Microlenses: Properties, Fabrication and Liquid Lenses (Series in Optics and Optoelectronics)
By use of an elastomer membrane fabricated by spin coating onto a dry-etched silicon substrate, the liquid-filled cavity acts as a lens whereby applied pressure changes the membrane distension and thus the focal length.
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Both plano—convex and plano—concave lenses, individual elements as well as arrays, were fabricated and tested. This lens represents a robust, self-contained tunable optical structure suitable for use in, for example, a medical environment. Nikolas Chronis, Gang L. Express 11 19 Express 19 3 Express 13 22 Express 25 14 Express 19 19 You do not have subscription access to this journal.
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Series in Optics and Optoelectronics.
Due to the development of microscale fabrication methods, microlenses are being used more and more in many unique applications, such as artificial implementations of compound eyes, optical communications, and labs-on-chips. Liquid microlenses, in particular, represent an important and growing research area yet there are no books devoted to this topic that summarize the research to date. Rectifying this deficiency, Microlenses: Properties, Fabrication and Liquid Lenses examines the recent progress in the emerging field of liquid-based microlenses. After describing how certain problems in optics can be solved by liquid microlenses, the book introduces the physics and fabrication methods involved in microlenses.
It also details the facility and equipment requirements for general fabrication methods. The authors then present examples of various microlenses with non-tunable and tunable focal lengths based on different mechanisms, including:. The book concludes by summarizing the importance of microlenses, shedding light on future microlens work, and exploring related challenges, such as the packaging of systems, effects of gravity, evaporation of liquids, aberrations, and integration with other optical components.
An ellipse, a polygonal or any shape is possible with the photolithography. As a disposable component, the price is a key factor. Fabrication in proper production line decreases the cost even more, when the materials are used more efficiently. The lenses are now printed on a glass substrate which, in sense on recycling, is challenging. The glass can be eliminated by printing the lenses on a PET substrate 22 , which would also decrease the prince of the MLA even more.
OSA | Tunable microfluidic microlenses
It would make the shape of the lens even more easily tuneable, as there is only the height that is changing according to the amount of the printed material. In this demonstration, as the distance between the MLA and the sample is adjustable, the small change in the focal length, due to the spreading, is not significant. This type of MLAs could also be applied in far-field imaging. The parameters and materials need to be changed, but the process itself would be the same.
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With thicker and non-transparent patterning, the lenses form image on the sensor without overlap. The development of disposable optics is still at early stage, but because of all the positive effects it can have on point-of-care-testing, it is worth to give more focus to it in the future. Our study shows that low-cost fabrication method for micro lens array can produce lenses with quality of a same level than glass lenses.
Because of the low fabrication costs, the presented MLA is also a valid option to be used as a disposable optics component. How to cite this article: Disposable optics for microscopy diagnostics. All authors reviewed the manuscript. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
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Published online Nov Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Jul 13; Accepted Oct This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. To view a copy of this license, visit http: This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Series in Optics and Optoelectronics
Abstract The point-of-care testing POCT is having increasing role on modern health care systems due to a possibility to perform tests for patients conveniently and immediately. Table 1 Spin coating parameters. Open in a separate window. Inkjet printing of the lenses to the patterned substrate. Printing settings for inkjet printing. Imaging system Direct imaging, using microlens arrays is a modified light field imaging technique that can be used for capturing images of semi microscopic targets A conceptual image of the imaging setup. Results For the finished MLA profile measurements are done and the shape of the lenses is studied.
MLA characterization Lens characterization is limited to profile measurements, which shows the uniformity of the lens array.
Discussion The disposable optics has a great potential when considering the vast range of diagnostic and testing applications optics is utilized in. Conclusion Our study shows that low-cost fabrication method for micro lens array can produce lenses with quality of a same level than glass lenses. Additional Information How to cite this article: Footnotes Author Contributions P.
The state of point-of-care testing: Current and future use of point-of-care tests in primary care: BMJ Open 4 , e Disposable low cost video endoscopes for straight and oblique viewing direction with simplified integration. A disposable immunosensor device for point-of-care test of tumor marker based on copper-mediated amplification. On-chip imaging of schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine for diagnosis by computer vision.
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Lensed fiber-optic design for efficient photon collection in scattering media. Express 6 , — Fabrication of various dimensions of high fill-factor micro-lens arrays for OLED package. Hierarchical prediction structure for subimage coding and multithreaded parallel implementation in integral imaging. Recording and controlling the 4D light field in a microscope.
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