Resuellos: Cuentos para exhalar (Spanish Edition)

I had a very good seat; and refreshments of all kinds were offered the ladies between Mass and the execution. I was dreadfully shocked at the burning of the two Jews, and the honest Biscayan who married his godmother; but how great was my surprise, my consternation, and concern, when I beheld a figure so like Pangloss, dressed in a sanbenito and mitre! Je me frottai les yeux, je regardai attentivement, je le vis pendre; je tombai en faiblesse. I rubbed my eyes, I looked at him attentively.

I saw him hanged, and I fainted away: I must confess to you for a truth, that your skin is whiter and more blooming than that of the Bulgarian captain. This spectacle worked me up to a pitch of distraction. I screamed out, and would have said, 'Hold, barbarians! After you had been severely whipped, I said to myself, 'How is it possible that the lovely Candide and the sage Pangloss should be at Lisbon, the one to receive a hundred lashes, and the other to be hanged by order of My Lord Inquisitor, of whom I am so great a favorite?

I returned thanks to God for having brought you to the place where I was, after so many trials. I charged the old woman who attends me to bring you hither as soon as was convenient. She has punctually executed my orders, and I now enjoy the inexpressible satisfaction of seeing you, hearing you, and speaking to you. But you must certainly be half-dead with hunger; I myself have a great inclination to eat, and so let us sit down to supper.

Il venait jouir de ses droits, et expliquer son tendre amour. Upon this the two lovers immediately placed themselves at table, and, after having supped, they returned to seat themselves again on the magnificent sofa already mentioned, where they were in amorous dalliance, when Senor Don Issachar, one of the masters of the house, entered unexpectedly; it was the Sabbath day, and he came to enjoy his privilege, and sigh forth his passion at the feet of the fair Cunegund.

This same Issachar was the most choleric little Hebrew that had ever been in Israel since the captivity of Babylon. Era el tal Isacar el hebreo mas vinagre que desde la cautividad de Babilonia se habia visto en Israel. The Inquisitor was not enough for thee, but this rascal must come in for a share with me? In uttering these words, he drew out a long poniard, which he always carried about him, and never dreaming that his adversary had any arms, he attacked him most furiously; but our honest Westphalian had received from the old woman a handsome sword with the suit of clothes.

Candide drew his rapier, and though he was very gentle and sweet-tempered, he laid the Israelite dead on the floor at the fair Cunegund's feet. A man killed in my apartment! If the peace-officers come, we are undone. Si viene la justicia, soy perdida. But, since he is not here, let us consult the old woman. She was very sensible, and was beginning to give her advice, when another door opened on a sudden. It was now one o'clock in the morning, and of course the beginning of Sunday, which, by agreement, fell to the lot of My Lord Inquisitor.

Entering he discovered the flagellated Candide with his drawn sword in his hand, a dead body stretched on the floor, Cunegund frightened out of her wits, and the old woman giving advice. Al entrar este ve al azotado Candido con la espada en la mano, un muerto en el suelo, Cunegunda asustada, y la vieja dando consejos. At that very moment, a sudden thought came into Candide's head. This whole train of reasoning was clear and instantaneous; so that, without giving time to the Inquisitor to recover from his surprise, he ran him through the body, and laid him by the side of the Jew.

Buena la tenemos, dixo Cunegunda: But how could you, who are of so mild a temper, despatch a Jew and an Inquisitor in two minutes' time? La vieille prit alors la parole, et dit: The old woman then put in her word: Madam has a parcel of moidores and jewels, let us mount immediately, though I have lost one buttock; let us set out for Cadiz; it is the finest weather in the world, and there is great pleasure in traveling in the cool of the night. Candide, without any further hesitation, saddled the three horses; and Miss Cunegund, the old woman, and he, set out, and traveled thirty miles without once halting.

While they were making the best of their way, the Holy Brotherhood entered the house. My Lord, the Inquisitor, was interred in a magnificent manner, and Master Issachar's body was thrown upon a dunghill. Candide, Cunegund, and the old woman, had by this time reached the little town of Avacena, in the midst of the mountains of Sierra Morena, and were engaged in the following conversation in an inn, where they had taken up their quarters.

Ya estaban Candido, Cunegunda y la vieja en la villa de Aracena, en mitad de los montes de Sierra-Morena, y decian lo que sigue en un meson. Qui a donc pu me voler mes pistoles et mes diamants? Who could it be that has robbed me of my moidores and jewels? What shall we do? Where shall I find Inquisitors and Jews who can give me more? God forbid I should condemn any one wrongfully, but he came into our room twice, and he set off in the morning long before us.

Ce cordelier devait bien, suivant ces principes, nous laisser de quoi achever notre voyage. Candide, Cunegund, and the old woman, after passing through Lucina, Chellas, and Letrixa, arrived at length at Cadiz. A fleet was then getting ready, and troops were assembling in order to induce the reverend fathers, Jesuits of Paraguay, who were accused of having excited one of the Indian tribes in the neighborhood of the town of the Holy Sacrament, to revolt against the Kings of Spain and Portugal.

Candide, having been in the Bulgarian service, performed the military exercise of that nation before the general of this little army with so intrepid an air, and with such agility and expedition, that he received the command of a company of foot. Being now made a captain, he embarked with Miss Cunegund, the old woman, two valets, and the two Andalusian horses, which had belonged to the Grand Inquisitor of Portugal.

During their voyage they amused themselves with many profound reasonings on poor Pangloss's philosophy. Though I have a sincere love for you," said Miss Cunegund, "yet I still shudder at the reflection of what I have seen and experienced.

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C'est certainement le Nouveau-Monde qui est le meilleur des univers possibles. Adja Isten, hogy ugy legyen! Miss Cunegund could scarce refrain from laughing at the good old woman, and thought it droll enough to pretend to a greater share of misfortunes than her own. Add to this, though born a baroness, and bearing seventy-two quarterings, I have been reduced to the station of a cook-wench.

La vieille leur parla en ces termes. This speech raised a high curiosity in Candide and Cunegund; and the old woman continued as follows. Je suis la fille du pape Urbain X et de la princesse de Palestrine[a]. I have not always been blear-eyed. My nose did not always touch my chin; nor was I always a servant. Soy hija del papa Urbano X y la princesa de Palestrina. To the age of fourteen I was brought up in a castle, compared with which all the castles of the German barons would not have been fit for stabling, and one of my robes would have bought half the province of Westphalia.

I grew up, and improved in beauty, wit, and every graceful accomplishment; and in the midst of pleasures, homage, and the highest expectations. I already began to inspire the men with love. My breast began to take its right form, and such a breast! Crecia en gracia, en talento y beldad, en medio de gustos, respetos y esperanzas, y ya inspiraba amor.

My maids, when they dressed and undressed me, used to fall into an ecstasy in viewing me before and behind; and all the men longed to be in their places. Las doncellas que me desnudaban y me vestian se quedaban absortas quando me contemplaban por detras y por delante; y todos los hombres se hubieran querido hallar en su lugar.

I loved him, too, as our sex generally do for the first time, with rapture, transport, and idolatry. The nuptials were prepared with surprising pomp and magnificence; the ceremony was attended with feasts, carousals, and burlesques: In less than two hours after he returned from the visit, he died of most terrible convulsions. My mother, distracted to the highest degree, and yet less afflicted than I, determined to absent herself for some time from so fatal a place.

As she had a very fine estate in the neighborhood of Gaeta, we embarked on board a galley, which was gilded like the high altar of St. In our passage we were boarded by a Sallee rover. Our men defended themselves like true Pope's soldiers; they flung themselves upon their knees, laid down their arms, and begged the corsair to give them absolution in articulo mortis.

My mother, my maids of honor, and myself, were served all in the same manner. It is amazing how quick these gentry are at undressing people. But what surprised me most was, that they made a rude sort of surgical examination of parts of the body which are sacred to the functions of nature. I thought it a very strange kind of ceremony; for thus we are generally apt to judge of things when we have not seen the world.

I afterwards learned that it was to discover if we had any diamonds concealed. This practice had been established since time immemorial among those civilized nations that scour the seas. I was informed that the religious Knights of Malta never fail to make this search whenever any Moors of either sex fall into their hands. It is a part of the law of nations, from which they never deviate. You may easily imagine what we must have suffered on board a corsair. My mother was still extremely handsome, our maids of honor, and even our common waiting-women, had more charms than were to be found in all Africa.

I did not retain it long; this precious flower, which had been reserved for the lovely Prince of Massa Carrara, was cropped by the captain of the Moorish vessel, who was a hideous Negro, and thought he did me infinite honor. Mais passons; ce sont des choses si communes, qu'elles ne valent pas la peine qu'on en parle. Indeed, both the Princess of Palestrina and myself must have had very strong constitutions to undergo all the hardships and violences we suffered before our arrival at Morocco.

But I will not detain you any longer with such common things; they are hardly worth mentioning. Pero vernos adelante, que son cosas tan comunes que no merecen mentarse siquiera. Fifty sons of the Emperor Muley Ishmael were each at the head of a party. This produced fifty civil wars of blacks against blacks, of tawnies against tawnies, and of mulattoes against mulattoes. In short, the whole empire was one continued scene of carnage. Next to the money and jewels, we were the most valuable things he had.

I witnessed on this occasion such a battle as you never beheld in your cold European climates. The northern nations have not that fermentation in their blood, nor that raging lust for women that is so common in Africa. The natives of Europe seem to have their veins filled with milk only; but fire and vitriol circulate in those of the inhabitants of Mount Atlas and the neighboring provinces.

They fought with the fury of the lions, tigers, and serpents of their country, to decide who should have us. A Moor seized my mother by the right arm, while my captain's lieutenant held her by the left; another Moor laid hold of her by the right leg, and one of our corsairs held her by the other. In this manner almost all of our women were dragged by four soldiers. The captives, my companions, the Moors who took us, the soldiers, the sailors, the blacks, the whites, the mulattoes, and lastly, my captain himself, were all slain, and I remained alone expiring upon a heap of dead bodies.

Similar barbarous scenes were transacted every day over the whole country, which is of three hundred leagues in extent, and yet they never missed the five stated times of prayer enjoined by their prophet Mahomet. Thus I lay in a state of weakness and insensibility between life and death, when I felt myself pressed by something that moved up and down upon my body.

This brought me to myself. I opened my eyes, and saw a pretty fair-faced man, who sighed and muttered these words between his teeth, 'O che sciagura d'essere senza coglioni! O che sciagura d'essere senza cogl Astonished and delighted to hear my native language, and no less surprised at the young man's words, I told him that there were far greater misfortunes in the world than what he complained of.

And to convince him of it, I gave him a short history of the horrible disasters that had befallen me; and as soon as I had finished, fell into a swoon again. I underwent this operation very successfully, and was one of the singers in the Princess of Palestrina's chapel. Ma che sciagura d'essere senza coglioni! Ma che sciagura, d'essere senza cogl I had not been long a slave when the plague, which had made the tour of Africa, Asia, and Europe, broke out at Algiers with redoubled fury.

Vous avez vu des tremblements de terre; mais, mademoiselle, avez-vous jamais eu la peste? Si vous l'aviez eue, reprit la vieille, vous avoueriez qu'elle est bien au-dessus d'un tremblement de terre. It is very common in Africa; I was seized with it. Si la hubiera padecido, confesaria vm. Figure to yourself the distressed condition of the daughter of a Pope, only fifteen years old, and who in less than three months had felt the miseries of poverty and slavery; had been debauched almost every day; had beheld her mother cut into four quarters; had experienced the scourges of famine and war; and was now dying of the plague at Algiers.

I did not, however, die of it; but my eunuch, and the Dey, and almost the whole seraglio of Algiers, were swept off. I was purchased by a merchant who carried me to Tunis. This man sold me to another merchant, who sold me again to another at Tripoli; from Tripoli I was sold to Alexandria, from Alexandria to Smyrna, and from Smyrna to Constantinople. After many changes, I at length became the property of an Aga of the Janissaries, who, soon after I came into his possession, was ordered away to the defense of Azoff, then besieged by the Russians.

On tua prodigieusement de Russes, mais ils nous le rendirent bien: Our army made a great slaughter among the Russians; but they soon returned us the compliment. Azoff was taken by storm, and the enemy spared neither age, sex, nor condition, but put all to the sword, and laid the city in ashes. Our little fort alone held out; they resolved to reduce us by famine.

The twenty janissaries, who were left to defend it, had bound themselves by an oath never to surrender the place. Being reduced to the extremity of famine, they found themselves obliged to kill our two eunuchs, and eat them rather than violate their oath. But this horrible repast soon failing them, they next determined to devour the women. Heaven will approve of so charitable an action, and work your deliverance. The man applied the same balsam as they do to children after circumcision. We were all ready to give up the ghost.

The Russians paid no regard to the condition we were in; but there are French surgeons in all parts of the world, and one of them took us under his care, and cured us. I shall never forget, while I live, that as soon as my wounds were perfectly healed he made me certain proposals. In general, he desired us all to be of a good cheer, assuring us that the like had happened in many sieges; and that it was perfectly agreeable to the laws of war.

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As for me, I fell to the lot of a Boyard, who put me to work in his garden, and gave me twenty lashes a day. But this nobleman having about two years afterwards been broken alive upon the wheel, with about thirty others, for some court intrigues, I took advantage of the event, and made my escape.

I traveled over a great part of Russia. I have grown old in misery and disgrace, living with only one buttock, and having in perpetual remembrance that I am a Pope's daughter. I have been a hundred times upon the point of killing myself, but still I was fond of life. This ridiculous weakness is, perhaps, one of the dangerous principles implanted in our nature.

For what can be more absurd than to persist in carrying a burden of which we wish to be eased? In a word, to caress the serpent that devours us, and hug him close to our bosoms till he has gnawed into our hearts? My last place was with the Jew, Don Issachar, who placed me near your person, my fair lady; to whose fortunes I have attached myself, and have been more concerned with your adventures than with my own. I should never have even mentioned the latter to you, had you not a little piqued me on the head of sufferings; and if it were not customary to tell stories on board a ship in order to pass away the time.

The fair Cunegund, being thus made acquainted with the history of the old woman's life and adventures, paid her all the respect and civility due to a person of her rank and merit. She very readily acceded to her proposal of engaging the passengers to relate their adventures in their turns, and was at length, as well as Candide, compelled to acknowledge that the old woman was in the right. While everyone was reciting his adventures, the ship continued on her way, and at length arrived at Buenos Ayres, where Cunegund, Captain Candide, and the old woman, landed and went to wait upon the governor, Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza.

This nobleman carried himself with a haughtiness suitable to a person who bore so many names. He spoke with the most noble disdain to everyone, carried his nose so high, strained his voice to such a pitch, assumed so imperious an air, and stalked with so much loftiness and pride, that everyone who had the honor of conversing with him was violently tempted to bastinade His Excellency. He was immoderately fond of women, and Miss Cunegund appeared in his eyes a paragon of beauty. L'air dont il fit cette question alarma Candide: The air with which he made this demand alarmed Candide, who did not dare to say he was married to her, because indeed he was not; neither did he venture to say she was his sister, because she was not; and though a lie of this nature proved of great service to one of the ancients, and might possibly be useful to some of the moderns, yet the purity of his heart would not permit him to violate the truth.

Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza, twirling his mustachio, and putting on a sarcastic smile, ordered Captain Candide to go and review his company. The gentle Candide obeyed, and the Governor was left with Miss Cunegund. He made her a strong declaration of love, protesting that he was ready to give her his hand in the face of the Church, or otherwise, as should appear most agreeable to a young lady of her prodigious beauty.

Cunegund desired leave to retire a quarter of an hour to consult the old woman, and determine how she should proceed. The old woman gave her the following counsel: It is your own fault if you do not become the wife of one of the greatest noblemen in South America, with an exceeding fine mustachio. What business have you to pride yourself upon an unshaken constancy?

You have been outraged by a Bulgarian soldier; a Jew and an Inquisitor have both tasted of your favors. People take advantage of misfortunes. I must confess, were I in your place, I should, without the least scruple, give my hand to the Governor, and thereby make the fortune of the brave Captain Candide. Si yo fuera vm. While the old woman was thus haranguing, with all the prudence that old age and experience furnish, a small bark entered the harbor, in which was an alcayde and his alguazils. Matters had fallen out as follows. The old woman rightly guessed that the Franciscan with the long sleeves, was the person who had taken Miss Cunegund's money and jewels, while they and Candide were at Badajoz, in their flight from Lisbon.

No se habia equivocado la vieja en sospechar que el ladron del dinero y las joyas de Cunegunda en Badajoz, quando venia huyendo con Candido, era un frayle Francisco de manga ancha. Le marchand les reconnut pour celles du grand-inquisiteur. This same friar attempted to sell some of the diamonds to a jeweler, who presently knew them to have belonged to the Grand Inquisitor, and stopped them. The Franciscan, before he was hanged, acknowledged that he had stolen them and described the persons, and the road they had taken.

The flight of Cunegund and Candide was already the towntalk. They sent in pursuit of them to Cadiz; and the vessel which had been sent to make the greater dispatch, had now reached the port of Buenos Ayres. A report was spread that an alcayde was going to land, and that he was in pursuit of the murderers of My Lord, the Inquisitor. Then hurrying away to Candide, she said, "Be gone hence this instant, or you will be burned alive. Candide found there was no time to be lost; but how could he part from Cunegund, and whither must he fly for shelter?

Candide had brought with him from Cadiz such a footman as one often meets with on the coasts of Spain and in the colonies. He was the fourth part of a Spaniard, of a mongrel breed, and born in Tucuman. He had successively gone through the profession of a singing boy, sexton, sailor, monk, peddler, soldier, and lackey.

His name was Cacambo; he had a great affection for his master, because his master was a very good man. Candide versa des larmes: Candide burst into a flood of tears, "O my dear Cunegund, must I then be compelled to quit you just as the Governor was going to honor us with his presence at our wedding!

God takes care of them, and so let us make the best of our way. James of Compostella," said Cacambo, "you were going to fight against the Jesuits of Paraguay; now let us go and fight for them; I know the road perfectly well; I'll conduct you to their kingdom; they will be delighted with a captain that understands the Bulgarian drill; you will certainly make a prodigious fortune. If we cannot succeed in this world we may in another.

It is a great pleasure to see new objects and perform new exploits. Los padres y ont tout, et les peuples rien; c'est le chef-d'oeuvre de la raison et de la justice. The kingdom is at present upwards of three hundred leagues in diameter, and divided into thirty provinces; the fathers there are masters of everything, and the people have no money at all; this you must allow is the masterpiece of justice and reason.

For my part, I see nothing so divine as the good fathers, who wage war in this part of the world against the troops of Spain and Portugal, at the same time that they hear the confessions of those very princes in Europe; who kill Spaniards in America and send them to Heaven at Madrid. This pleases me exceedingly, but let us push forward; you are going to see the happiest and most fortunate of all mortals. Vamos apriesa, que va vm. Quel plaisir auront los padres, quand ils sauront qu'il leur vient un capitaine qui sait l'exercice bulgare! How charmed will those fathers be to hear that a captain who understands the Bulgarian military drill is coming to them.

As soon as they reached the first barrier, Cacambo called to the advance guard, and told them that a captain wanted to speak to My Lord, the General. On alla avertir la grande garde. Un officier paraguain courut aux pieds du commandant lui donner part de la nouvelle. Notice was given to the main guard, and immediately a Paraguayan officer ran to throw himself at the feet of the Commandant to impart this news to him. Candide and Cacambo were immediately disarmed, and their two Andalusian horses were seized.

The two strangers were conducted between two files of musketeers, the Commandant was at the further end with a three-cornered cap on his head, his gown tucked up, a sword by his side, and a half-pike in his hand; he made a sign, and instantly four and twenty soldiers drew up round the newcomers.

A sergeant told them that they must wait, the Commandant could not speak to them; and that the Reverend Father Provincial did not suffer any Spaniard to open his mouth but in his presence, or to stay above three hours in the province. Le sergent alla sur-le-champ rendre compte de ce discours au commandant. Immediately they conducted Candide to a beautiful pavilion adomed with a colonnade of green marble, spotted with yellow, and with an intertexture of vines, which served as a kind of cage for parrots, humming birds, guinea hens, and all other curious kinds of birds. An excellent breakfast was provided in vessels of gold; and while the Paraguayans were eating coarse Indian corn out of wooden dishes in the open air, and exposed to the burning heat of the sun, the Reverend Father Commandant retired to his cool arbor.

He was a very handsome young man, round-faced, fair, and fresh-colored, his eyebrows were finely arched, he had a piercing eye, the tips of his ears were red, his lips vermilion, and he had a bold and commanding air; but such a boldness as neither resembled that of a Spaniard nor of a Jesuit. He ordered Candide and Cacambo to have their arms restored to them, together with their two Andalusian horses. Cacambo gave the poor beasts some oats to eat close by the arbor, keeping a strict eye upon them all the while for fear of surprise. As they pronounced these words they looked at each other with great amazement and with an emotion that neither could conceal.

De la sale province de Vestphalie, dit Candide: Cela n'est pas possible, dit Candide. On this they both drew a few steps backwards, then running into each other's arms, embraced, and wept profusely. No puede ser, replicaba Candido. You are the brother of the fair Miss Cunegund? You that was slain by the Bulgarians! You the Baron's son! You a Jesuit in Paraguay! I must confess this is a strange world we live in. The Commandant dismissed the Negro slaves, and the Paraguayans who presented them with liquor in crystal goblets.

He returned thanks to God and St. Ignatius a thousand times; he clasped Candide in his arms, and both their faces were bathed in tears. Every word they uttered during this long conversation was productive of some new matter of astonishment. Their souls fluttered on their tongues, listened in their ears, and sparkled in their eyes. Like true Germans, they continued a long while at table, waiting for the Reverend Father; and the Commandant spoke to his dear Candide as follows. Never while I live shall I lose the remembrance of that horrible day on which I saw my father and mother barbarously butchered before my eyes, and my sister ravished.

When the Bulgarians retired we searched in vain for my dear sister. She was nowhere to be found; but the bodies of my father, mother, and myself, with two servant maids and three little boys, all of whom had been murdered by the remorseless enemy, were thrown into a cart to be buried in a chapel belonging to the Jesuits, within two leagues of our family seat. A Jesuit sprinkled us with some holy water, which was confounded salty, and a few drops of it went into my eyes; the father perceived that my eyelids stirred a little; he put his hand upon my breast and felt my heartbeat; upon which he gave me proper assistance, and at the end of three weeks I was perfectly recovered.

You know, my dear Candide, I was very handsome; I became still more so, and the Reverend Father Croust, superior of that house, took a great fancy to me; he gave me the habit of the order, and some years afterwards I was sent to Rome. The sovereigns of Paraguay admit of as few Spanish Jesuits as possible; they prefer those of other nations, as being more obedient to command.

The Reverend Father General looked upon me as a proper person to work in that vineyard. I set out in company with a Polander and a Tyrolese. Upon my arrival I was honored with a subdeaconship and a lieutenancy. Now I am colonel and priest. We shall give a warm reception to the King of Spain's troops; I can assure you they will be well excommunicated and beaten.

But is it true that my dear sister Cunegund is in the neighborhood with the Governor of Buenos Ayres? Candide swore that nothing could be more true; and the tears began again to trickle down their cheeks. The Baron knew no end of embracing Candide, be called him his brother, his deliverer. Really, I think you have an insufferable degree of assurance to dare so much as to mention such an audacious design to me.

I have delivered your sister from a Jew and an Inquisitor; she is under many obligations to me, and she is resolved to give me her hand. My master, Pangloss, always told me that mankind are by nature equal. Therefore, you may depend upon it that I will marry your sister. C'est ce que nous verrons, coquin! Candide in an instant drew his rapier and plunged it up to the hilt in the Jesuit's body; but in pulling it out reeking hot, he burst into tears. I am the best man in the world, and yet I have already killed three men, and of these three, two were priests. Tout cela se fit en un clin d'oeil.

Cacambo, who had seen many of this kind of adventures, was not discouraged. He stripped the Baron of his Jesuit's habit and put it upon Candide, then gave him the dead man's three-cornered cap and made him mount on horseback. All this was done as quick as thought. He flew as he spoke these words, crying out aloud in Spanish, "Make way; make way for the Reverend Father Colonel. Plaza, plaza al reverendo padre coronel. Donde se da cuenta de los sucesos de nuestros dos caminantes con dos muchachas, dos ximios, y los salvages llamados Orejones.

Candide and his valet had already passed the frontiers before it was known that the German Jesuit was dead. Le vigilant Cacambo avait eu soin de remplir sa valise de pain, de chocolat, de jambon, de fruits, et de quelques mesures de vin. The wary Cacambo had taken care to fill his wallet with bread, chocolate, some ham, some fruit, and a few bottles of wine. They penetrated with their Andalusian horses into a strange country, where they could discover no beaten path.

At length a beautiful meadow, intersected with purling rills, opened to their view. Cacambo proposed to his master to take some nourishment, and he set him an example. What will it avail me to prolong a wretched life that must be spent far from her in remorse and despair? And then what will the journal of Trevoux say? The sun was now on the point of setting when the ears of our two wanderers were assailed with cries which seemed to be uttered by a female voice.

They could not tell whether these were cries of grief or of joy; however, they instantly started up, full of that inquietude and apprehension which a strange place naturally inspires. The cries proceeded from two young women who were tripping disrobed along the mead, while two monkeys followed close at their heels biting at their limbs. Candide was touched with compassion; he had learned to shoot while he was among the Bulgarians, and he could hit a filbert in a hedge without touching a leaf. Accordingly he took up his double-barrelled Spanish gun, pulled the trigger, and laid the two monkeys lifeless on the ground.

Who knows but they may be young ladies of a good family, and that the assistance I have been so happy to give them may procure us great advantage in this country? Il allait continuer, mais sa langue devint percluse quand il vit ces deux filles embrasser tendrement les deux singes, fondre en larmes sur leurs corps, et remplir l'air des cris les plus douloureux. He was about to continue when he felt himself struck speechless at seeing the two girls embracing the dead bodies of the monkeys in the tenderest manner, bathing their wounds with their tears, and rending the air with the most doleful lamentations.

Why should you think it so strange that there should be a country where monkeys insinuate themselves into the good graces of the ladies? They are the fourth part of a man as I am the fourth part of a Spaniard. These judicious reflections operated so far on Candide as to make him quit the meadow and strike into a thicket.

There he and Cacambo supped, and after heartily cursing the Grand Inquisitor, the Governor of Buenos Ayres, and the Baron, they fell asleep on the ground. When they awoke they were surprised to find that they could not move; the reason was that the Oreillons who inhabit that country, and to whom the ladies had given information of these two strangers, had bound them with cords made of the bark of trees. They saw themselves surrounded by fifty naked Oreillons armed with bows and arrows, clubs, and hatchets of flint; some were making a fire under a large cauldron; and others were preparing spits, crying out one and all, "A Jesuit!

Candido mirando los asadores y el caldero, dixo: Everything is right; it may be so; but I must confess it is something hard to be bereft of dear Miss Cunegund, and to be spitted like a rabbit by these barbarous Oreillons. Cacambo, who never lost his presence of mind in distress, said to the disconsolate Candide, "Do not despair; I understand a little of the jargon of these people; I will speak to them. Cacambo, que nunca se alteraba por nada, dixo al desconsolado Candido: No se aflija vm. No dexes de representarles, dixo Candido, que es una inhumanidad horrible el cocer la gente en agua hirviendo, y accion de mal cristiano.

Indeed the law of nature teaches us to kill our neighbor, and accordingly we find this practiced all over the world; and if we do not indulge ourselves in eating human flesh, it is because we have much better fare; but for your parts, who have not such resources as we, it is certainly much better judged to feast upon your enemies than to throw their bodies to the fowls of the air; and thus lose all the fruits of your victory.

Mais, messieurs, vous ne voudriez pas manger vos amis. You imagine you are going to roast a Jesuit, whereas my master is your friend, your defender, and you are going to spit the very man who has been destroying your enemies; as to myself, I am your countryman; this gentleman is my master, and so far from being a Jesuit, give me leave to tell you he has very lately killed one of that order, whose spoils he now wears, and which have probably occasioned your mistake.

To convince you of the truth of what I say, take the habit he has on and carry it to the first barrier of the Jesuits' kingdom, and inquire whether my master did not kill one of their officers. Il vous faudra peu de temps; vous pourrez toujours nous manger, si vous trouvez que je vous ai menti.

There will be little or no time lost by this, and you may still reserve our bodies in your power to feast on if you should find what we have told you to be false. But, on the contrary, if you find it to be true, I am persuaded you are too well acquainted with the principles of the laws of society, humanity, and justice, not to use us courteously, and suffer us to depart unhurt.

This speech appeared very reasonable to the Oreillons; they deputed two of their people with all expedition to inquire into the truth of this affair, who acquitted themselves of their commission like men of sense, and soon returned with good tidings for our distressed adventurers. Upon this they were loosed, and those who were so lately going to roast and boil them now showed them all sorts of civilities, offered them girls, gave them refreshments, and reconducted them to the confines of their country, crying before them all the way, in token of joy, "He is no Jesuit!

No es jesuita, no es jesuita. But, after all, pure nature is an excellent thing; since these people, instead of eating me, showed me a thousand civilities as soon as they knew was not a Jesuit. When to the frontiers of the Oreillons, said Cacambo to Candide, "You see, this hemisphere is not better than the other; now take my advice and let us return to Europe by the shortest way possible.

To my own country? The Bulgarians and the Abares are laying that waste with fire and sword. Or shall we go to Portugal? There I shall be burned; and if we abide here we are every moment in danger of being spitted. But how can I bring myself to quit that part of the world where my dear Miss Cunegund has her residence? Perhaps they will assist us, and God will look with pity on our distress. It was not so easy to get to Cayenne. They knew pretty nearly whereabouts it lay; but the mountains, rivers, precipices, robbers, savages, were dreadful obstacles in the way.

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Their horses died with fatigue and their provisions were at an end. They subsisted a whole month on wild fruit, till at length they came to a little river bordered with cocoa trees; the sight of which at once revived their drooping spirits and furnished nourishment for their enfeebled bodies. Cacambo, who was always giving as good advice as the old woman herself, said to Candide, "You see there is no holding out any longer; we have traveled enough on foot.

I spy an empty canoe near the river side; let us fill it with cocoanuts, get into it, and go down with the stream; a river always leads to some inhabited place. If we do not meet with agreeable things, we shall at least meet with something new. They rowed a few leagues down the river, the banks of which were in some places covered with flowers; in others barren; in some parts smooth and level, and in others steep and rugged.

The stream widened as they went further on, till at length it passed under one of the frightful rocks, whose summits seemed to reach the clouds. Here our two travelers had the courage to commit themselves to the stream, which, contracting in this part, hurried them along with a dreadful noise and rapidity. At the end of four and twenty hours they saw daylight again; but their canoe was dashed to pieces against the rocks. They were obliged to creep along, from rock to rock, for the space of a league, till at length a spacious plain presented itself to their sight.

This place was bounded by a chain of inaccessible mountains. The country appeared cultivated equally for pleasure and to produce the necessaries of life. The useful and agreeable were here equally blended. The roads were covered, or rather adorned, with carriages formed of glittering materials, in which were men and women of a surprising beauty, drawn with great rapidity by red sheep of a very large size; which far surpassed the finest coursers of Andalusian Tetuan, or Mecquinez.

Our two inhabitants of the other hemisphere amused themselves greatly with what they saw. The quoits were large, round pieces, yellow, red, and green, which cast a most glorious luster. Our travelers picked some of them up, and they proved to be gold, emeralds, rubies, and diamonds; the least of which would have been the greatest ornament to the superb throne of the Great Mogul. Eran los tejos unas piezas redondas muy anchas, amarillas, encarnadas y verdes, que despedian mucho brillo: Sans doute, dit Cacambo, ces enfants sont les fils du roi du pays qui jouent au petit palet.

Estos muchachos, dixo Cacambo, son sin duda los infantes que estan jugando al tejo. As he was uttering these words the schoolmaster of the village appeared, who came to call the children to school.

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The little ragamuffins immediately quitted their diversion, leaving the quoits on the ground with all their other playthings. Candide gathered them up, ran to the schoolmaster, and, with a most respectful bow, presented them to him, giving him to understand by signs that their Royal Highnesses had forgot their gold and precious stones. Le magister du village, en souriant, les jeta par terre, regarda un moment la figure de Candide avec beaucoup de surprise, et continua son chemin. The schoolmaster, with a smile, flung them upon the ground, then examining Candide from head to foot with an air of admiration, he turned his back and went on his way.

Our travelers took care, however, to gather up the gold, the rubies, and the emeralds. They then drew near the first house in the village, which was built after the manner of a European palace. There was a crowd of people about the door, and a still greater number in the house. The sound of the most delightful instruments of music was heard, and the most agreeable smell came from the kitchen. Cacambo went up to the door and heard those within talking in the Peruvian language, which was his mother tongue; for everyone knows that Cacambo was born in a village of Tucuman, where no other language is spoken.

Immediately two waiters and two servant-girls, dressed in cloth of gold, and their hair braided with ribbons of tissue, accosted the strangers and invited them to sit down to the ordinary. Their dinner consisted of four dishes of different soups, each garnished with two young paroquets, a large dish of bouille that weighed two hundred weight, two roasted monkeys of a delicious flavor, three hundred hummingbirds in one dish, and six hundred flybirds in another; some excellent ragouts, delicate tarts, and the whole served up in dishes of rock-crystal.

Several sorts of liquors, extracted from the sugarcane, were handed about by the servants who attended. Most of the company were chapmen and wagoners, all extremely polite; they asked Cacambo a few questions with the utmost discretion and circumspection; and replied to his in a most obliging and satisfactory manner.

Enfin ils se remirent. As soon as dinner was over, both Candide and Cacambo thought they should pay very handsomely for their entertainment by laying down two of those large gold pieces which they had picked off the ground; but the landlord and landlady burst into a fit of laughing and held their sides for some time. When the fit was over, the landlord said, "Gentlemen, I plainly perceive you are strangers, and such we are not accustomed to charge; pardon us, therefore, for laughing when you offered us the common pebbles of our highways for payment of your reckoning.

To be sure, you have none of the coin of this kingdom; but there is no necessity of having any money at all to dine in this house. All the inns, which are established for the convenience of those who carry on the trade of this nation, are maintained by the government. You have found but very indifferent entertainment here, because this is only a poor village; but in almost every other of these public houses you will meet with a reception worthy of persons of your merit.

Cacambo explained the whole of this speech of the landlord to Candide, who listened to it with the same astonishment with which his friend communicated it. Possibly this is that part of the globe where everywhere is right, for there must certainly be some such place. And, for all that Master Pangloss could say, I often perceived that things went very ill in Westphalia. Cacambo vented all his curiosity upon his landlord by a thousand different questions; the honest man answered him thus, "I am very ignorant, sir, but I am contented with my ignorance; however, we have in this neighborhood an old man retired from court, who is the most learned and communicative person in the whole kingdom.

Candide ne jouait plus que le second personnage, et accompagnait son valet. He then conducted Cacambo to the old man; Candide acted now only a second character, and attended his valet. They entered a very plain house, for the door was nothing but silver, and the ceiling was only of beaten gold, but wrought in such elegant taste as to vie with the richest. The antechamber, indeed, was only incrusted with rubies and emeralds; but the order in which everything was disposed made amends for this great simplicity.

The old man received the strangers on his sofa, which was stuffed with hummingbirds' feathers; and ordered his servants to present them with liquors in golden goblets, after which he satisfied their curiosity in the following terms. This kingdom is the ancient patrimony of the Incas, who very imprudently quitted it to conquer another part of the world, and were at length conquered and destroyed themselves by the Spaniards.

They ordained, with the consent of their whole nation, that none of the inhabitants of our little kingdom should ever quit it; and to this wise ordinance we owe the preservation of our innocence and happiness. The Spaniards had some confused notion of this country, to which they gave the name of El Dorado; and Sir Walter Raleigh, an Englishman, actually came very near it about three hundred years ago; but the inaccessible rocks and precipices with which our country is surrounded on all sides, has hitherto secured us from the rapacious fury of the people of Europe, who have an unaccountable fondness for the pebbles and dirt of our land, for the sake of which they would murder us all to the very last man.

La conversation fut longue; elle roula sur la forme du gouvernement, sur les moeurs, sur les femmes, sur les spectacles publics, sur les arts. The conversation lasted some time and turned chiefly on the form of government, their manners, their women, their public diversions, and the arts. At length, Candide, who had always had a taste for metaphysics, asked whether the people of that country had any religion. Est-ce que vous nous prenez pour des ingrats? Cacambo asked in a respectful manner what was the established religion of El Dorado.

Le vieillard rougit encore: Est-ce qu'il peut y avoir deux religions? Nous avons, je crois, la religion de tout le monde; nous adorons Dieu du soir jusqu'au matin. Ours, I apprehend, is the religion of the whole world; we worship God from morning till night. N'adorez vous qu'un seul Dieu? Apparemment, dit le vieillard, qu'il n'y en a ni deux, ni trois, ni quatre. Candide ne se lassait pas de faire interroger ce bon vieillard; il voulut savoir comment on priait Dieu dans Eldorado. However, Candide could not refrain from making many more inquiries of the old man; he wanted to know in what manner they prayed to God in El Dorado.

No le pedimos nada, dixo el respetable y buen sabio, y nada tenemos que pedirle, pues nos ha dado todo quanto necesitamos; pero le tributamos sin cesar acciones de gracias. Le bon vieillard sourit. Candide had a curiosity to see some of their priests, and desired Cacambo to ask the old man where they were. At which he smiling said, "My friends, we are all of us priests; the King and all the heads of families sing solemn hymns of thanksgiving every morning, accompanied by five or six thousand musicians. During the whole of this discourse Candide was in raptures, and he said to himself, "What a prodigious difference is there between this place and Westphalia; and this house and the Baron's castle.

Cierto que es bueno viajar. This long conversation being ended, the old man ordered six sheep to be harnessed and put to the coach, and sent twelve of his servants to escort the travelers to court. The King will receive you in such a manner that you will have no reason to complain; and doubtless you will make a proper allowance for the customs of the country if they should not happen altogether to please you. Candide and Cacambo got into the coach, the six sheep flew, and, in less than a quarter of an hour, they arrived at the King's palace, which was situated at the further end of the capital.

At the entrance was a portal two hundred and twenty feet high and one hundred wide; but it is impossible for words to express the materials of which it was built. The reader, however, will readily conceive that they must have a prodigious superiority over the pebbles and sand, which we call gold and precious stones. Twenty beautiful young virgins in waiting received Candide and Cacambo on their alighting from the coach, conducted them to the bath and clad them in robes woven of the down of hummingbirds; after which they were introduced by the great officers of the crown of both sexes to the King's apartment, between two files of musicians, each file consisting of a thousand, agreeable to the custom of the country.

When they drew near to the presence-chamber, Cacambo asked one of the officers in what manner they were to pay their obeisance to His Majesty; whether it was the custom to fall upon their knees, or to prostrate themselves upon the ground; whether they were to put their hands upon their heads, or behind their backs; whether they were to lick the dust off the floor; in short, what was the ceremony usual on such occasions.

Candide and Cacambo accordingly threw their arms round His Majesty's neck, who received them in the most gracious manner imaginable, and very politely asked them to sup with him. While supper was preparing, orders were given to show them the city, where they saw public structures that reared their lofty heads to the clouds; the marketplaces decorated with a thousand columns; fountains of spring water, besides others of rose water, and of liquors drawn from the sugarcane, incessantly flowing in the great squares, which were paved with a kind of precious stones that emitted an odor like that of cloves and cinnamon.

Il s'informa s'il y avait des prisons, et on lui dit que non. Candide asked to see the High Court of justice, the Parliament; but was answered that they had none in that country, being utter strangers to lawsuits. Ciclo que podria articularse a traves de obras que son logros. Esta literatura, que en su gesto primigenio denota mis bien un gesto activo respecto a lo real, culmina por la decada de los setenta en un do pasi6n los terminos se invierten: Esta inversi6n, a mi modo de ver, es la seial de la eclosi6n final de este ciclo que, sin dificultad, puede articularse a la dictadura y a los sistemas.

El lenguaje declara su ruptura consigo mismo. El contratao entre significado y significante del signo se rompe. El pacto entre palabra y referente se quiebra. La relaci6n esta regida por lo arbitrario. Y eso es lo que va a suceder en nuestra literatura actual.

Three Short Stories from Latin America

Seria err6neo suponer, sin embargo, que aquf acab6 la literatura de acontecimiento. De ninguna manera manera. Una historia violenta de dieciocho afios de dictadura militar, con el horror que para nadie es desconocido, sino mis bien compartido; la traumatizante experiencia de las guerrillas y la muerte del una considerable cantidad de golpes de Estado, ademis de innumerables desastres sociales, se suman para hacer sentir el peso de una realidad que, hist6rica, social, econ6mica y culturalnente, va a nutrir a esta literatura.

Pero ya sera otro el principio organizativo de esta literatura actual de acontecimiento; ya volveremos sobre ello. Por el momento, deseo aproximarme a esa segunda vertiente, a la que ilamamos de emancipaci6n. La literatura de emancipaci6n se opone a la de acontecimiento no necesariamente por el peso de la funci6n referencial. Lo decisivo para esta distinci6n es, sobre todo, la actitud respecto a lo real. Si como habiamos observado la primera es pensada en terminos de un catastr6fico fatalismo respecto a lo real, la literatura emancipada -y por eso el nombre- mas bien elabora por encima de esa sujeci6n la posibilidad de una manipulaci6n de lo real y que en la literatura actual sustituye el valor de un deber ser sobre el ser, lo moral sobre lo estetico.

Quiero centrar el anilisis de esta literatura en torno a tres obras, las que en sentido amplio considero como muestras de una primera literatura emancipada. Si los dos primeros autores pueden ser considerados como de transito hacia una nueva literatura, la obra de Sienz es parte de la literatura actual, y es en ese espacio donde ella alcanza su plena realizaci6n.

La Chaskaiawi editada en , pero escrita veintitr6s afios antes , de C. Medinaceli, es tal vez la primera obra que se realiza bajo un signo afirmativo. Este acontepollera que cimiento literario, audaz e impensable para la pseudoaristocritica elite criolla, infringe las estrictas reglas endogamicas de 6sta. Medinaceli, abiertamente, propone el mestizaje en tanto que fuerza fundadora. Antezana Elementos de semiologia, La Paz, Saenz , una en t6rminos de Antezana. Es necesario subrayar que por primera vez en la novela boliviana el h6roe protag6nico no muere, no pierde, no es martir de una causa, sino que, adanico y feliz, salta por encima de su sumisi6n a lo real, a la que me referi anteriormente que domina a la literatura de acontecimiento.

El loco obra escrita durante casi toda una vida y reci6n publicada en , de Arturo Borda, es una de las obras mas controvertidas y menos conocidas de la literatura boliviana. Quizi sus tres volimenes 1. Escritura desigual y dispersa, gendricamente se aproxima mas al estilo de un diario de escritor. De todos modos, pienso que es una de las obras mas importantes de la literatura boliviana en la medida en que prefigura lo que podria ser en el futuro una literatura boliviana andina.

Borda es, sobre todo, un visionario, al modo de Blake. Un espiritu que hizo la apologia de la libertad y que se neg6 a someterse a todas las convenciones. Escribir viene a ser para 61 una elecci6n politica y 6tica, y quiza por ello necesariamente marginal. La narraci6n en El loco avanza en cadena entre silencios, suefios, rupturas y retornos, y cada eslab6n es parte de una intenci6n de representaci6n visual de cada una de las situaciones. El cambio de lenguaje asi efectuado es parte de una constante preocupaci6n por la escritura, que no quiere decir directamente de real exceptuando los ensayos , sino producir una realidad escritural en si.

Lo literario es, en ese sentido, un una composici6n totalizadora. No es sorpresivo, pues, que sea el primero en la literatura boliviana que hace cuentos fantisticos de primera calidad. Tambien son novedosos los personajes que circulan por su obra, que por primera vez en esta narrativa son individuos de ciudad, de las zonas intermedias. Si bien la ciudad nunca esta tematizada explicitamente, los moradores estin cercados de ciudad: Pero conventillos y bodegas no son objeto de descripci6n, sino que simplemente forman parte de un habitat, son sus condiciones concretas.

Pero la intenci6n mis importante de la escritura de Borda es la destrucci6n. Destrucci6n de formas, g6neros, normas y, sobre todo, de valores; tratese del arte o del mundo burgu6s. Esta escritura demoledora puede, sin forzar, ser entendida como parte del pensamiento andino con relaci6n al milenarismo. Pero esta destrucci6n se hace imprescindible para la regeneraci6n. Es, pues, el paso de un valor negado por otro: Este cambio -y esto es lo importante- puede ser producido, y es en esa intenci6n que se inscribe la obra de Borda, sea ella pict6rica o literaria.

A trav6s del arte existe la posibilidad de acci6n sobre el mundo, y en Borda la acci6n es la escritura. La metifora de la muerte de la armonia por el triunfo del arte y el acabamiento general de los valores son un acto de regeneraci6n. Borda, antihispanista, comparte con Medinaceli un americanismo profundo, y por eso no sorprende el hecho de que su seud6nimo fuera Calibin.

Jaime Saenz , cuya obra puede sejialarse como una de las mas grandes actualmente, libera la poesia del pseudomodernismo y del intimismo. Como pocos lenguajes, el de Saenz -como el de Vallejo- adquiere una voz, una sintaxis propia o, si se quiere, una gramitica po6tica que es inconfundible. Estos tres autores, de modos diferentes, convierten -explicitamenteel espacio literario en el espacio de su vivir, en el espacio de su sentido.

Es por esta raz6n que se puede hablar de literatura emancipada, en sentido de elaboraci6n, de sintesis, de. Este lenguaje, pues, es portador, por lo menos virtualmente, de una reflexi6n sobre la relaci6n lenguaje-sociedad, individuo-acci6n. Esta literatura emancipada hace de la literatura un acontecimiento, o el acontecimiento, y en ese sentido, y junto a las renovaciones t6cnicas que aparecen junto al boom latinoamericano, seiialan el camino que va a seguir la nueva literatura boliviana.

Ella instaura una historia de cerca, presentada no s61o en terminos de verosimilitud, sino como verdad, precisamente en contra del mito y de la epopeya, aun si intenta fundar una utopia. Esta literatura rechaza la ilusi6n y propone asimilar lo real vivido como parte de la lucha social de clases. En ese sentido se presenta como testimonio. Esta tendencia en contra de la ficci6n y en favor de un relato de lo real se intensifica al extremo de cuestionar el fundamento mismo de la literatura: Las obras que expresan esta ruptura deben ser consideradas como un cuerpo literario de transici6n hacia lo que seria el nuevo espacio escritural.

Quiero referirme s61o a tres libros. La novela de Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, Los deshabitados , considerada por la mayor parte de los criticos como la novela de transici6n, corresponde tematicamente a esta ruptura. Los seres aparecen reducidos, en el lenguaje, a s6lo la funci6n de contacto o fitica. Se apela al significante para confirmar presencias reiterando significantes. Los personajes de la novela, que se nutren unos de otros, rota la posibilidad de articularse de otra manera a la sociedad y al mundo, culpables y mezquinos, solitarios, se cubren de silencio y encubren su violencia.

Translation of «bocanada» into 25 languages

Son personajes vacios de lenguaje. Durcot, el escritor, no escribe nunca. Esta ruptura sefiala tambi6n otra tensi6n: En ese sentido marca una impotencia. En ella Oscar Cerruto logra, con claridad, expresar la crisis no s61o de un grupo social unido al poder, sino tambi6n, paralelamente, la p6rdida del lenguaje que le era afin. El poema -se trata de varios poemas que configuran en realidad una unidad- se invalida a si mismo a traves de la denuncia del lenguaje convertido en y voluble.

Lenguaje que por trocarse en desleal respecto a lo nominado ha perdido toda posibilidad de convocatoria. S61o la palabra no pone en duda pronunciadaguarda esa lealtad po6tica, pero cuyo su propia existencia. Esta perdida de fidelidad de la palabra inaugura un texto del terror regido por un sistema juridico-lingiiistico cuya ley abstracta se realiza en efectos de culpa-castigo, de soledad y de silencio. Esta ruptura del contrato entre palabra y sentido expresa el reino de lo ca6tico; todas las certezas desaparecen, a no ser la de la muerte. Todas las seguridades del lenguaje se tornan sospechosas, y en esa perspectiva no puede existir posibilidad de comunicaci6n.

Queda, pues, un significante sospechoso, una presencia recelosa, cuerpos yuxtapuestos, cuyas tramas no se identifican. Tambien otra novela de importancia sefiala esa victoria de lo real condenando al individuo a una escritura. Se trata de Morder el silencio , de Arturo von Vacano. En ella, la Bestia el poder de la represi6n triunfa sobre el escritor, que, encarcelado y exiliado, se autocondena a no superar la amenaza de la probando asi que efectivamente no existen salidas. Los autores han dejado de pensarse en terminos comunitarios, en bloques sociales, en dualidades.

Un proceso de individuaci6n evidente transforma su relaci6n con lo social. Se han quedado solos con su palabra, que ha cesado de ser acci6n. No es gratuito que en vida Cerruto se encierre en su soledad ni que, como contrapartida, Marcelo Quiroga se lance a la politica del partido socialista , que le cobra la vida, ni que V. Vacano se quede en el exilio. Si la palabra ha perdido su poder activo, se ha separado de lo colectivo, no queda mss remedio que asumir la tarea de escribir bajo otra luz. Escritura y protagonista son parte de un proceso de transformaci6n, es decir, remiten a una conciencia del autor-individuo.

Si la literatura de transici6n marca de algin modo una clausura, ella permanece en algunas formas. Las nuevas representaciones y territorios son interiores: La forma dial6gica, y entre ellas sobre todo el mon6logo, casi la confesi6n, parece ser uno de los estilos preferidos. Ciertamente, el dialogo puede articularse con la intimidad de estos interiores. En cuanto a la nueva literatura de acontecimiento, aparece una literatura clandestina, en terminos de abierta rebeldia en contra del sistema de represi6n, pero secreta en su tono confidencial, solitaria en su mondlogo interior.

Esta forma de confesi6n garantiza la honestidad y la verdad del discurso, que no deja de tener una fuerte carga religiosa cristiana. Si el gesto de esta literatura es tambien persuadir y convencer, tambien es de algin modo corresponder. Es asi como estructuralmente se articula a un sentido solidario que toma al otro como punto de referencia. Es indudable que las nuevas formas dial6gicas y un renovado intento de mimesis entre el lenguaje hablado y escrito dan cuenta de la pluralidad social boliviana.

En ese sentido, la literatura boliviana intenta ser globalizante. Ya en la nueva novela indigenista aquella que se origina despu6s de la Reforma Agraria Cabe anotar, sin embargo, el riesgo de una literatura que redunda en el acontecimiento. Y 6ste es el esquematismo de una 16gica narrativa y, por que no decirlo, po6tica reiterada.