United Spectrum: The Unity of Nature and the Division of Man

Morris reviews the senses and their common interpretations, such as consciousness, ego, fear, doubt, belief, and biological needs and behaviors. He examines humanity's effects, including the continuation and escalation of war, a growth economy resting on fossil fuels, the abuse of surroundings, and overpopulation. He proposes that aspects of life considered to be humdrum can actually be instead fascinating.

Additionally, his work combines fractal and Euclidean geometry with concepts like nothingness, infinity, and symmetry to show how nature is expressed. It explains the physics of electromagnetism, gravity, spacetime, and quantum mechanics as the singular beauty of nature.

United Spectrum : The Unity of Nature and the Division of Man by Levi Morris (2011, Paperback)

It also explores teaching, its limitations, and describes the relationship between life, death, duality, and unity. Capturing the essence of natural and human behaviors, United Spectrum investigates the universe's unity and beauty, the reasons it's misunderstood, and how this limited view affects the world.

Read more Read less. Here's how restrictions apply. Trafford Publishing February 17, Language: Be the first to review this item Amazon Best Sellers Rank: Start reading United Spectrum: Don't have a Kindle? Try the Kindle edition and experience these great reading features: Thus, it is perhaps not premature to seek a more general theoretical framework within which diversity and unity, in both biologically and culturally evolving systems, can be fruitfully integrated.

Such systems are familiar: A differential equation is simply one that expresses the relationship between a variable and one or more of its derivatives as they change in time, and sometimes space. Differential equations exist in many forms, but in general they are among the fundamental mathematical tools used by physicists: Newton's Laws, Maxwell's Laws, the wave equation and a vast array of other equations central to all branches of physics and biology are expressed as differential equations.

In general, there are an infinite number of specific paths that could satisfy this constraint. If we denote a particular path or form of movement as a function f x , we can ask whether or not this function satisfies the constraint s embodied in the original equation.

In Squirrel Hill’s Aftermath: Unity, Not Division | Michael Starr | The Blogs

Because there are an infinite number of solutions, we can think of this differential equation as defining a vast family of solutions, some of which may be superficially very different, but all of which have in common that they satisfy the constraint defined by the original equation. It is simple, but approximates in a general way many developmental or ecological growth processes. Parameters determining a particular solution include initial conditions and boundary conditions.

Although such a first-order model is obviously trivially simple compared with any actual biological system, it provides a well-understood mathematical metaphor for the kind of formal framework required to conceptually integrate a diversity of surface structure with unity of the underlying process. The parallel with language is clear: Initially, a central task for studies of language diversity will be to find statistical abstractions that encompass the range of linguistic variability cf. The search for universals is akin to the search for a general solution that encompasses all of these particular solutions, and the goal of biolinguistics is to understand, and make explicit, the specific biological constraints that underlie this general solution.

Of course, we expect many such constraints to interact with each other over developmental, historical and evolutionary time [ ]. Chomsky has recently suggested that historical factors, like the Norman Conquest for English, probably play a central role in generating such diversity [ 42 ]. These interacting systems entail dauntingly complex systems of partial differential equations involving genes and the epigenetic control of their expression, brains and their self-wiring depending on the organism and its environment, and individuals as part of cultural systems.

Although at present I offer this parallel as a metaphor, it will become more than that as these systems become better understood. There can be little doubt that the mathematics of biological and cultural change will rely heavily on differential equations. Unfortunately, when it comes to the systems of nonlinear partial differential equations that typify real biological systems, there is no guaranteed way to find general solutions. In complex, real-world examples, nature provides a few examples of particular solutions, and the hard work is to find the constraints underlying such solutions and, perhaps, to discern general solutions.

Systems of interacting nonlinear equations exhibit sensitive dependence on initial conditions, bifurcations and chaos. Understanding the attractors that constitute general solutions in such systems represents a daunting frontier for theoretical biology [ , ]. No one expects such a task to be easy. Equally, no one can deny the fundamental significance of the search. To conclude, I have suggested that progress in understanding the biological constraints underlying human language must, of course, attend to the vast diversity of human languages, which provide crucial insights into the range of particular solutions to the problems language poses.

But such progress also requires a search for universals, in the abstract sense of cross-linguistic generalizations that has always been understood in modern linguistics [ 12 , 41 , 50 , 60 ]. This is equivalent to seeking the general solution encompassing these particular solutions. This search, even when incomplete, will provide essential fodder in the search for the underlying biological constraints. Rejections of the search for universals, based on a few exceptions to some otherwise universal rule, miss the point of this endeavour.

Arguments about whether the constraints are general to cognition, or specific to language or to humans, are in my opinion unlikely to help resolve the substantive biological issues involved in understanding the FLB. Nor will an attempt to divorce cultural processes from linguistic or biological processes help: While drawing distinctions between such categories may prove heuristically useful in some cases, treating them as dichotomies will simply impede progress. Future progress will require integrated discussions of language diversity and the underlying unity of the instinct to learn language.

As the neural and genetic data continue to flow in, we will increasingly need conceptual frameworks encompassing both diversity and unity, rather than dichotomies that polarize them. I thank William D. Fitch, Daniel Everett, Stephen Levinson, the editors and three anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier version.

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This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Human language is both highly diverse—different languages have different ways of achieving the same functional goals—and easily learnable. Introduction Because of its central role in human culture and cognition, language has long been a core concern in discussions about human evolution. Hockett's design features of language, and resulting universals. Open in a separate window. A sampling of linguistic proposals concerning language universals. Jakobson [ 60 ], ch.

General and specific solutions for an ordinary differential equation. Acknowledgements I thank William D. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. The instinct to learn. In The epigenesis of mind: The evolution of language. The evolution of the language faculty: Cognition 97 , — Science , — The development of language. The study of language.

The roots of linguistic organization in a new language. The worlds simplest grammars are Creole grammars. The myth of language universals: The faculty of language: Cognition 95 , — The cultural origins of human cognition. Neurolinguistics 10 , — Issues 47 , 43— Evolution, selection, and cognition: Cognition 31 , 1— Natural language and natural selection. The development of language: Language as shaped by the brain. Function, selection and innateness: Human language as a culturally transmitted replicator.

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In Squirrel Hill’s Aftermath: Unity, Not Division

Phonetic universals in consonant systems. The Squirrel Hill terrorist was an evil individual that operated in this gap. He hated Jews, he hated immigrants, and he even hated Trump, who he apparently claimed was controlled by the Jews. The way to fill in the gaps where extremists, like the shooter, grow is not with more division. Unfortunately, this is what many activists, politicians, and journalists are contributing. Their money should be refused, their presence in synagogues not welcome.

An enabler could be anyone from a supporter to someone who is apolitical, creating a large net of guilt. Shuls are one of the few places where American-Jews of all stripes can meet and treat each other like the fellow citizens and human beings they are. Instead of American-Jews comforting each other over the Pittsburgh tragedy, they would instead cause greater harm to the American diaspora by turning on each other.

This shunning seems to apply to Israelis as well.

David Simon, creator of The Wire, went even further, stating that the Israeli government had blood on its hands, and shared responsibility for the attack. Association with Trump is now enough grounds for exile and expulsion from the Diaspora Jewish community. More than this, Israelis, working with Trump to maintain the existence of Israel and save other Jewish lives, get no consideration for the threats to their own lives.

American Jews, often in the pages of Haaretz, have argued for the inclusion of BDS supporters, anti-Zionists, and terrorist mourners in the Diaspora Jewish community, and have met any allegation by Israelis that those people are threatening Israel with unbridled outrage. Yet now the same newspaper supposes the same in reverse, association with Trump now even worse than even advocating for the destruction of the Jewish state.

They all like Football. They all like Hollywood movies. And Republicans and Democrats both want the US to thrive.