Beginners Compact Dictionary of Esperanto

Esperanto on UReddit — Reddit user Cxaro put together a 6 week Esperanto course on UReddit which covers the basic grammar, affixes, and common root words. The course has finished but the videos and class notes are still available.

One of the most popular teach-yourself Esperanto books, Saluton! Only pictures and Esperanto are used to teach the concepts of the language. Computer generated pronunciation of the text is also available. Expand your Esperanto vocabulary with the fun and colourful games at Babadum! Recommended for intermediate to advanced learners, as some of the words are not common. Esperanto in your pocket — A simple, compact guide to esperanto with all the grammar you need to get you started, plus a few exercises to practise with. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that just keeps giving, has some great articles on Esperanto Vocabulary , Esperanto Grammar , and a handy Esperanto Phrasebook.

You can also read the main Esperanto page for general information on the language, its usage and history. Kellerman Kolor by Ivy Kellerman — Written in the early s but still a valuable resource, this is a lengthy book taking the learner from the basics of Esperanto right through to fluency.

Well worth it just to look at the pictures!

Vikipedio — Your favourite free online encyclopedia, Wikipedia, in Esperanto! The 32rd largest Wikipedia site by language, which is quite impressive considering Wikipedia comes in more than languages. Some Esperanto books and novels including many of your favourite classics are available for free on the internet from a variety of sources, including Project Gutenburg.

LiberaFolio — An independent Esperanto site with articles in and about Esperanto. Multe da Ridoj — Comic strips in Esperanto. View my Flipboard Magazine. Esperanto Flipboard Magazine — A curated flipboard magazine featuring articles from around the internet in English and Esperanto. Installed as an additional keyboard layout, it allows you to switch between your standard layout and Esperanto, which has the hat letters under unused keys such as Q, W, X etc. Errors are highlighted and described in Esperanto, with an option to replace the text with a suggested correction.

More details available at meetup. Skype is an excellent way to speak face-to-face with Esperantists around the world. Answering those questions would require a good deal of research and it may well be that no answer can be found altogether. Contrary to a widespread opinion, Esperanto results from a collective, anonymous, largely unconscious transformation of Zamenhof's project through everyday use, which prevents the researcher from elucidating many points relating to the evolution of the language.

A team of Croatian researchers has submitted to computerized statistical treatment a corpus consisting of tapes recorded in various international settings among speakers of Esperanto: This research reveals that a number of morphemes quite common in today's spoken Esperanto did not belong to Zamenhof's vocabulary meaning, not only the booklet, but all his writings.

Synonyms and antonyms of Esperanto in the English dictionary of synonyms

This is the case, e. In some cases, the introduction of a neologism brings about readjustments in the language. When computers appeared, they were first designated by such expressions as elektrona kalkulilo 'electronic calculator' or informtraktilo 'a device to treat information', but the words komputoro and komputero were soon in use besides them.

However, the suffix -ilo is so common for that kind of concept that the average Esperanto speaker quite naturally substituted komputilo for those words which were competing between themselves, neither appearing more likely to win. In fact the word komputilo already existed, at least in dictionaries, with the meaning ' gas, water meter'. Today, the language obviously hesitates about the word to use for rendering the latter.

Some say adiciilo , others sumilo or nombrilo , somebody proposed sumadilo -ad- is a morpheme emphasizing duration or repetition: But there is no doubt that komputilo has already definitely replaced both komputoro and komputero. As a consequence, due to the language structure, the verb komputi now suggests the utilization of a computer. A similar situation arose when radar came into use.

Since radaro with the sense 'radar' clashed with the traditional meaning, an adjustment had to take place. It took the form of the word radoaro , 'wheelwork', in which the noun ending -o was introduced to underscore the separation of the morphemes rad and ar. Some people solve the problem in another way: I recorded the word krokodili with the meaning 'to speak a national language in a setting where you should use Esperanto' for instance when, in the presence of a foreign Esperantist, people switch from Esperanto to their mother tongue, which he does not understand in Brazil in and in Japan in In both cases, my informants told me that the word had been in use in their respective countries for a very long time.

Another informant, met in France, told me he had heard it for the first time at the convention of the World Esperanto Youth in Konstanz, Germany, in Nobody has been able to elucidate for me the origin of that word or to throw some light on the mental processes that gave birth to it. Among the words whose place and date of introduction into the language are unknown, a special mention must be made of vulgar words such as pisi 'to urinate', fiki 'to have sex with', kaco pron.: On page 91 of the May issue of the magazine Esperanto you can read the title Endas racia diskutado 'a rational discussion is necessary'.

The word endas is the verbal form of the suffix -end- 'which has to be That sentence illustrates the current inclination to use affixes as full-fledged words. Nowadays, it is practically impossible to read Esperanto texts without encountering such words as emas 'has a tendency to', ulo 'an individual', igi 'make, render such or such', eta 'small', etc.

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With the addition of the ending that defines their function, those are morphemes which, in Zamenhof's time, were real suffixes, i. The structure of the language, characterized by the absolute invariability of morphemes, as in Chinese, and by an unlimited possibility of combining them, was bound to encourage their use as independent units. This developed essentially from the twenties on, and the trend has been going on more and more. When recording samples of spontaneous Esperanto speech, I have noted many deviations from the theoretical standard which consisted in applying a conventional Esperanto pattern in cases where this was incorrect according to grammars and dictionaries.

Thus, a university professor once said fakultejo 'a university department', whereas the dictionary term is fakultato and there exists no morpheme fakult- from which his term might be formed -ejo is a morpheme used to derive words of places and institutions. A somewhat different case since the form is "correct" is presented by tajpilo taj is pronounced like ty in type 'typewriter', which I often heard in different countries. From tajpi people derived tajpilo , but that word cannot be found in any dictionary.

I have never seen it written and I assume that it exists only in spoken Esperanto. A number of forms have appeared besides already existing ones, usually to shorten a word which has a longer form than the spirit of the language warranted. The officially correct form spontanea 'spontaneous' and the more modern spontana , registered in dictionaries with the mention "neologism", appear to be equally frequent in current usage.

Whereas the official translation of 'pollution' is polucio , most speakers of Esperanto use poluo, and polui 'to pollute' is definitely more frequent than the dictionary form polucii. A semantic differentiation is occurring in this respect: Civilizo often occurs in the sense in which civilizacio should theoretically be preferred. According to dictionaries, civilizo should mean 'the action of civilizing' and civilizacio 'such or such a culture', 'an established civilization', but this distinction is not observed in practice.

Recently, I heard twice situo in cases where situacio was theoretically required: Neither of the speakers, both fluent, seemed to be aware that situo really means 'the place where somebody or something is situated'. Since in both mother tongues the corresponding word is closer to the official Esperanto form, this is a case in which the general structures of the intercultural language proved stronger than the influence of the speaker's native tongue.

In , for the first time, I noted the words referi in the sense of 'to refer to' and diferi 'to differ', 'to be different'. In official, dictionary Esperanto, the words should have been referenci and diferenci. Both forms, used by three different persons, appeared in e-mails or in messages sent to Internet discussion groups. Morphemes dating back to the beginning of the language can be combined into new words with a precise meaning. Such is the case, for example, of petveturi 'to hitchhike', 'to thumb a ride', from pet- 'to ask for' and veturi 'to travel in a vehicle' equivalent of the German fahren.

Those are established words, that spread quickly from one part of the diaspora to the other. But many new compounds are made on the spur of the moment, for instance: This strange suffix, which contrasts with all others in that it has no precise meaning, is used to form words which, quite often, are very expressive and difficult to translate.

Zamenhof introduced it to solve problems for which he found no other solution. For instance, he used it to derive plenumi 'to fulfill one's obligations ' from plen- 'full', thus distinguishing that verb form plenigi 'to fill up', while conserving the metaphorical link with fullness which helped to remember it. Quantitatively, that suffix is not very productive, but it is qualitatively. While it does not give birth to many words, those it creates usually have a particular flavor, which makes them especially pleasing to the members of the Esperanto community.

It evokes an atmosphere of friendship, of relaxation, of well-being which other phrases lack entirely. If those connotations are absent, you will simply say trinki kafon or kaftrinki. Kafi is also heard, but its atmosphere is less friendly, less warm than kafumi. Mi opinias ke Esperanto estas tiel grava fenomeno ke ne indas nur klubumi 'I think Esperanto is such an important phenomenon that it would not be worth using it just as a club thing, just to meet in clubs', is a sentence found in a message sent to an Internet Esperanto discussion group by a young Finnish lady.

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But the above translation in not quite exact. Klubumi , from klub- , 'a club', is too vague in concept to lend itself to translation, but it is rich in atmosphere. And how could one translate the following sentence, found in a letter written by a Parisian user of Esperanto: Mi venas al kongresoj nur por amikumi 'I come to conventions only to enjoy friendly relationships, to meet friends, to experience friendships'?

It is difficult to explain why such words do not create any problem of understanding, but this is a verifiable fact.



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They are felt in the same way all over the world. There is in Esperanto a prefix, mal- , which forms antonyms: Like other affixes, it can be used independently, provided it takes on the ending that defines its function: Field study reveals that this prefix is extremely productive in spoken Esperanto. Quite often, it implies a humorous connotation, but it is also found when the speaker obviously does not find the right word.

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Here are a few examples: Tio estas tro malpoezia 'That is too prozaic' an Italian-speaking Swiss. Nek tro nek maltro 'Neither too much nor too little' an American; this is becoming a common phrase nowadays. The vitality of that prefix in spoken Esperanto is all the more remarkable since writers seem, as a rule, to be prejudiced against it.

Many neologisms have been proposed in literature to replace words formed with mal- but most of them are not part of the living, spoken language, and they retain a kind of artificial flavor. Few changes seem to have appeared in the field of grammar. The basic rules are respected - if not applied - by everybody. For instance, the standard reaction of a speaker of Esperanto realizing that he just missed the -n ending of the object is to correct himself immediately. Perhaps the chief deviations from Zamenhof's grammatical usage noticeable nowadays are: The use of an -a form adjective after aspekti 'to look like'.

Zamenhof always used an -e form adverb: Today both - a and -e forms are accepted alternatives: The use of far as a preposition to introduce the agent of a passive form, especially after an -o ending: The standard form would be la mortigo de Palme fare de nekonato. This standard form was proposed in the twenties by Grosjean-Maupin, a Swiss Esperanto lexicologist, and it immediately spread. Zamenhof's language had no equivalent; he would have formulated his thought otherwise. For two decades many people would say flanke de , more or less 'on the part of', but since this expression came from the root flank- 'side', it also meant 'beside' and might be ambiguous.

It seems that the use of far as a preposition is less and less in fashion, losing ground to the more traditional fare de. It is seldom heard in conversations or lectures. However, it is quite frequent in the magazine Monato , but not in other periodicals. The sporadic appearance of verbs whose first element is a noun which is really the object of the action. This is an extension of an usage that existed since the beginning of the language, but was restricted to a few words: The first ones are more compact, not only in form, but, so to speak, in meaning, although this is difficult to explain; it has to be felt.

A novelist who, after having a character say something, expresses 'he said' by li frazfinis literally 'he sentence-ended', 'he ended his sentence' says something somewhat different from what he would convey writing li finis la frazon. Similarly, when a Portuguese participant in the Internet discussion group Denask explains the way his little daughter uses Esperanto saying Ne supozu ke Sara lingvokreas chiam lerte kaj virtuoze 'Don't suppose that Sara always manifests skill and virtuosity in her linguistic creations', the word lingvokreas refers to more than what would be expressed by kreas lingvon 'creates a language'.

It refers to a child's spontaneous linguistic creativity, and this is felt by users of Esperanto although it is difficult to determine how and why. Although this is not a linguistic trait, it may be worth mentioning a tendency among users of Esperanto to use phrases chosen for their funny or expressive atmosphere rather than for enhancing the precision of a statement. Those are very often made up of words with similar phonetic structures: Or, at the end of a letter in which the writer explained that he replied in haste for he had little time at his disposal: In the Internet chatting group Denask I noted this phrase, by a Spanish member: Mi pretas kolekti kaj kokteli la respondojn 'I am ready to gather the answers and to make a cocktail of them'.

How many books are annually translated into Esperanto?

The changes that everyday use has introduced into Esperanto and is continuing to produce are varied, but chiefly present two aspects: Grammar, including syntax, remains largely untouched. Semantic changes are noticeable, but not to a very large extent. As to phonetic evolution, we hardly are in a position to evaluate it. It is interesting that very often authority decisions are not taken seriously. For instance, the neologisms komputero 'computer' and dateno 'data' were officially agreed upon and recommended by the Computer Section of ISAE, the International Association of Esperanto-Speaking Scientists.

But they did not last long. Today most computer specialists - even the above-mentioned section of ISAE - use komputilo and the older form datumo. Most arbitrary decisions of that kind had the same fate.