Anjo Caido (Portuguese Edition)

Abandoned mines are putting people and ecosystems at risk in The research team is testing the development of lightweight ceramics by mixing the coal tailings with Estonian mineral resources are deposited in low depth and mining fields are large, therefore vast areas are affected by mining. There are at least deposits with total area of 6, km 2 and about the same number of underground mines , surface mines , peat fields, quarries, and sand and gravel pits. The total area of operating mine claims exceeds km 2 that makes 0. The book is written mainly for the people who are living or acting in the area influenced by mining.

The observations and research could benefit those who are interested in geography and environment, who follow formation and look of mined -out landscapes. The book contains also warnings for careless people on and under the surface of the mined -out land. Part of the book contains results of the research made in by the first two authors working at the Estonian branch of A.

Skochinsky Institute of Mining. Enno Reinsalu studied aftereffects of mining at the Mining Department of Tallinn Technical University from to Geographical Information System for Mining was studied by Ingo Valgma within his doctoral dissertation, and this book is one of the applications of his study. Cleaning-up abandoned uranium mines in Saskatchewan's North.

Thirty-six now- abandoned uranium mine and mill sites were developed and operated on or near Lake Athabasca, in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada, from approximately through During their operating lifetimes these mines produced large quantities of ore and tailings. After closure in the 's, these mine and mill sites were abandoned with little remediation and no reclamation being done. The governments of Canada and Saskatchewan are now funding the cleanup of these abandoned northern uranium mine and mill sites and have contracted the management of the project to the Saskatchewan Research Council SRC.

The clean-up activity is underway, with work at many of the smaller sites largely completed, work at the Gunnar site well underway, and a beginning made at the Lorado site. This lecture presents an overview of these operations. Alternative utilization of underground spaces with abandoned mine openings. Utilization of the openings of the abandoned mines could be planned by the principal parameters such as location and geotechnical impact.

The local governments have not only to lead the each stage of the utilization project from the very beginning of conceptual design up to the construction stage, but also to promote the project for the development of public purpose. The possible tentative candidates for the utilization of the abandoned mine openings which are supported by the local governments could be summarized as follows. The Gahak mine of Kwangmyung, Kyunggi: The mine caverns which have been served as the storage of the pickled fishes, could be reexcavated by taking into consideration the geotechnical parameters for the public use such as: Hamtae mine of Taebaek, Kangwon: The Hambaek main haulage way and its shaft should be investigated in detail in order to find out a possible use as the underground challenging park of the coal mining operation.

Mines of Boryung and Hongsung, Chungnam: Lots of mine caverns have been used as the storehouse for the pickled shrimp. However, they have to be promoted to a large scale industries. Imgok mine of Kwangju and Palbong mine of Jeongeup, Chunbuk: Mine caverns which have been used as the storehouse of pickles, need a detailed investigation for alternative promotion. Yongho mine of Pusan Dalsung mine of Taegu: Both of the mines are located near metropolitan communities.

Reconstruction of the old mine caverns of the Yongho mine is highly recommended for a public use. The caverns of the Dalsung mine could be utilized as the storage facilities. Detailed geotechnical survey and sit investigation could be suggested to design the recommended facilities for both. Restoration of contaminated soils in abandoned mine areas Tuscany, Italy. In Italy ore research and exploitation have been nearly exhausted since the end of the last century, and have left on the land a huge amount of mine waste, therefore provoking evident environmental damage including surface and groundwater, soils, vegetation and the food chain, and a potential threat to human health.

The main processes occurring at these sites are: The increasing environmental consciousness of general population compelled Public Administrators to set down effective legislation acts on this subject e. In this work we present the results of a survey carried out at several mixed sulphides mine sites in Tuscany, exploited for at least a millennium, and closed in the last century.

Biogeochemical analyses carried out on representative soil profiles Spolic Technosols and vegetation in the proximal and distal areas of ore exploitation show heavy metal concentrations Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn overcoming legislation limits on average. Ni, Cr and Mn concentrations, instead, are generally below the reference levels. The results obtained suggest that the abandoned mine sites represent actual natural laboratories where to experiment new opportunities for restoration of anthropogenically contaminated areas, and to study new pedogenetic trends from these peculiar parent materials.

Moreover, plants growing on these substrates are genetically adapted to metal-enriched soils, and therefore may be utilized in phytoremediation of contaminated sites. Furthermore, the institution of natural parks in these areas could enhance their educational and scientific value, contributing in the meantime to general population amusement and recreation.

Finally, it is the occasion for soil scientists to submit to the scientific community new classification proposals of this new kind of soils. Abandoned coal mine refuse areas: There are over 4, abandoned deep coal mine refuse areas in Illinois ranging in size from a few acres to as large as acres. These sites produce quantities of pollutants which affect the environment, have no real land value, and are a scar on the landscape. It also is developing and evaluating new cost-effective methods for reclaiming refuse areas of this type.

The program involved determining the final land use for the site, development of detailed engineering plans and specifications for the reclamation effort, a prereclamation environmental inventory, and implementation. Post-construction evaluation is now in process to determine the effectiveness of the reclamation effort. Detailed investigations are being conducted to determine surface water quality improvement, the amount of suitable surface cover and amendments required for revegetation, and field evaluation of candidate vegetation species for revegetation.

Other research is examining soil microbial populations, soil fauna reactions, and changes in surface material characteristics at the reclamation site. Surveys are being conducted on groundwater quality, effects on the aquatic ecosystem, and wildlife use of the area.

An economic evaluation is underway to determine the cost effectiveness of the total effort and of individual reclamation procedures. Preliminary results from the first year's environmental evaluation of various method tested will be described in detail. An economic assessment, including cost effectiveness, of the first year's work is given. The remediation of abandoned workings of a mining area in Ningxiang uranium mine. The typical mining under buildings and river was used in a mining area of Ningxiang uranium mine.

After the mining ended, To remedy this, the mine used new filling methods. It can be proved by the monitoring data that the subsiding of surface has been effectively controlled at the abandoned workings. Abandoned Mine Waste Working Group report. The Mine Waste Working Group discussed the nature and possible contributions to the solution of this class of waste problem at length.

There was a consensus that the mine waste problem presented some fundamental differences from the other classes of waste addresses by the Develop On-Site Innovative Technologies DOIT working groups. Contents of this report are: Flickr Abandoned mines are putting people and ecosystems at risk in Morocco Since the advent of modern excavation techniques in the For example, principal investigators Benzaazoua and Hakkou had a key opportunity to influence practice when they were asked to prepare a course on This study performed an assessment of wind power potential at abandoned mines in the Kangwon province by analyzing gross energy production, greenhouse gas emission reduction and economic effects estimated from a kW wind turbine.

Wind resources maps collected from the renewable energy data center in Korea Institute of Energy Research KIER were used to determine the average wind speed, temperature and atmospheric pressure at hub height 50 m for each abandoned mine. Based on the results from 5 representative mining sites, we could know that the average wind speed at hub height is the most critical factor for assessing the wind power potential. Finally, 47 abandoned mines that have the average wind speed faster than 6.

Abandonment and expansion of arable land in Europe. Abandonment of arable land is often assumed to happen mostly in marginal areas where the conditions for arable cultivation are relatively unfavorable, whereas arable expansion is expected to occur mostly in areas with favorable conditions. This assumption, used in many land -use change forecasts, was. Geophysical void detection at the site of an abandoned limestone quarry and underground mine in southwestern Pennsylvania.

Locating underground voids, tunnels, and buried collapse structures continues to present a difficult problem for engineering geoscientists charged with this responsibility for a multitude of different studies. Solutions used and tested for void detection have run the gamut of surface geophysical and remote sensing techniques, to invasive trenching and drilling on closely-spaced centers.

No where is the problem of locating underground voids more ubiquitous than in abandoned mined lands , and the U. Bureau of Mines continues to investigate this problem for areas overlying abandoned coal, metal, and nonmetal mines. Because of the great diversity of resources mined , the problem of void detection is compounded by the myriad of geologic conditions which exist for abandoned mined lands.

At a control study site in southwestern Pennsylvania at the Bureau's Lake Lynn Laboratory, surface geophysical techniques, including seismic and other methods, were tested as a means to detect underground mine voids in the rather simple geologic environment of flat-lying sedimentary strata.

The study site is underlain by an abandoned underground limestone mine developed in the Wymps Gap Limestone member of the Mississippian Mauch Chunk Formation. Portals or entrances into the mine , lead to drifts or tunnels driven into the limestone; these entries provided access to the limestone where it was extracted by the room-and-pillar method.

The workings lie less than ft from the surface, and survey lines or grids were positioned over the tunnels, the room-and-pillar zones, and the areas not mined. Results from these geophysical investigations are compared and contrasted. The application of this control study to abandoned mine void detection is apparent, but due to the carbonate terrain of the study site, the results may also have significance to sinkhole detection in karst topography.

Public views of reclaiming an abandoned coal mine: An abandoned underground coal mine waste area in Macoupin County, Illinois, has been reclaimed for demonstration and research purposes near the city of Staunton. According to federal law, end uses of reclaimed coal mines must be determined in part by local concerns. This study examined local residents' preferences for land uses and their social and economic evaluations of reclamation at the Macoupin County site. Personal interviews with residents revealed preferences for recreational use of the demonstration area; however, responses were probably influenced by prior awareness of land -use intentions.

Generally, very positive evaluations of the reclamation were received. Willingness to pay for reclamation appears to be linked to fulfillment of desired recreational uses on the site and socioeconomic status of the respondent. In general, the research results provide further evidence that the value of abatement of environmental damage from mining is recognized and supported in economic terms at the public level.

Post- mining safety implementations and environmental aspects of abandoned mine sites in Limousin. This document summarizes the actions carried out in at some French abandoned mine sites: A field trail for sealing abandoned mine shafts and adits with lightweight concrete. A reinforced concrete cap designed for 5 psi live load was placed over the shaft seal. Applicable new concrete technologies relating to a yr design life were utilized to assure future integrity of the shaft seal. Waterproofing methods were included in the shaft seal design to provide protection from ambient moisture and corrosive mine waters and to increase the long-term durability of the shaft seal.

All construction methods used in the field trial are fully adaptable for the mine -reclamation contractor. The USBM research objectives were to develop a broad generic design that will be widely applicable to other adit-sealing and shaft-sealing problems throughout the mining industry. Radon exposure in abandoned metalliferous mines of South America. Since the days of the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors, South America has been closely associated with the metalliferous ore mining.

Gold, silver, tin, lead, tungsten, nickel, copper, and palladium ores have been explored over the last centuries. In addition, there has also been the development and promotion of other economic activities related to mining , as the underground mine tourism. A few works have been published on radon levels in the South American mining. In this study, we investigated the radon transport process and its health hazard in two exhausted and abandoned mines in San Luis Province, Argentina. These mines were chosen because they have different physical configurations in their cavities, features which can affect the air flow patterns and radon concentrations.

La Carolina gold mine 32 deg 48' 0'' S, 66 deg 60' 0'' W is currently a blind end system, corresponding to a horizontal excavation into the side of a mountain, with only a main adit. Los Condores wolfram mine 32 deg 33' 25'' S, 65 deg 15' 20'' W is also a horizontal excavation into the side of a mountain, but has a vertical output a shaft at the end of the main gallery.

Three different experimental methodologies were used. Radon concentration measurements were performed by CR nuclear track detectors.

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The distribution of natural radionuclide activities 40 K, Th and U was determined from rock samples collected along their main adits, using in laboratory gamma-ray spectrometry. The external gamma dose rate was evaluated using thermoluminescent dosimeters and a portable survey meter. The values for the Rn concentration ranged from 0.

The patterns of the radon transport process revealed that the La Carolina. Identification of vulnerable areas for gully erosion under different scenarios of land abandonment in Southeast Spain. Abandonment of agricultural land is one of the main changes in Mediterranean land use. To mitigate runoff and erosion from abandoned land , it is necessary to identify locations that are vulnerable to erosion as a result of land abandonment. The objective of our study was to identify vulnerable areas.

Lead contamination of small mammals from abandoned metalliferous mines. Spoil tips associated with abandoned non-ferrous mines contain anomalously high levels of heavy metals compared with other contaminated environments. Little attention has been given to the impact of such contaminated environments on terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, lead in soil, vegetation, ground-living invertebrates and indigenous small mammal populations are reported for two derelict mines in Wales. Small mammal body and tissue lead concentrations were markedly elevated compared with control populations and with published data for other lead-contaminated areas.

Oedema, intranuclear inclusion bodies and mitochondrial abnormalities--symptoms of clinical plumbism--were identified in kidney tissue in populations with highest tissue lead concentrations. The results and their relevance to other lead-contaminated areas, including roadside verges, are discussed. Radioactive pollution investigation and disposal of abandoned uranium mines in Jiangsu province.

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The environment influence of five abandoned uranium mines in Jiangsu province from s to s is introduced. The radioactivity and the gamma nuclein in solid samples slag, soil, silt and liquid samples the surface water, the well water of No. The pollution of abandoned uranium mines still exists and diffuses after 30 years.

According to the monitoring results and the analysis of pollution present situation, suggestions and measures are proposed for the pollution control. Potential for mine water reuse in an abandoned coal mine in northern Spain. This paper investigated the potential re-utilization of mine water in industrial activities. Mine water characterization studies were conducted to evaluate mine waters from the abandoned La Camocha Mine in northwestern Spain.

Hydrochemical studies have indicated that the water is bicarbonated with a low sulphate and iron content, and a neutral pH. The concentrations of trace metals are below water legislation for human consumption levels. The water can economically be transported for use in the irrigation of a botanical garden and sports centre located in the same region as the mine. Use of the water will help to preserve rivers and other waterways in the region, and may also minimize the environmental impacts of pumping activities at the mine. Fluid properties for various water samples were provided.

Full Text Available One of main problems in freshwater aquaculture development in Indonesia, especially in Java, is unavailability of developing zone. It is important to find an underutilized area that meets for industrial scale freshwater aquaculture, i. The abandoned mining sand, tin, etc. For example, there are at least 13 water pools with total surface area of ha at 15 km side of Citarum River in Karawang District West Java Province.

Mini floating net cages of 1 x 1 x 1. Observed data showed that patin catfish grew from the initial size of 2. These three species were technically prospective for aquaculture development in the abandoned sand- mining pools. Complete text of publication follows.

The aim of the work is the identification of the sulphurated phase's outbreak on an aragonite, dolomite and calcite-based original rock inside an abandoned mine. After decades, the area has only supported wild life and thus nowadays it could be considered as a polluted site which has become naturalized. The main alteration factors inside the mine are percolated water, gases come from the outside CO 2 , O 2 and biological activities.

Mining activities generates loads of ore minerals and unwanted materials that with the time impact the surrounding environment. The waste includes granular, broken rock and soils ranging in size from the fine sand to large boulders, with the content of fine material largely dependent on the nature of the formation and extraction methods employed during mining.

Waste materials geochemistry varies widely from mine to mine and may vary significantly at individual mines over time as different lithologic strata are exposed and geochemical processes alter characteristics of the waste. In order to determine the finest mineral composition in the galleries, several samples were collected. The measurements reflected the ore precursors primary phases: Blende, and Galena , several primary carbonates dolomite, calcite and aragonite with secondary minerals in trace levels Brookite, Libethenite, Fluorapatita, Anatasa, Quartz, Apatite, Augite, Diopside, Anthracite, Hematite, Cosalite, Epidote, Rutile and transformation products, probably of recent formation Smithsonite, Massicot, Plattnerite, Gypsum, Siderite, Mendiphite, Escorodite, Gauberite, Goethite or Mascagnite.

The origin of the secondary mineral may be related to percolated rain and snow water. Coal mining industry gives many benefits for Indonesia including contribution in total Indonesian GDP. Most of coal mines in Indonesia are open pit mining method which disturbs large area of land. One of open pit mining impact is damage land and related to soil erosion occurrences it will degrade land by top soil loses.

Indonesia Government has issued mine closure regulation to encourage mining industry provide post mining land use.

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Determination of post mining land use should be considering Full Text Available Mine rehabilitation is nowadays an essential part of the mine life-cycle. Especially in times of fiscal and financial belt tightening, where direct funding is almost impossible, the restoration of abandoned mines becomes a difficult task and, consequently, prioritization of the restoration projects is necessitated.

So far, several models have been developed for that purpose. The existing models, however, usually underestimate that, especially for non-reclaimed mines located close to populated areas, landscape degradation generated by surface mining is a critical factor. To this end, this paper presents, through an illustrative example, a new approach providing the means for prioritizing mine restoration projects based on the visibility of surface mines with regard to the neighboring areas of interest.

The proposed approach can be utilized as an additional module in existing prioritization models, or it can be used standalone when considering a group of surface mines where what distinguishes them from each other is primarily the disturbance of the landscape. Concentrations of metals and trace elements in aquatic biota associated with abandoned mine lands in the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area and nearby Clear Creek watershed, Shasta County, northwestern California, Park management of the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, in northwestern California, identified a critical need to determine if mercury Hg or other elements originating from abandoned mines within the Upper Clear Creek watershed were present at concentrations that might adversely affect aquatic biota living within the park.

During —03, the U. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, collected aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, and fish, and analyzed them for Hg, cadmium, zinc, copper, and other metals and trace elements.

Virginia big-eared bats Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus roosting in abandoned coal mines in West Virginia. During summer, we captured three federally endangered Virginia big-eared bats at two mine entrances, and 25 were captured at 12 mine entrances during fall. These represent the first documented captures of this species at coal mines in West Virginia.

Future survey efforts conducted throughout the range of the Virginia big-eared bat should include abandoned coal mines. Water pollution - control of pollution regulations: The paper contains proposals to specify the content of the pre- abandonment notices which UK mine operators will be required to give in the future.

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They set out the precise contents of the notification, which mine operators will have to send to the Agency at least six months in advance of any intended abandonment. The regulations will cover coal and non-coal mines. Estimated compliance costs to business have been drawn up following consultation with the Department of Trade and Industry, the Health and Safety Executive, the Coal Authority and the Environment Agency. The regulations are due in late spring Mercury contamination in agricultural soils from abandoned metal mines classified by geology and mineralization.

This survey aimed to compare mercury concentrations in soils related to geology and mineralization types of mines.

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To meaningfully compare mercury levels in soils with geology and mineralization types, three subclassification criteria were adapted: The average concentration of Hg in all soils was 0. Based on the mineralization types, average Hg concentrations mg kg -1 in the soils decreased in the order of pegmatite 0. For parent rock types, similar concentrations were found in the soils derived from sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks followed by heterogeneous rocks with igneous and metamorphic processes. Furthermore, farmland soils contained relatively higher Hg levels than paddy soils. Therefore, it can be concluded that soils in Au, Ag, and base metal mines derived from a hydrothermal vein type of metamorphic rocks and pegmatite deposits contained relatively higher concentrations of mercury in the surface environment.

Pollution due to mining activities could have an important role in health andwelfare of people who are living in mining area. When mining operation finishes, environmentof mining area can be influenced by related pollution e. The present study was aimed to evaluate Valiloo abandoned arsenic mine effectson drinking water resources quality and possible health effects on the residents of miningarea in the North West of Iran. High resolution microgravity investigations for the detection and characterisation of subsidence associated with abandoned , coal, chalk and salt mines.

The closure and decay of industrial activity involving mining has scarred the landscape of urban areas and geo-hazards posed by subsurface cavities are ubiquitous throughout Europe. Features of concern consist of natural solution cavities e. These problems restrict land utilisation, hinder regeneration, pose a threat to life, seriously damage property and services and blight property values. This paper outlines the application of microgravity techniques to characterise abandoned mining hazard in case studies from Coal, Chalk and Salt Mining environments in the UK.

Major goals of this complex study were to document creek water transport of the main pollutants Fe, sulphates, Cu, Al, As, etc. Different methodologies and techniques for sampling and chemical and mineralogical characterization of samples were used and checked to evaluate environmental risk of this abandoned mine area.

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Abandoned underground mines in North America provide a habitat for bats. Closure of mines without conducting biological surveys can endanger bat species that are abundant. Bureau of Land Management and Bat Conservation International to provide coordination among government and conservation organizations and the mining industry in order to minimize the loss of bats living in mines.

NABMP provides coordination through education on the importance of mines for bat populations by providing training on mine assessment and closure methods, by assisting with protection and improvement of abandoned mine roosts, and by developing methods for creating new bat habitat. Mine tailings from an abandoned metal mine in Korea contained high concentrations of arsenic As and heavy metals [e. US EPA method was an effective method for analyzing total arsenic and heavy metals concentrations. The public health effects of abandoned coal mine workings on residents in South Wellington, Nanaimo.

Abandoned coal mine groundwater frequently contains depressed pH levels and elevated levels of hydrogen sulphide, iron, aluminium and nitrates. Abandoned coal mine groundwater is also usually high in copper, zinc, mercury, and lead. Groundwater from abandoned mines can seriously affect public health through the discharge of non-point source pollution. This paper presents information on a research project regarding the possible impacts of abandoned coal mines and its effects on groundwater as it relates to the health of residents in South Wellington, Nanaimo, British Columbia.

The purpose of the project is to determine which illnesses are more common in South Wellington, Nanaimo and in the control area. The paper provides a discussion of the Nanaimo coal field and three major seams; the Wellington, Newcastle and Douglas which are most likely to have a significant impact on groundwater in South Wellington. Points are centroids developed from the Report on the survey of abandoned uraniferous lignite mines in southwestern North Dakota.

A radiation survey was conducted in October as part of the proposed reclamation plan of abandoned uraniferous lignite mines in southwestern North Dakota. The survey was made to determine the extent of contamination caused by mining operations in the 's. Radiation measurements were made and soil samples were taken at approximately locations around six mine sites comprising eleven lignite mine pits.

Toxic element analysis was also done on 50 of the soil samples. Full Text Available Flooded mine workings have good potential as low-enthalpy geothermal resources, which could be used for heating and cooling purposes, thus making use of the mines long after mining activity itself ceases. It would be useful to estimate the scale of the geothermal potential represented by abandoned and flooded underground mines in Europe. On this basis the authors have been able to estimate that the geothermal energy available from underground coal mines in Europe is on the order of several thousand megawatts thermal.

Although this is a gross value, it can be considered a minimum, which in itself vindicates all efforts to investigate harnessing it. Underlying drivers and spatial determinants of post-Soviet agricultural land abandonment in temperate Eastern Europe. Our goal was to understand the underlying drivers and spatial determinants of agricultural land abandonment following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent transition from state-command to market-driven economies from to We brought an example of agricultural land -use change Here, we provide an overview of the agricultural changes for the studied countries.

Land abandonment is an important process for the European Union, which primarily occurs in less productive, remote and mountainous areas with unfavourable conditions for agriculture. Future management directions of these abandonment areas are under debate, with increasing calls to adjust policies to. Full Text Available Background: Water samples and some limited composite wheat samples in downstream of miningarea were collected. Water samples were analyzed for chemical parameters according tostandard methods.

Information about possiblehealth effects due to exposure to arsenic was collected through interviews in studied villagesand health center of Herris City. With increasing distance from the mine , concentrationwas decreased. Arsenic was not detectable in any of wheat samples. Fortunately, no healtheffects had been reported between residents of studied area due to exposure to arsenic. Valiloo abandoned arsenic mine has caused release of arsenic to the around environmentof the mine , so arsenic concentration has been increased in the groundwater andalso downstream river that requires proper measures to mitigate spread of arsenic.

Carla Faleiro liked Arttemizza's status update. Carla Faleiro has read. Jan 31, Jan 02, Carla Faleiro wants to read 30 books in the Reading Challenge. Carla Faleiro rated a book it was ok.

A-Z Challenge — members — last activity Dec 05, You try to read a book that the title, author, or both starts with each letter of the alphabet. Your list This is a different type of book challenge. Your list could look something like this: If you are trying to read 50 or books during the year, you can try to get through the alphabet twice. There are a lot of different ways to do this, the point is to have fun!

Marcadores de Livros — 60 members — last activity May 11, Luxembourg Readers United — 11 members — last activity Mar 05, Carla Faleiro has read 0 of 30 books. Vee deduz que Nora e Patch se beijaram, um fato que ela nega. Nesse mesmo tempo, ela encontra o amigo de Patch chamado Rixon no Fliperama do Bo. Com medo por sua vida, Nora liga para Patch pedindo uma carona para casa.

O carro quebra no meio da estrada e eles param em um motel barato. Ela toca nas cicatrizes de suas costas. Ao matar Nora, ele conseguiria matar o seu vassalo Nefilim, Chauncey Langeais, o que faria dele humano.