Mythos Weimar: Zwischen Geist und Macht (German Edition)

The town turns out to be at the centre of Germany's colonisation project as the Duke of Weimar married a wealthy Princess of the house of Orange whose commercial operations in Indonesia were apparently inspirational although not strictly imitated in the German colonies. Plainly this is an ambitious rollicking book like a drunken conversation with Ben Johnson it spins off endlessly, towards the political left and right from the demotic to the aristocratic from people dressed up as triangles or the spirit of the colour blue at a Bauhaus party to the sad story of Schiller's bones and the ongoing argument over whether the right ones were found or not.

It is a lesson in how cultural figures can 't get to be themselves after their deaths but lead these strange after lives sometimes so different from their own existences that as in the case of Neitzsche they have to become a non-person and are exiled from the cultural pantheon. It is an engaging look at perhaps Germany's biggest cultural knot a place where many lives where tied together. View all 10 comments. Regina rated it really liked it Nov 05, Jeremy is currently reading it Dec 14, Darren Mitton marked it as to-read Oct 31, Ilse marked it as to-read Aug 05, Kalliope added it Aug 23, Stacy marked it as to-read Nov 18, Manybooks marked it as to-read Nov 23, Tiago Cunha marked it as to-read Feb 20, ErrBookErrDay marked it as to-read Jan 29, Hilmar is currently reading it Jun 28, This "gap in the record" has been the source of much speculation over the years.

In the decades which immediately followed its publication in , Italian Journey inspired countless German youths to follow Goethe's example. This is pictured, somewhat satirically, in George Eliot 's Middlemarch.

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Again during the Siege of Mainz he assisted Carl August as a military observer. His written account of these events can be found within his Complete Works. In , Friedrich Schiller wrote to Goethe offering friendship; they had previously had only a mutually wary relationship ever since first becoming acquainted in This collaborative friendship lasted until Schiller's death in On 13 October, Napoleon 's army invaded the town. The French "spoon guards," the least disciplined soldiers, occupied Goethe's house:.

The 'spoon guards' had broken in, they had drunk wine, made a great uproar and called for the master of the house. Goethe's secretary Riemer reports: His dignified figure, commanding respect, and his spiritual mien seemed to impress even them.

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Late at night they burst into his bedroom with drawn bayonets. Goethe was petrified, Christiane raised a lot of noise and even tangled with them, other people who had taken refuge in Goethe's house rushed in, and so the marauders eventually withdrew again. It was Christiane who commanded and organized the defense of the house on the Frauenplan. The barricading of the kitchen and the cellar against the wild pillaging soldiery was her work.

Goethe noted in his diary: Preservation of the house through steadfastness and luck. August and Ottilie had three children: Christiane von Goethe died in After , Goethe devoted his endeavours primarily to literature. By , Goethe was on amiable terms with Kaspar Maria von Sternberg. In , having recovered from a near fatal heart illness, Goethe fell in love with Ulrike von Levetzow whom he wanted to marry, but because of the opposition of her mother he never proposed.

Their last meeting in Carlsbad on 5 September inspired him to the famous Marienbad Elegy which he considered one of his finest works. Goethe, now in his seventies, was greatly impressed by the child, leading to perhaps the earliest confirmed comparison with Mozart in the following conversation between Goethe and Zelter:.

Mendelssohn was invited to meet Goethe on several later occasions, [29] and set a number of Goethe's poems to music.

In , Goethe died in Weimar of apparent heart failure. His last words, according to his doctor Carl Vogel, were, Mehr Licht! Eckermann closes his famous work, Conversations with Goethe , with this passage:. The morning after Goethe's death, a deep desire seized me to look once again upon his earthly garment. His faithful servant, Frederick, opened for me the chamber in which he was laid out.

Stretched upon his back, he reposed as if asleep; profound peace and security reigned in the features of his sublimely noble countenance. The mighty brow seemed yet to harbour thoughts. I wished for a lock of his hair; but reverence prevented me from cutting it off. The body lay naked, only wrapped in a white sheet; large pieces of ice had been placed near it, to keep it fresh as long as possible. Frederick drew aside the sheet, and I was astonished at the divine magnificence of the limbs. The breast was powerful, broad, and arched; the arms and thighs were elegant, and of the most perfect shape; nowhere, on the whole body, was there a trace of either fat or of leanness and decay.

A perfect man lay in great beauty before me; and the rapture the sight caused me made me forget for a moment that the immortal spirit had left such an abode. I laid my hand on his heart — there was a deep silence — and I turned away to give free vent to my suppressed tears. The first production of Richard Wagner 's opera Lohengrin took place in Weimar in The conductor was Franz Liszt , who chose the date 28 August in honour of Goethe, who was born on 28 August Die Leiden des jungen Werthers , which gained him enormous fame as a writer in the Sturm und Drang period which marked the early phase of Romanticism.

Indeed, Werther is often considered to be the "spark" which ignited the movement, and can arguably be called the world's first "best-seller. In the last period, between Schiller's death, in , and his own, appeared Faust Part One , Elective Affinities , the West-Eastern Diwan a collection of poems in the Persian style, influenced by the work of Hafez , his autobiographical Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit From My Life: Poetry and Truth which covers his early life and ends with his departure for Weimar, his Italian Journey , and a series of treatises on art.

His writings were immediately influential in literary and artistic circles. The short epistolary novel , Die Leiden des jungen Werthers , or The Sorrows of Young Werther , published in , recounts an unhappy romantic infatuation that ends in suicide. Goethe admitted that he "shot his hero to save himself": The novel remains in print in dozens of languages and its influence is undeniable; its central hero, an obsessive figure driven to despair and destruction by his unrequited love for the young Lotte, has become a pervasive literary archetype.

The fact that Werther ends with the protagonist's suicide and funeral—a funeral which "no clergyman attended"—made the book deeply controversial upon its anonymous publication, for on the face of it, it appeared to condone and glorify suicide.

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Suicide is considered sinful by Christian doctrine: He said he "turned reality into poetry but his friends thought poetry should be turned into reality and the poem imitated. What set Goethe's book apart from other such novels was its expression of unbridled longing for a joy beyond possibility, its sense of defiant rebellion against authority, and of principal importance, its total subjectivity: The next work, his epic closet drama Faust , was completed in stages.

The first part was published in and created a sensation. Goethe finished Faust Part Two in the year of his death, and the work was published posthumously. Goethe's original draft of a Faust play, which probably dates from —74, and is now known as the Urfaust , was also published after his death. The first operatic version of Goethe's Faust , by Louis Spohr , appeared in The work subsequently inspired operas and oratorios by Schumann , Berlioz , Gounod , Boito , Busoni , and Schnittke as well as symphonic works by Liszt , Wagner , and Mahler.

Faust became the ur-myth of many figures in the 19th century. Later, a facet of its plot, i. In , the world premiere complete production of Faust was staged at the Goetheanum. Goethe's poetic work served as a model for an entire movement in German poetry termed Innerlichkeit "introversion" and represented by, for example, Heine. Goethe's words inspired a number of compositions by, among others, Mozart , Beethoven who idolised Goethe , [37] Schubert , Berlioz and Wolf. Perhaps the single most influential piece is "Mignon's Song" which opens with one of the most famous lines in German poetry, an allusion to Italy: He is also widely quoted.

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Epigrams such as "Against criticism a man can neither protest nor defend himself; he must act in spite of it, and then it will gradually yield to him", " Divide and rule , a sound motto; unite and lead, a better one", and "Enjoy when you can, and endure when you must", are still in usage or are often paraphrased. Some well-known quotations are often incorrectly attributed to Goethe.

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Goethe overcame emotional turmoil, relational conflicts and mood swings through self-reflection, political and scientific work, and writing. To no one was the faculty for so doing more necessary than to me, for by nature I was constantly carried from one extreme to the other". As to what I have done as a poet, I take no pride in it But that in my century I am the only person who knows the truth in the difficult science of colours—of that, I say, I am not a little proud, and here I have a consciousness of a superiority to many. Although his literary work has attracted the greatest amount of interest, Goethe was also keenly involved in studies of natural science.

Mythos Weimar: Zwischen Geist Und Macht by Peter Merseburger

Goethe also had the largest private collection of minerals in all of Europe. By the time of his death, in order to gain a comprehensive view in geology, he had collected 17, rock samples. His focus on morphology and what was later called homology influenced 19th century naturalists , although his ideas of transformation were about the continuous metamorphosis of living things and did not relate to contemporary ideas of "transformisme" or transmutation of species.

The elephant's skull that led Goethe to this discovery, and was subsequently named the Goethe Elephant, still exists and is displayed in the Ottoneum in Kassel , Germany. During his Italian journey, Goethe formulated a theory of plant metamorphosis in which the archetypal form of the plant is to be found in the leaf — he writes, "from top to bottom a plant is all leaf, united so inseparably with the future bud that one cannot be imagined without the other". The ever-changing display of plant forms, which I have followed for so many years, awakens increasingly within me the notion: The plant forms which surround us were not all created at some given point in time and then locked into the given form, they have been given Goethe's botanical theories were partly based on his gardening in Weimar.

Goethe also popularized the Goethe barometer using a principle established by Torricelli. According to Hegel, "Goethe has occupied himself a good deal with meteorology; barometer readings interested him particularly What he says is important: He claims to deduce from it that the barometric level varies in the same proportion not only in each zone but that it has the same variation, too, at different altitudes above sea-level". In , Goethe published his Theory of Colours , which he considered his most important work. In it, he contentiously characterized colour as arising from the dynamic interplay of light and darkness through the mediation of a turbid medium.

After being translated into English by Charles Eastlake in , his theory became widely adopted by the art world, most notably J. Goethe was vehemently opposed to Newton's analytic treatment of colour, engaging instead in compiling a comprehensive rational description of a wide variety of colour phenomena. Although the accuracy of Goethe's observations does not admit a great deal of criticism, his aesthetic approach did not lend itself to the demands of analytic and mathematical analysis used ubiquitously in modern Science.

Goethe was, however, the first to systematically study the physiological effects of colour, and his observations on the effect of opposed colours led him to a symmetric arrangement of his colour wheel, 'for the colours diametrically opposed to each other Goethe, Theory of Colours , Goethe outlines his method in the essay The experiment as mediator between subject and object Steiner elaborated on that in the books The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception [55] and Goethe's World View , [56] in which he characterizes intuition as the instrument by which one grasps Goethe's biological archetype— The Typus.

Novalis , himself a geologist and mining engineer, expressed the opinion that Goethe was the first physicist of his time and 'epoch-making in the history of physics', writing that Goethe's studies of light, of the metamorphosis of plants and of insects were indications and proofs 'that the perfect educational lecture belongs in the artist's sphere of work'; and that Goethe would be surpassed 'but only in the way in which the ancients can be surpassed, in inner content and force, in variety and depth—as an artist actually not, or only very little, for his rightness and intensity are perhaps already more exemplary than it would seem'.

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The Myth of Weimar

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