asistencia y seguridad. Sustentar una tesis sobre la magia de la localidad. Condiciones y espacios territoriales. Desarrollo de capacidades locales. Institucional y gobierno sic. Involucramiento con la sociedad.

Seguridad en el destino. Fomento de nuevas empresas. Patrimonio y sustentabilidad sic. Integridad y autenticidad del patrimonio. Planes de Desarrollo Estatal 1. Programas diversos de apoyo 1. Programa de Desarrollo 2. Reglamento de imagen 3. Servicios de asistencia 3. El valor del primer eje es del diez por ciento; el del segundo, cuarenta por ciento; y el del terce- ro, cincuenta por ciento.

En todos estos aspectos coincidimos con las apreciaciones. Por lo que hace a los segundos, se cuenta con los siguientes: Otros aspectos de dichas Reglas son los siguientes: El periodo de levantamiento fue de junio a septiem- bre de De acuerdo con los valores de t de tablas: Se calcula el valor de t de la siguiente manera: Como se puede observar, el valor calculado de t es 2, Encuesta a Comunidades Receptoras.

Despejando e ob- tenemos: El resto del cues- tionario fue utilizado en el multicitado proyecto del Fondo Sectorial. El cuestionario com- pleto puede ser consultado en el Anexo 4. En el Anexo 6 se pre- senta la lista de informantes clave no gubernamentales que fueron entrevistados y que, en la mayor parte de los casos, fueron tres por localidad. Incremento en empleos De igual modo, y en congruencia con la esencia misma del turismo, esos residentes de los destinos son los receptores directos de los efectos, positivos y negativos, derivados del lujo de visitantes hacia la localidad.

De manera adicional al trabajo conjunto y a la responsabilidad compartida de los actores hemos revisado diversos principios o rasgos de la gobernanza, dentro de los que se pueden mencionar los siguientes: No es ocioso recordar lo que se suele decir: A Conclusiones a. Consultada el 17 de diciembre de B Recomendaciones a. The challenges of governments with insuficient capacities he evolution of societies is a process that, at irst glance, encloses great complexity and en- tails, inherently, a permanent search for efective actions to reach the ultimate goal of human beings: Inequality, social marginalization, impoverishment and anxiety from broad sectors of so- ciety, are seen as part of a new normality that is no longer unique to emerging economies but also to countries classiied as developed.

Tourism, an option to boost the development, feasable to be managed under the principles of governance he nature of the tourism phenomenon seems appropriate for governance practices, then, as mentioned, the integration of the tourist product is a process that demands a combination of goods and services, both public and private.

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However, we have not been able to ind any evidence that suggests that these actions have been promoted as part of a thoughtful strategy that recog- nizes them as governance practices; therefore, they qualify as fortuitous or circumstantial governance. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that given the relative- ly high number of projects identiied, we are at the dawn of a turning point for the Mexi- can tourism industry, which recognizes the essential need for an alternative model for sus- tainable tourism development, in which the joint participation of the diferent actors in society is necessary.

Besides, governments, companies and society come together. We believe that the essence of things does not depend on the name but in what makes them what they really are and, on the other hand, we did not ind in the literature review some elements which would justify such dis- qualiication. Derived from the primary research From the methodological approach the secondary research and ield work we conclude thar there are set of elements that allow the recognition of a positive correlation between gover- nance practice and the better performance of tourist destinations, recalling that the last con- cept is proposed based on the satisfaction of visitors, residents and investors, as well as the prevention and mitigation of potential environmental damage.

On the other hand, we acknowledge that there is not suicient evidence in the second- ary data to prove or dismiss advances in environmental topics. Issues so important that should be part of further researches. It is also necessary the construction and development of better information systems that allow, the proper examination over time, of the evolution of relevant indicators.

C Conclusions c. Destinations as a privileged arena for tourism development In our approach to governance and its application in tourism, we were able to conirm the strategic role of destinations in the functioning of the tourism system, performing as the welcoming place where visitors not only satisfy most of their desires and needs, product of the travel from their usual residence, but also is the only place where they can come across face to face with the local population, in a way that can be favored or afected by the provi- sion of public and private services prevalent in that community.

Similarly, and consistent with the essence of tourism, the residents from these destinations are the most afected by the positive or negative efects resulting from the low of visitors to the town. Seeing it in that way will be ignoring the search for individual beneits, before the general ones; however, we strongly believe in the capacity to function as a demonstration efect that has the intention of creating success stories that can be used in the solution of other problems and circumstances. Agreeing with the provi- sions of Trousdale , we understand that better governance is the key to overcome the many challenges that sustainable tourism is facing.

Similarly, we tend to consider that one aspect that determines; at least preliminarily, the real capacity of governance to generate changes is the present circumstance of the destination, i. We must not forget to mention that the existence of other obstacles for the implementa- tion of the principles of governances is clear, among these we can ind: However, the unavoidable search to boost sustainable tourism development in the local area encloses —in our opinion— the principles of governance, a real possibility worth considering as an alternative to improve tourist destinations management.

In any case, in the very essence of governance there is the joint and coordinate participa- tion of three actors: Additionally to the shared responsibility and work of the shareholders we have reviewed various features of governance such as: Certainly, it should be noted that governance principles should not be taken as a magic formula, nor a shortcut and they are not a panacea. As noted by Bremer In this context we agree with the view that the so-called new information technologies are a very valuable tool in the implementation of governance, especially in regard to the po- tential of the Internet and, particularly, in what corresponds to power inherent in social net- works.

The possibility of additional actors to recognized tourism governance As seen before, and seems fully accepted, governance protagonist fall into three types: Public Administrations, private enterprises and civil society. However, in the existence of this con- vention, it seems necessary to deepen in the analysis of this model, both generically and de- rived from its application in tourism, because it is clear that the existence of other agents who play important roles in the everyday life can afect, for better or for worst, an efort to boost tourism activities under the principles of governance.

In this group, we place actors that, while it might seem they are part of society or part of the private sector, we think they have a great importance and they should be isolated, at least for their analysis. Among them, we have media, which can inluence society. It is worth re- calling what they say: Even in the international order, there is a system of shared responsibility, so that, as it happens, there is a role that governance plays within public and private law international organizations.

One manner that we under- stand should be examined more thoroughly, the one that has to do with the decision of the role of the active subject of tourism —tourist or excursionist—, on the scenario of the develop- ment of governance practices on tourism destinations. Eventhough, not deliberately, Jamal y Watt outlined the existence of a fourth actor in tourism governance: Also, we believe that in order to implement good governance practices outstanding leaderships are needed; leader that knows, a side of show- ing the path to follow, how to incorporate the actors in the tourism destinations, no matter how diferent their interests and dimensions are.

Additionally, they must be able to provide technical and legal capacities to the local members, without the fear of renewing the politi- cal conditions of the destinations.

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A proposed deinition of tourism governance In the apparent absence of an agreement about a deinition of tourism governance, we pro- pose one, preliminary, thinking in the fulilling of two purposes: We think that in the coming years the subject of our atten- tion will lead to debates that will allow a better understanding of the its scope and limita- tions and, among other results, distinctive features of tourism governance should be outlined, some of them already addressed in this work. We strongly believe, that there is evidence of the use of the principles of governance in the solution of the challenges that sustainable ma- nagement of tourism destinations is facing.

In addition, we must say that the public initiative selected to study, seems to be very sen- sible to fall as a prey of political whims that time will judge. On the other hand, is conve- nient to outline that the consideration deined ex ante is that, in order to observe the results from this type of actions, the mellowing over time is needed for a correct implementation of the Program and to be able to see, then, concrete results.

The impetus to an initiative of governance and the risks of political attrition Our work discoursed following the guidelines and objectives described in the irst Chapter and ninth. While we recognize that many Mexican towns could have the optimal conditions to be added to this initiative, we think that the justiication to speed in such and unusual way these designations obeys a logic completely diferent to the boosting of development nature of the Program and are rather, a kind of political favors that, unfortunately, can jeopardize at stake the functioning of the initiative.

Also, the atten- tion from the civil servants of the Federal and State Dependencies involved in the initiative should be divided among a larger number of populations. Limitations of this work It is noteworthy that we are aware that this work may have limitations. Among them and so does the second and third part —which form the theoretical framework and chapters second to sixth— highlights the breadth of the ideal literature and its permanent updating, which de- mands a bounded inclusion of references; along with the above is the natural evolution of global knowledge, with the inability to consult sources beyond those that are published in English, French and Spanish, and, of course, the personal weakness to address such complex issues such as the evolution of State and the crisis that this institution is facing, just to men- tion one of the most challenging ields of knowledge.

Regarding ield research, we should mention the fact that, although the implementation of the project from the Fondo Sectorial de Turismo allowed the investigation of a larger number of locations and, in general, it gave a broader scope to the work than the one that our own resources could have provided, due to its nature, it demands the participation of many people in the conduction of interviews and surveys, which could take of depth in some issues.

Evidently, to ensure the above we think that is convenient to carry out an approach for tourism governance through theoretical and ex- perimental studies, for diferent types of destinations. Which are the new roles that the private sector must assume in a tourism governance model?

If so, How can the impact of the visitor boost the eicient management of destinations? We believe, moreover, that we have advanced in the presentation of the state of the art of governance, developed in Chapter Six, however, point out the need for a work of abstraction to this respect and not only, as we have done, descriptive and analysis.

With this, we reairm, in short, the teleological character as a distinctive ele- ment of this doctoral dissertation. It would be of great value if this process were a result of the demands of the community itself. Certainly, the issue here addressed could include a long list of additional considerations for the improvement of the initiative of our study. However, in our understanding, those that we have identiied can be categorized as sine qua non conditions to ensure the best fu- ture of the Program.

Equivalente a un Descriptivo. Equivalente a un Prueba de de visitantes. Equivalente a obtener Descriptivo. Equivalente a obtener Descriptivo de inversores.

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Se pierde la identidad, valores, usos y costumbres Los precios de los productos o servicios se han incrementado Han aumentado los problemas sociales como inseguridad, drogas, etc. Los resultados fueron los si- guientes: Sin embargo, se deben encontrar los mecanismos para asegurar la permanencia en el tiempo de las agendas, tanto co- mo un puntual seguimiento en el cumplimiento de los compromisos adoptados. Diversas fuentes externas colaboran para las obras y pro- yectos mayores: Sistema de indicadores de sustentabilidad para el turismo.

Consulta realizada en http: Las dependencias estatales de turismo apoyaron, adquiriendo equipo y destinando recursos humanos para el seguimiento del sistema en el nivel local. Por norma general, cada entidad federativa cuenta con un responsable del sistema. Desarrollo de productos g. Financiamiento Las fuentes de inanciamiento del programa son: Posteriormente, se han incor- porado establecimientos en los Estados de Chiapas, Guanajuato y Puebla. Nombre de la iniciativa ovc.

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Sociedad Civil Asociaciones Civiles. Entre las principales actividades de las ovc , se encuentran: Las acciones realizadas por el Fideicomiso pueden beneiciar tanto al propio sector privado, como a las autoridades locales o al Gobierno Estatal. Dicho sistema fue estructurado de la siguiente manera: Journal of Travel Research. Travel and Tourism Re- search Association.

En Annals of Tourism Research. Geographical Society of New South Wales. Atkinson, Rowland y Blandy, Sarah. Bell, David y Binnie, Jon. En Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. En Fisheries Re- search, Knowledge Management in Tourism: Policy and Governance Applications. Bridging Tourism heory and Practice. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Duffy, Rosaleen y Moore, Lorraine Elephant-Back Tourism in hailand and Botswana.

Governance of recreation and tourism partnerships in parks and protected areas. En Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Erkus-Ozturk, Hilal y Terhorst, Pieter Emer- ald Group Publishing Limited. Bert y Fonseca, Paula Ellinger. En Annals of Tourism. En Global Environmental Change. Krutwaysho, Oratai y Bramwell, Bill. En Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.

En Local Government Studies. Paren el mundo que me quiero enterar. En Water Resources Development. Pestoff, Victor y Brandsen, Taco eds. En Journal of Public Adminstration Research and heory. En Tourism Management, Vol. En Journal of Travel Research. Travel and Tourism Research Association. En Tourism Management, 32, N. Infrastructures of the imagined island: En Environment and Planning A.

En Pie- rre, Jon ed. European and American Experience. Tejada, Pilar; Santos, Francisco J. Applicability of global value chains analysis to tourism: Constructing a Strategic, National Resource: Institutions Shaping Coastal Ecosystems: Taylor and Francis Group. En Latin American Research Review. Latin American Studies Association. En Po- lar Record, Vol. En Osborne, Stephen ed. Emerg- ing perspectives on the theory and practice of public governance.

La ceniza y la semilla. Ediciones cal y arena. Aguilar Villanueva, Luis F. Alban, Nicolas y Lewis, Nathalie. En Journal of Sustainable Development. Canadian Center of Science and Education. Alkire, Sabina y Foster, James. En Tradicio- nes y Culturas Populares. Emerald Group Publis- hing Limited. Latin American Center, University of Aarhus. Se publican los Indicadores mundiales de gobernabilidad del periodo En Jour- nal of Communication. Beaumont, Narelle y Dredge, Dianne. Gobernanza inteligente para el siglo XXI. Bornhorst, Tom, Ritchie, J. Brent y Sheehan, Lorn En Tourism Mana- gement.

Bramwell, Bill y Cox, Vicky. Bramwell, Bill y Lane, Bernard. Po- licy and Governance Applications. En Tourism Manage- ment.

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En he Canadian Geographer. En Bu- siness and Society. Centre de recherche en Finance, Architecture et Gouvernance des Or- ganisations. En Review of International Political Economy. El futuro que queremos. Consejo Coordinador de Los Cabos. Documento Agenda para un destino modelo.

Los Cabos, Baja California Sur. Cooper, Chris y Hall, Michael. Contemporary Tourism an international approach. Instituto de Turismo Facultad de Cs. La fuerza del ciudadano en la era digital. Emerging perspectives on the theory and practice of public governance. En Chroniques de la gouvernance Davidson, Rob y Maitland, Robert.

Della Lucia, Maria y Martini, Umberto. Policy and Governance Ap- plications. Emerald Group Pub- lishing Limited. En Sahui, Alejandro coordinador: Gobernanza y sociedad civil. En Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. En he Cato Journal. Dredge, Dianne y Jamal, Tazim. Dredge, Dianne y Thomas, Phillippa. Dredge, Dianne y Whitford , Michelle. Duffy, Rosaleen y Moore, Lorraine. En Tourism Analysis 5 1 , 1— En Environmental Management, Vol. Building Communities and Nations from the Bottom Up. New York University Press. Underlying Public-Policy Causes of th U. Does local governance matter?

Emerging perspec- tives on the theory and practice of public governance. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5 2 , Brid- ging Tourism heory and Practice. Knowledge Man- agement in Tourism: Bridging Tourism heory and Prac- tice. Fenclova, Emily y Coles, Tim. En International Journal of Tourism Research. Fitur, Feria Internacional de Turismo.

En Ferlie, Ewan, Lynn Jr. Governance and World Order in the 21 st Century. Goldsmith, Stephen y Eggers, William. En Journal of Travel and Tourism Research. Greve, Carsten y Hodge, Graene. Extra info for Hemispheric Regionalism: Romance and the Geography of Genre Imagining the Americas.

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