Elymioti (Italian Edition)

This was all too transparent: Perdiccas wanted to be in sole command until the boy had grown up - at least eighteen years. On the other hand, the commander of the phalanx, Meleager, said that Arridaeus was the closest relative of Alexander and should therefore become king. The infantry supported this proposal, because Arridaeus was of Macedonian blood - as Roxane's son could never be. Another reason for the soldier's choice may have been that they wanted the empire to be a unity, whereas Perdiccas and the other cavalry commanders seemed to be aiming at a division of the kingdom.

The situation was tense, as it seemed that Meleager's soldiers wanted to fight for Arridaeus against Perdiccas and his adherents. That would mean a war between infantry and cavalry. Although violence was used and Meleager was killed, the cooler heads on both sides improvised a compromise. Perdiccas was to be regent for king Arridaeus and Roxane's son if the baby were a son, of course. Seeing that this was the only way to prevent civil war, everybody agreed.

At about the same time, he was married to a noblewoman named Eurydice. Our sources are extremely hostile to the queen, but it seems that she sincerely wanted to protect her husband from being used by his regents, and incurred -as a consequence- their everlasting hatred.

Philip Arridaeus was now king, but Perdiccas was the ruler. He issued his own orders under the name of king Philip. This could have worked, but Perdiccas became too powerful, especially when Olympias offered her daughter Cleopatra to the regent. This would make him the brother-in-law of Alexander the Great, and a more direct heir to the throne than Philip Arridaeus, who was, after all, a bastard.

Civil war -the First Diadoch War- broke out in the last months of Perdiccas was attacked from several sides by the satrap of Egypt Ptolemy, the generals Craterus and Antigonus, and Antipater, still the supreme commander of the Macedonian forces in Europe.

A year and a half later, Perdiccas was murdered by his own officers, and a new settlement was necessary This time, the royal family -king Philip, the baby Alexander, Roxane- was placed under the regency of Antipater, and moved to Europe. Eurydice saw that her husband had became a pawn in a game, but her attempts to prevent this were in vain. From now on, Philip Arridaeus was to do what Antipater wanted. When the new regent reorganized the monarchy, he had conspicuously ignored queen Eurydice, who was angry. She did not have to wait very long to get a second chance: He had appointed the reliable old officer Polyperchon as his successor, but his son Cassander felt ignored, and revolted, supported by Eurydice.

Almost immediately, he received the support of Antigonus, who saw a chance to increase his power. This was the beginning of the Second Diadoch War. However, Polyperchon found an ally too. Antigonus was the supreme commander of the Macedonian forces in Asia, but Philip Arridaeus could, of course, appoint another man in this office.

It is not clear how Antipater overcame the opposition by Eurydice, but it worked: This man had earlier fought for Perdiccas and Philip, and now fought for Polyperchon and Philip. Antigonus was occupied with this war until In the meantime, Cassander and Eurydice had expelled Polyperchon and the other members of the royal family Roxane, the boy king Alexander, Olympias. In the Spring of , Antipater's son was recognized as ruler of Macedonia and regent of king Philip Arridaeus. Cassander now advanced to the south, to subdue the towns of the Peloponnese.

Immediately, Olympias and king Aeacidas of Epirus invaded Macedonia. It was not a very powerful coalition, but they could play one trump card: Philip Arridaeus and Eurydice met them at the frontier -Cassander was still campaigning in the Peloponnese- but their entire army deserted them and joined the enemy. Olympias ordered the execution of her stepson Arridaeus and forced Eurydice to commit suicide 25 December Her real name appears to have been Adea Arrian, ap.

She was brought up by her mother, and seems to have been early accustomed by her to those masculine and martial exercises in which Cynane herself delighted Polyaen. She accompanied her mother on her daring expedition to Asia; and when Cynane was put to death by Alcetas, the discontent expressed by the troops, and the respect with which they looked on Eurydice as one of the surviving members of the royal house, induced Perdiccas not only to spare her life, but to give her in marriage to the unhappy king Arrhidaeus Arrian, ap. We hear no more of her during the life of Perdiccas; but after his death her active and ambitious spirit broke forth: But the arrival of her mortal enemy, Antipater, disconcerted her projects: She was now compelled to remain quiet, and accompanied her husband and Antipater to Europe.

But the death of Antipater in , the more feeble character of Polysperchon, who succeeded him as regent, and the failure of his enterprises in Greece, and above all, the favourable disposition he evinced towards Olympias, determined her again to take an active part: Polysperchon advanced against her from Epeirus, accompanied by Aeacides, the king of that country, and Olympias, as well as by Roxana and her infant son.

But the presence of Olympias was alone sufficient to decide the contest: Eurydice fled from the field of battle to Amphipolis, but was seized and made prisoner. She was at first confined, together with her husband, in a narrow dungeon, and scantily supplied with food; but soon Olympias, becoming alarmed at the compassion excited among the Macedonians, determined to get rid of her rival, and sent the young queen in her prison a sword, a rope, and a cup of hemlock, with orders to choose her mode of death. The spirit of Eurydice remained unbroken to the last; she still breathed defiance to Olympias, and prayed that she might soon be requited with the like gifts; then, having paid as well as she could the last duties to her husband, she put an end to her own life by hanging, without giving way to a tear or word of lamentation Diod.

Her body was afterwards removed by Cassander, and interred, together with that of her husband, with royal pomp at Aegae Diod. Perseus Lookup Tool, text search http: Cassander Kassandros , king of Macedonia, and son of Antipater, was 35 years old before his father's death, if we may trust an incidental notice to that effect in Athenaeus, and must, therefore, have been born in or before B.

His first appearance in history is on the occasion of his being sent from Macedonia to Alexander, then in Babylon, to defend his father against his accusers: Allowing for some exaggeration in this story, it is certain that he met with some treatment from Alexander which left on his mind an indelible impression of terror and hatred -a feeling which perhaps nearly as much as ambition urged him afterwards to the destruction of the royal family. The story which ascribed Alexander's death to poison, spoke also of Cassander as the person who brought the deadly water to Babylon. On Polysperchon's being appointed to succeed Antipater in the regency, Cassander was confirmed in the secondary dignity of Chiliarc -an office which had previously been conferred on him by his father- that he might serve as a check on Antigonus, when B.

Being, however, dissatisfied with this arrangement, he strengthened himself by an alliance with Ptolemy Lagi and Antigonus, and entered into war with Polysperchon. The failure of Polysperchon at Megalopolis, in the same year, had the effect of bringing over most of the Greek states to Cassander, and Athens also surrendered to him, on condition that she should keep her city, territory, revenues, and ships, only continuing the ally of the conqueror, who should be allowed to retain Munychia till the end of the war.

He at the same time settled the Athenian constitution by establishing 10 minae half the sum that had been appointed by Antipater as the qualification for the full rights of citizenship; and the union of clemency and energy which his general conduct exhibited, is said to have procured him many adherents. While, however, he was successfully advancing his cause in the south, intelligence reached him that Eurydice and her husband Arrhidaeus had fallen victims to the vengeance of Olympias, who had also murdered Cassander's brother Nicanor, together with of his principal friends, and had even torn from its tomb the corpse of Iollas, another brother of his, by whom she asserted the story being now probably propagated for the first time , that Alexander had been poisoned.

Cassander immediately raised the siege of Tegea, in which he was engaged, and hastened with all speed into Macedonia, though he thereby left the Peloponnesus open to Polysperchon's son, and cutting off from Olympias all hope of aid from Polysperchon and Aeacides, besieged her in Pydna throughout the winter of B. In the spring of the ensuing year she was obliged to surrender, and Cassander shortly after caused her to be put to death in defiance of his positive agreement.

The way now seemed open to him to the throne of Macedon, and in furtherance of the attainment of this object of his ambition, he placed Roxana and her young son, Alexander Aegus, in custody at Amphipolis, not thinking it safe as yet to murder them, and ordered that they should no longer be treated as royal persons. He also connected himself with the regal family by a marriage with Thessalonica, half-sister to Alexander the Great, in whose honour he founded, probably in , the town which bore her name; and to the same time, perhaps, we may refer the foundation of Cassandreia in Pallene, so called after himself Strab.

Returning now to the south, he stopped in Boeotia and began the restoration of Thebes in the 20th year after its destruction by Alexander B. Thence advancing into the Peloponnesus, he retook most of the towns which the son of Polysperchon had gained in his absence; and soon after he succeeded also in attaching Polysperchon himself and Alexander to his cause, and withdrawing them from that of Antigonus, against whom a strong coalition had been formed. In the same year Cassainder made one more step towards the throne, by the murder of the young king and his mother Roxana.

At this time the only places held by Cassander in Greece were Athens, Corinth, and Sicyon, the two latter of which were betrayed to Ptolemy by Cratesipolis, in B. During the siege of Rhodes by Demetrius in , Cassander sent supplies to the besieged, and took advantage of Demetrius being thus employed to assail again the Grecian cities, occupying Corinth with a garrison under Prepelaus, and laying siege to Athens. Cassander first endeavoured to obtain peace by an application to Antigonus, and then failing in this, he induced Lysimachus to effect a diversion by carrying the war into Asia against Antigonus, and sent also to Seleucus and Ptolemy for assistance.

Meanwhile Demetrius, with far superior forces remained unaccountably inactive in Thessaly, till, being summoned to his father's aid, he concluded a hasty treaty with Cassander, providing nominally for the independence of all Greek cities, and passed into Asia, B. In the next year, , the decisive battle of Ipsus, in which Antigonus and Demetrius were defeated and the former slain, relieved Cassander from his chief cause of apprehension.

After the battle, the four kings Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus divided among them the dominions of Antigonus as well as what they already possessed ; and in this division Macedonia and Greece were assigned to Cassander. The island, however, was delivered by Agathocles of Syracuse, who compelled Cassander to withdraw from it.

Not being able therefore to succeed by force of arms, Cassander encouraged Lachares to seize the tyranny of Athens, whence however Demetrius expelled him; and Cassander's plans were cut short by his death, which was caused by dropsy in the autumn of B. It will have appeared from the above account that there was no act, however cruel and atrocious, from which Cassander ever shrunk where the objects he had in view required it; and yet this man of blood, this ruthless and unscrupulous murderer, was at the same time a man of refinement and of cultivated literary tastes,--one who could feel the beauties of Homer, and who knew his poems by heart.

She was married first to Alexander, the son of Cassander, king of Macedonia, and after his death to Agathocles, the son of Lysimachu. By this second marriage which took place, according to Pausanias, after the return of Lysimachus from his expedition against the Getae, B. The latter in consequence marched against Lysiimachus, who was defeated and slain in battle B.

Βιογραφίες ΚΕΝΤΡΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ (Περιφέρεια) ΕΛΛΑΔΑ - GTP

From an expression of Pausanias, it appears that Lysandra must at this time have accompanied Seleucus, and was possessed of much influence, but in the confusion that followed the death of Seleucus a few months after we hear no more either of her or her children. Alexandros , king of Macedonia, the son of Alexander the Great and Roxana, was born shortly after the death of his father, in B. He was acknowledged as the partner of Philip Arrhidaeus in the empire, and was under the guardianship of Perdiccas, the regent, till the death of the latter in B.

He was then for a short time placed under the guardianship of Pithon and the general Arrhidaeus, and subsequently under that of Antipater, who conveyed him with his mother Roxana, and the king Philip Arrhidaeus and his wife to Macedonia in On the death of Antipater in , the government fell into the hands of Polysperchon; but Eurydice, the wife of Philip Arrhidaeus, began to form a powerful party in Macedonia in opposition to Polysperchon; and Roxana, dreading her influence, fled with her son Alexander into Epeirus, where Olympias had lived for a long time.

At the instigation of Olympias, Aeacides, king of Epeirus, made common cause with Polysperchon, and restored the young Alexander to Macedonia in Eurydice and her husband were put to death, and the supreme power fell into the hands of Olympias xix. But in the following year Cassander obtained possession of Macedonia, put Olympias to death, and imprisoned Alexander and his mother. They remained in prison till the general peace made in , when Alexander's title to the crown was recognized. Many of his partizans demanded that he should be immediately released from prison and placed upon the throne.

Cassander therefore resolved to get rid of so dangerous a rival, and caused him and his mother Roxana to be murdered secretly in prison B. Deinocrates Deinocrates, a most distinguished Macedonian architect in the time of Alexander the Great. Lysimachus Lusimachos , king of Thrace. He was a Macedonian by birth according to Arrian, a native of Pella , but not by origin, his father, Agathocles, having been originally a Penest or serf of Cranon in Thessaly, who had insinuated himself by his flatteries into the good graces of Philip of Macedon, and risen to a high place in his favour.

Lysimachus himself was early distinguished for his undaunted courage, as well as for his great activity and strength of body, qualities to which he probably owed his appointment to the important post of one of the somatophulakes, officers immediately about the person of Alexander. But though we find him early attaining this distinction, and he is frequently mentioned as in close attendance on the king, he does not seem to have been readily entrusted with any separate command, or with the conduct of any enterprise of importance, as was so often the case with Ptolemy, Perdiccas, Leonnatus, and others of the same officers.

Hence it would appear that Alexander deemed him more qualified for a soldier than a general. We are told by Q. Curtius that Lysimachus, when hunting in Syria, had killed a lion of immense size single-handed, though not without receiving severe wounds in the contest; and this circumstance that writer regards as the origin of a fable gravely related by Justin, Plutarch, Pliny, and other authors, that on account of sonic offence, Lysimachus had been shut up by order of Alexander in the same den with a lion; but though unarmed, had succeeded in destroying the animal, and was pardoned by the king in consideration of his courage.

In the division of the provinces, after the death of Alexander, Thrace and the neighbouring countries as far as the Danube were assigned to Lysinmachus, an important government, which lie is said to have obtained in consequence of his well-known valour, as being deemed the most competent to cope with the warlike barbarians that bordered that country on the north. Nor was it long before he had occasion to prove the justice of this opinion; he had scarcely arrived in his government when he was called upon to oppose Seuthes, king of the Odrysians, who had assembled a large army, with which he was preparing to assert his independence.

In the first battle Lysimachus obtained a partial victory, notwithstanding a great disparity of force; but we know nothing of the subsequent events of the war. It seems probable, however, that he was for some time much occupied with hostilities against the Odrysians and other barbarian tribes; and that it was this circumstance which prevented him from taking any active part in the wars which arose between the other generals of Alexander. But during the seven years which he thus spent in apparent inactivity, it is clear that he had not only consolidated his power, but extended his dominion as far as the mouths of the Danube, and occupied with his gar risons the Greek cities along the western shores of the Euxine.

Still we do not hear of his taking any active part in the hostilities that ensued, until he was aroused by the revolt of thie Greek cities on the Euxine, Callatia, Istrus, and Odessus. He thereupon immediately crossed the Haemus with an army, defeated the forces of the Scythian and Thracian tribes, which the Greeks had called in to their assistance, as well as a fleet and army sent by Antigonus to their support, and successively reduced all the three cities. By the general peace of , Lysimachus was confirmed in the possession of Thrace including, apparently, his recent acquisitions on the north , but without any farther accession of territory.

In he founded the city of Lysinmachia, on the Hellespont, not far from the site of Cardia, great part of the inhabitants of which he compelled to remove to the new settlement. Three years afterwards B. We hear no more of Lysimachus for some time: Thus in we find them both sending supplies of corn to the relief of the Rhodians, at that time besieged by Demetrius Id.

They accordingly sent ambassadors to Ptolemy and Seleucus, who were easily persnaded to join the proposed league; and in the meatime they both took the field in person; Cassander to oppose Demetrius in Greece, while Lysimachus, with a large army, invaded Asia Minor. His sac cesses were at first rapid: On the advance of Antigonus, however, he determined to confine himself to the defensive, and not risk a general engagement until lie should have been joined by Seleucus: Before the close of the winter Seleucus arrived in Cappadocia, while Demetrius, on the other side, with the army which lie brought from Greece, recovered possession of the chief towns on the Hellespont.

All particulars of the campaign of the following year are lost to us; we know only that in the course of the spring Lysimachus effected his junction with Seleucus; and Demetrius, on the other hand, united his forces with those of Antigonus; and that early in the summer of B. The battle that ensued was deeisive: Antigonus himself fell on the field, and Demetrius, with the shatered remnant of his forces, fled direct to Ephesus, and from thence embarked for Greece. The conquerors immediately proceeded to divide between them the dominions of the vanquished; and Lysimachus obtained for his share all that part of Asia Minor extending from the Hellespont and the Aegaean to the heart of Phrygia; but the boundary between his dominions and those of Seleucus in the latter quarter is nowhere clearly indicated.

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Concerning the extent of Lysimachus' dominions, see Droysen, Hellenism. The power of Lysimachus was thus firmly established, and he remained from this time in undisputed possession of the dominions thus acquired, until shortly before his death. During the whole of this period his attention seems to have been steadily directed to the strengthening and consolidation of his power, rather than to the extension of his dominions.

His naturally avaricious disposition led him to accumulate vast treasures, for which the possession of the rich gold and silver mines of Thrace gave him peculiar advantages, and lie was termed in derision, by the flatterers of his rival, "the treasurer gaxophulax. At the same time he sought, after the fashion of other other contemporary monarchs, to strengthen his footing in his newly-acquired dominions in Asia by the foundation of new cities, or at least by the enlargement and re-establishment of those previously existing. Thus, lie rebuilt Antigonia, a colony founded by his rival Antigonus, on the Ascanian lake, and gave to it the name of Nicaea, in honour of his first wife: New Hium and Alexandria Troas are also mentioned as entitled to him for improvements which almost entitled him to rank as their founder.

Meanwhile, Lysinmachus was not indifferent to the events that were passing around him. With Macedonia his frieadly relations continued unbroken until the death of Cassander B. The dissensions between the brothers however, having eventually opened the way for Demetrius to seat himself on the throne of Macedonia, Lysimachus found himself involved in a war with that monarch, but was content to purchase peace by abandoning the claims of his son-in-law, whom he soon after put to death, either to gratify Demetrius, or from displeasure at the indignant remonstrances of the young man himself.

We are told that Lysimachus was compelled to conclude this disadvantageous peace, because he was at the time embarrassed by the hostilities in which he was engaged on his northern frontier with the Getae. We know little of the circumstances which led to this war B.

Πληροφορίες τοπωνυμίου

If so, he was deservedly punished by the series of disasters that followed. His son Agathocles, who had led an army into the enemy's territory, was defeated and taken prisoner, but generously set at liberty and sent back to Lysimachus. Notwithstanding this the king soon assembled a more powerful army, with which he crossed the Danube and penetrated into the heart of the country of the Getae; but he was soon reduced to the greatest distress by want of provisions, and ultimately compelled to surrender with his whole army.

Dromichaetes, king of the Getae, treated him with the utmost generosity, and after gently reproaching him with his unprovoked aggression, restored him at once to his liberty. The success of their arms was owing not so much to their own exertions as to the disaffection of the Macedonian soldiers. Demetrius, abandoned by his own troops, was compelled to seek safety in flight, and the conquerors obtained undisputed possession of Macedonia, B. Lysimachus was compelled for a time to permit Pyrrhus to seat himself on the vacant throne, and to rest contented with the acquisition of the territories on the river Nestus, on the borders of Thrace and Macedonia.

He soon after appears to have found an opportunity to annex Paeonia to his dominions; and it was not long before he was able to accomplish the object at which he was evidently aiming, and effect the expulsion of Pyrrhus from his newly acquired kingdom of Macedonia, B. For this result Lysimachus appears to have been indebted mainly to the influence exercised upon the Macedeonians by his name and reputation as one of the veteran generals and companions of Alexander. Lysimachus now found himself in possession of all the dominions in Europe that had formed part of the Macedonian monarchy, as well as of the greater part of Asia Minor.

The captivity of Demetrius soon after delivered him from his most formidable enemy; and, in order still farther to secure himself from any danger in that quarter, he is said to have repeatedly urged upon Seleucus the ungenerous advice to put his prisoner at once to death. But the course of events had now rendered Lysimachus and Seleucus themselves rivals, and, instead of joining against any common foe, all their suspicions and apprehensions were directed henceforth towards one another. This naturally led the former to draw yet closer the bonds of his alliance with Egypt.

The few remaining events of the reign of Lysimachus were for the most part connected with his private relations; and the dark domestic tragedy that clouded his declining years led also to the downfal of his empire. It was not long before she exerted it to much worse purpose. The young prince, Agathocles, had long been the object of her enmity, and she sought to poison the mind of the aged king against him, by representing him as forming designs against the life of Lysimachus. She found a ready auxiliary in her stepbrother, Ptolemy Ceraunus, who had just arrived as a fugitive at the court of Lysimachus; and the king was at length induced to listen to their representations, and consent to the death of his unhappy son, who perished, according to one account, by poison, while others state him to have fallen by the hand of Ptolemy himself.

The consequences of this bloody deed proved fatal to Lysimachus: The latter also was not slow to cross into Asia, [p. The two monarchs--the last survivors of the warriors and companions of Alexander, and both of them above seventy years of age--met in the plain of Corus Corupedion ; and in the battle that ensued Lysimachus fell by the hand of Malacon, a native of Heracleia B. His body was given up to his son, Alexander, and interred by him at Lysimachia. The age of Lysimachus at the time of his death is variously stated: Hieronymus of Cardia, probably the best authority, affirms that he was in his 80th year ap.

Justin, on the contrary, makes him 74; and Appian l. He had reigned 25 years from the period of his assuming the title of king, and had governed the combined kingdoms of Macedonia and Thrace during a period of five years and six months. The accounts transmitted to us of Lysimachus are too fragmentary and imperfect to admit of our forming a very clear idea of his personal character; but the picture which they would lead us to conceive is certainly far from a favourable one: Even his love for Amastris, one of the few softer traits presented by his character, did not prevent him from sacrificing her to the views of his interested ambition.

Self-aggrandisement indeed seems to have been at all times his sole object; and if his ambition was less glaringly conspicuous than that of some of his contemporaries, from being more restrained by prudence, it was not the less his sole motive of action, and was even farther removed from true greatness.

Lysimachus was by his various wives the father of a numerous family: Justin indeed states xvii. Besides Agathocles, whose fate has been already mentioned, we hear of six children of Lysimachus who survived him; viz. Alexander, who, as well as Agathocles, was the offspring of an Odrysian woman named Macris.

Arsinoe, the wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, a daughter of Lysimachus and Nicaea. Eurydice probably also a daughter of Nicaea , married to Antipater, the son of Cassander.

Βιογραφίες (239)

The three last were all sons of Arsinoe, and shared for a time their mother's fortunes. One other daughter is mentioned as married, during her father's lifetime, to Dromichaetes, king of the Getae. The coins of Lysimachus are very numerous, and those in gold and silver remarkable for the beauty of their workmanship. They all bear on the obverse the head of Alexander, represented with horns, as the son of Ammon. Soon after the death of Cassander B.

Antipater, believing that Alexander was favoured by his mother, put her to death. The younger brother upon this applied for aid at once to Pyrrhus of Epeirus and Demetrius Poliorcetes. Pyrrhus arrived first, and, exacting from Alexander a considerable portion of Macedonia as his reward, obliged Antipater to fly before him. According to Plutarch, Lysimachus, king of Thrace, Antipater's father-in-law, attempted to dissuade Pyrrhus from further hostilities by a forged letter purporting to come from Ptolemy Soter.

The forgery was detected, but Pyrrhus seems notwithstanding to have withdrawn after settling matters between the brothers; soon after which Demetrius arrived. Justin, who says nothing of Pyrrhus, tells us, that Lysimachus, fearing the interference of Demetrius, advised a reconciliation between Antipater and Alexander. On the murder of Alexander by Demetrius, the latter appears, according to Plutarch, to have been made king of all Macedonia, to the exclusion at once of Antipater. According to Justin, Lysimachus conciliated Demetrius by putting him in possession of Antipater's portion of the kingdom, and murdered Antipater, who appears to have fled to him for refuge.

The murder seems, from Diodorus, to have been owing to the instigation of Demetrius Plut. Eurydice, a daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, who gave her in marriage to Antipater, son of Cassander, king of Macedonia, when the latter invoked his assistance against his brother Alexander. After the murder of Antipater, she was condemned by her father to perpetual imprisonment. He was distinguished when a young man for his affectionate attachment to his parents, and he and Antigonus continued, throughout the life of the latter, to present a rare example of unanimity.

While yet very young, he was married to Phila, the daughter of Antipater and widow of Craterus, a woman of the noblest character, but considerably older than himself, in consequence of which it was not without difficulty that he was persuaded by Antigonus to consent to the match Plut. He accompanied his father in his campaigns against Eumenes, and commanded the select body of cavalrv called etairoi at the battle in Gabiene B.

The following year he commanded the whole right wing of the army of Antigonus in the second battle of Gabiene Id. Two years afterwards, he was left by Antigonus in the chief command of Syria, while the latter proceeded to carry on the war in Asia Minor. In the spring of B. This reverse compelled him to abandon Tyre and the whole of Syria, which fell into the hands of Ptolemy, and Demetrius retired into Cilicia, but soon after in part retrieved his disaster, by surprising Cilles who had been sent against him by Ptolemy on his march near Myus, and taking him and his whole army prisoners Diod.

He was now joined by Antigonus, and Ptolemy immediately gave way before them. Demetrius was next employed by his father in an expedition against the Nabathaean Arabs, and in a more important one to recover Babylon, which had been lately occupied by Seleucus. This he accomplished with little difficulty, but did not complete his work, and without waiting to reduce one of the forts or citadels of Babylon itself, he left a force to continue the siege, and returned to join Antigonus, who almost immediately afterwards concluded peace with the confederates, B.

This did not last long, and Ptolemy quickly renewed the war, which was however almost confined to maritime operations on the coasts of Cilicia and Cyprus, in which Demetrius, who commanded the fleet of Antigonus, obtained many successes.

In he was despatched by his father with a powerful fleet and army to endeavour to wrest Greece from the hands of Cassander and Ptolemy, who held all the principal towns in it, notwithstanding that the freedom of the Greek cities had been expressly guaranteed by the treaty of He first directed his course to Athens, where he was received with enthusiasm by the people as their liberator. Demetrius the Phalerean, who had in fact governed the city for Cassander during the last ten years, was expelled, and the fort at Munychia taken. Megara was also reduced, and its liberty proclaimed; after which Demetrius took up his abode for the winter at Athens, where he was received with the most extravagant flatteries: It was at this time also that he married Eurydice.

From Athens Demetrius was recalled by his father to take the command of the war in Cyprus against Ptolemy. He invaded that island with a powerful fleet and army, defeated Ptolemy's brother, Menelaus, who held possession of the island, and shut him up in Salamis, which he besieged closely both by sea and land. Ptolemy himself advanced with a numerous fleet to the relief of his brother; but Demetrius was prepared for his approach, and a great sea-fight ensued, in which, after an obstinate contest, Demetrius was entirely victorious: Ptolemy lost ships of war, besides transports; and his naval power, which had hitherto been regarded as invincible, was utterly annihilated B.

Menelaus immediately afterwards surrendered his army and the whole of Cyprus into the hands of Demetrius. It was after this victory that Antigonus for the first time assumed the title of king, which he bestowed also at the same time upon his son,--an example quickly followed by their rival monarchs Diod.

Demetrius now for a time gave himself up to luxury and revelry in Cyprus. Among other prisoners that had fallen into his hands in the late victory was the noted courtezan, Lamia, who, though no longer in the prime of her youth, soon obtained the greatest influence over the young king Plut. From these enjoyments he was, however, soon compelled to rouse himself, in order to take part with Antigonus in his expedition against Egypt: In the following year B. The siege which followed is rendered one of the most memorable in ancient history, both by the vigorous and able resistance of the besieged, and by the extraordinary efforts made by Demetrius, who displayed on this occasion in their full extent that fertility of resource and ingenuity in devising new methods of attack, which earned for him the surname of Poliorcetes.

The gigantic machines with which he assailed the walls, the largest of which was called the Helepolis or city-taker, were objects of admiration in succeeding ages. But all his exertions were unavailing, and after the siege had lasted above a year, he was at length induced to conclude a treaty, by which the Rhodians engaged to support Antigonus and Demetrius in all cases, except against Ptolemy, B. This treaty was brought about by the intervention of envoys from Athens; and thither Demetrius immediately hastened, to relieve the Athenians, who were at this time hard pressed by Cassander.

Landing at Aulis, he quickly made himself master of Chalcis, and compelled Cassander not only to raise the siege of Athens, but to evacuate all Greece south of Thermopylae. He now again took up his winter-quarters at Athens, where he was received as before with the most extravagant flatteries, and again gave himself up to the most unbounded licentiousness. With the spring of he hastened to resume the work of the liberation of Greece.

Sicyon, Corinth, Argos, and all the smaller towns of Arcadia and Achaia, which were held by garrisons for Ptolemy or Cassander, successively fell into his hands; and it seems probable that he even extended his expeditions as far as Leucadia and Corcyra. The liberty of all the separate states was proclaimed; but, at a general assembly held at Corinth, Demetrius received the title of commander-in-chief of all Greece egemon tes Hellados , the same which had been formerly bestowed upon Philip and Alexander.

At Argos, where he made a considerable stay, he married a third wife -Deidameia, sister of Pyrrhus, king of Epeirus- though both Phila and Eurydice were still living. The debaucheries in which he indulged during his stay at Athens, where he again spent the following winter, and even within the sacred precincts of the Parthenon, where he was lodged, were such as to excite general indignation; but nothing could exceed the meanness and servility of the Athenians towards him, which was such as to provoke at once his wonder and contempt.

A curious monument of their abject flattery remains to us in the Ithyphallic hymn preserved by Athenaeus vi. All the laws were, at the same time, violated in order to allow him to be initiated in the Eleusinian mysteries Plut. The next year B. This inactivity came at a critical time: Cassander had already concluded a league with Lysimachus, who invaded Asia, while Seleucus advanced from the East to co-operate with him. Antigonus was obliged to summon Demetrius to his support, who concluded a hasty treaty with Cassander, and crossed over into Asia. The following year their combined forces were totally defeated by those of Lysimachus and Seleucus in the great battle of Ipsus, and Antigonus himself slain, B.

Demetrius, to whose impetuosity the loss of the battle would seem to be in great measure owing, fled to Ephesus, and from thence set sail for Athens: His fortunes were still by no means hopeless: By this alliance Demetrius obtained the possession of Cilicia, which he was allowed to wrest from the hands of Pleistarchus, brother of Cassander; but his refusal to cede the important towns of Tyre and Sidon, disturbed the harmony between him and Seleucus, though it did not at the time lead to an open breach Plut. We know nothing of the negotiations which led to the conclusion of a treaty between Demetrius and Ptolemy almost immediately after the alliance between the former and Seleucus, but the effect of these several treaties was the maintenance of peace for a space of near four years.

During this interval Cassander was continually gaining ground in Greece, where Demetrius had lost all his possessions; but in B. His efforts were at first unsuccessful; his fleet was wrecked, and he himself badly wounded in an attempt upon Messene. But the death of Cassander gave a new turn to affairs. Demetrius made himself master of Aegina, Salamis, and other points around Athens, and finally of that city itself, after a long blockade which had reduced the inhabitants to the last extremities of famine B.

Lachares, who from a demagogue had made himself tyrant of Athens, escaped to Thebes, and Demetrius had the generosity to spare all the other inhabitants. He, however, retained possession of Munychia and the Peiraeeus, and subsequently fortified and garrisoned the hill of the Museum Plut. His arms were next directed against the Spartans, whom he defeated, and laid siege to their city, which seemed on the point of falling into his hands, when he was suddenly called away by the state of affairs in Macedonia. Here the dissensions between Antipater and Alexander, the two sons of Cassander, had led the latter to call in foreign aid to his support; and he sent embassies at once to Demetrius and to Pyrrhus, who had been lately reinstated in his kingdom of Epeirus.

Pyrrhus was the nearest at hand, and had already defeated Antipater and established Alexander on the throne of Macedonia, when Demetrius, unwilling to lose such an opportunity of aggrandizement, arrived with his army. He was received with apparent friendliness, but mutual jealousies quickly arose. Demetrius was informed that the young king had formed designs against his life, which he anticipated by causing him to be assassinated at a banquet. He was immediately afterwards acknowledged as king by the Macedonian army, and proceeded at their head to take possession of his new sovereignty, B.

While Demetrius had by this singular revolution become possessed of a kingdom in Europe, he had lost all his former possessions in Asia: Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy having taken advantage of his absence in Greece to reduce Cilicia, Cyprus, and the cities which he had held on the coasts of Phoenicia and Asia Minor. He, however, concluded a peace with Lysimachus, by which the latter yielded to him the remaining portion of Macedonia, and turned his whole attention to the affairs of Greece.

Here the Boeotians had taken up arms, supported by the Spartans under Cleonymus, but were soon defeated, and Thebes taken after a short siege, but treated with mildness by Demetrius. After his return to Macedonia he took advantage of the absence of Lysimachus and his captivity among the Getae to invade Thrace; but though he met with little opposition there, he was recalled by the news of a fresh insurrection in Boeotia.

To this he speedily put an end, repulsed Pyrrhus, who had attempted by invading Thessaly to effect a diversion in favour of the Boeotians, and again took Thebes after a siege protracted for nearly a year B. He had again the humanity to spare the city, and put to death only thirteen others say only ten of the leaders of the revolt Plut.

Pyrrhus was now one of the most formidable enemies of Demetrius, and it was against that prince and his allies the Aetolians that he next directed his arms. But while he himself invaded and ravaged Epeirus almost without opposition, Pyrrhus gained a great victory over his lieutenant Pantauchus in Aetolia; and the next year, Demetrius being confined by a severe illness at Pella, Pyrrhus took advantage of the opportunity to overrun a great part of Macedonia, which he, however, lost again as quickly, the moment Demetrius was recovered Plut.

It was about this time that Demetrius concluded an alliance with Agathocles, king of Syracuse, whose daughter Lanassa, the wife of Pyrrhus, had previously surrendered to him the important island of Corcyra Plut. But it was towards the East that the views of Demetrius were mainly directed: These were on a most gigantic scale: But before he was ready to take the field, his adversaries, alarmed at his preparations, determined to forestall him.

But Demetrius's greatest danger was from the disaffection of his own subjects, whom he had completely alienated by his proud and haughty bearing, and his lavish expenditure on his own luxuries. He first marched against Lysimachus, but alarmed at the growing discontent among his troops, he suddenly returned to face Pyrrhus, who had advanced as far as Beraea.

This was a most unfortunate step: Pyrrhus was at this time the hero of the Macedonians, who no sooner met him than they all declared in his favour, and Demetrius was obliged to fly from his camp in disguise, and with difficulty made his escape to Cassandreia Plut. His affairs now appeared to be hopeless, and even his wife Phila, who had frequently supported and assisted him in his adversities, now poisoned herself in despair. But Demetrius himself was far from desponding; he was still master of Thessaly and some other parts of Greece, though Athens had again shaken off his yoke: Here he was received by Eurydice, wife of Ptolemy, whose daughter Ptolemais had been promised him in marriage as early as B.

Demetrius at first obtained many successes; but the advance of Agathocles with a powerful army compelled him to retire. He now threw himself boldly into the interior of Asia, having conceived the daring project of establishing himself in the eastern provinces of Seleucus. But his troops refused to follow him. He then passed over into Cilicia, and after various negotiations with Seleucus, and having suffered the greatest losses and privations from famine and disease, he found himself abandoned by his troops and even by his most faithful friends, and had no choice but to surrender himself a prisoner to Seleucus B.

That king appears to have been at first disposed to treat him with honour, but took alarm at his popularity with the army, and sent him as a prisoner to the Syrian Chersonesus. Here he was confined at one of the royal residences, where he had the liberty of hunting in the adjoining park, and does not seem to have been harshly treated. Seleucus even professed an intention of restoring him to liberty, and indignantly rejected the proposal of Lysimachus to put him to death; but the restless spirit of Demetrius could ill brook confinement, and he gave himself up without restraint to the pleasures of the table, which brought on an illness that proved fatal.

His death took place in the third year of his imprisonment and the fifty-fifth of his age, B. His remains were sent by Seleucus with all due honours to his son Antigonus, who interred them at Demetrias in Thessaly, a city which he had himself founded. There can be no doubt that Demetrius was one of the most remarkable characters of his age: His life was in consequence a continued succession of rapid and striking vicissitudes of fortune. It has been seen that he was guilty of some great crimes, though on the whole he can be charged perhaps with fewer than any one of his contemporaries; and he shewed in several instances a degree of humanity and generosity very rarely displayed at that period.

His besetting sin was his unbounded licentiousness, a vice in which, says Plutarch, he surpassed all his contemporary monarchs. Besides Lamia and his other mistresses, he was regularly married to four wives, Phila, Eurydice, Deidameia, and Ptolemais, by whom he left four sons. The eldest of these, Antigonus Gonatas, eventually succeeded him on the throne of Macedonia. According to Plutarch, Demetrius was remarkable for his beauty and dignity of countenance. An overview of all articles on the Diadochi on this website can be found here.

The significance of the battle of Ipsus , in which Antigonus Monophthalmus and Demetrius Poliorcetes were defeated, is that from now on, the unification of Alexander's empire was for once and for all impossible. The victors immediately divided the Asian territories of Antigonus: Lysimachus took large parts of what is now Turkey , although the southern parts Lycia and Cilicia were given to a brother of Cassander, Pleistarchus.

Seleucus received Syria , Phoenicia and Palestine, but discovered that large parts were in the meantime occupied by Ptolemy. They would be a major bone of contention between the Seleucids and Ptolemies in the third century. By now, three large states were in the making: However, there was one disturbing element, Demetrius.

He had escaped from Ipsus and still controlled large parts of the Peloponnese. But his popularity had diminished, because he had conscripted many men from the member states of the Greek League. On the other hand, he still commanded a large navy and was master of the Nesiotic League and Cyprus. He was some sort of pirate king. Cassander and Lysimachus had reason to fear the presence of the man in the region, and Ptolemy's Phoenicia lay dangerously exposed to his attacks.

The three men concluded a treaty, which was confirmed by marriage Ptolemy's daughter Arsinoe was married to Lysimachus, and Lysandra was given to Lysander's son Agathocles. Another reason for this alliance may have been Ptolemy's fear that Seleucus would try to drive him out of Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine. He was already building new cities like Seleucia and Antioch in the neighborhood.

Seleucus had nothing to fear from Demetrius, but understood that Ptolemy was preparing a war. He now allied himself to Demetrius and married to his daughter Stratonice Demetrius was now sufficiently covered, and expelled Cassander's brother from Lycia and Cilicia At the same time, Seleucus raided Samaria in Palestine. Cassander was dying and could not intervene, and Ptolemy was so impressed by Demetrius and Seleucus, that he accepted a treaty. Meanwhile, the Greeks had forgotten their alliance with Demetrius.

For example, Athens had concluded a peace treaty with Cassander.

Translation of «palizzata» into 25 languages

This offered Demetrius a pretext to intervene in Greece , and in he started to besiege Athens , which surrendered in This time, the conqueror had lost his patience: He continued to the Peloponnese, where he reestablished his power in The real object of Demetrius' return to Europe, however, was not Greece, but Macedonia. In Cassander had died. Only a few people mourned for the man who had provoked the Second Diadoch War, killed the Macedonian royal house, and occupied Greece with garrisons. He was succeeded by his son Philip IV, who died within two months of natural causes.

His two brothers now divided the kingdom: Antipater received the western and Alexander the eastern half the river Axios being the border. As was to be expected, they immediately started to quarrel. Alexander felt threatened, and in invited two men to come to his assistance: Demetrius and Pyrrhus, an Epirote prince who had been made king of Epirus by Ptolemy Pyrrhus was the first to intervene.

In , he invaded Macedonia, restored the balance of power between the two brothers, and received Ambracia, a town in western Greece that had been occupied by the Macedonians, in return. It became the new capital of Epirus. By now, Demetrius had returned from the Peloponnese and was entering Macedonia. King Alexander went out to greet him and thank him for nothing , and tried to kill his powerful neighbor. However, Demetrius discovered the plan, and had instead Alexander killed. Almost immediately, the Macedonian army proclaimed Demetrius king. He went on to attack the second brother, Antipater, who fled to Lysimachus.

However, Demetrius had to pay for his success. He had given up positions in Asia, which were immediately seized by Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy. The first one helped himself to the towns on the west coast of what is now called Turkey , the second one seized large parts of Cilicia , and the third one occupied Cyprus , Lycia and eastern Cilicia Demetrius did not really care, and conquered the remaining parts of Greece. The only parts which he did not possess were Sparta in the extreme south and Aetolia in the west.

When Demetrius invaded the last-mentioned country, Pyrrhus came to the help of the Aetolians and defeated one of the enemy's generals. However, when he decided that he was now strong enough to invade Macedonia, he was soundly defeated In the last weeks of the year, the two kings signed a peace treaty. Although Demetrius' kingdom was smaller than that of Lysimachus, Ptolemy or Seleucus, he was the strongest of the four monarchs: Moreover, he could count on the Greeks. As usual, power provoked resistance, and his three competitors allied themselves against Demetrius, and agreed to attack him, to prevent an attack by him.

Ptolemy would send his navy into the Aegean Sea, and Lysimachus was to invade Macedonia, together with Pyrrhus. Seleucus, whose territories did not border on Demetrius's, gave moral support. At this moment, the Macedonians revolted against their king It is not exactly clear why, but it is tempting to suppose that they were shocked by Demetrius' oriental court and the forced conscription, which must have shocked them after the quiet last years of Cassander.

The revolt must have broken Demetrius, who knew that he would lose his kingdom if he stayed in Macedonia. Therefore, he installed his son Antigonus Gonatas as governor of Greece, and decided to launch an all-out attack in the east. It was a desperate gamble, but he hoped to defeat the troops of Lysimachus in Turkey, which would force him to look to the east instead of Macedonia. If Demetrius could also defeat Seleucus, he could break through to the eastern satrapies, gather troops, and come back with a large force.

During the Second Diadoch War, Eumenes had done the same, and had caused a lot of trouble to Antigonus. The first stage of this campaign was a success: Now, he emulated Alexander and started his march against the king of Asia. However, his soldiers, who won a victory over Seleucus in Cilicia, felt that they were expatriated under false pretenses, and became unquiet. Even worse, Lysimachus' general, his son Agathocles, dogged Demetrius' army. Late in , most of his men deserted him, and ultimately, Demetrius was forced to surrender. He was taken captive by Seleucus and treated kindly.

His host may have wanted to use his father-in-law as a tool against Lysimachus, but Demetrius was unable to wait. The last of the generation of warrior kings drank himself to death The future was to the more stable monarchies of Ptolemy and Seleucus. But his immediate inheritance was a war between Lysimachus and Pyrrhus: Lives, by Plutarch http: King of Macedonia , son of Demetrios Poliorketes.

When his father died in he took the throne, and was to fight for his title as king many times. He was an educated man and had received his schooling in Athens. One of his teachers was Zeno of Citium. In BC he defeated the Celts, but three years later he was driven away by Pyrrhus. He could return soon, though, since Pyrrhus died in BC. Antigonos was greatly hated by the Greeks, since he had put tyrants to rule many cities, as well as putting military camps around the country, also called the Three Fetters of Hellas.

As a result of this, Athens was to be occupied by the Macedonians for 35 years. According to Justin xxvi. Of the events of his reign, which lasted ten years, B. He followed up the policy of his father Antigonus, by cultivating friendly relations with the tyrants of the different cities in the Peloponnese, in opposition to the Achaean league Polyb. We know nothing of the details of this war, which seems to have arisen for the possession of Acarnania; but though Demetrius appears to have obtained some successes, the Aetolians on the whole gained ground during his reign.

He was assisted in it by the Boeotians, and at one time also by Agron, king of Illyria Polyb. We learn also that he suffered a great defeat from the Dardanians, a barbarian tribe on the north-western frontier of Macedonia, but it is quite uncertain to what period of his reign we are to refer this event Prol.

It was probably towards the commencement of it that Olympias, the widow of Alexander of Epeirus, in order to secure his support, gave him in marriage her daughter Phthia Justin. Demetrius had previously been married to Stratonice, daughter of Antiochus Soter, who quitted him in disgust on his second marriage with Phthia, and retired to Syria Justin, l. More infornation at his native place, the Ancient Elimeia Antigonus: Philopator, was married to Perseus, king of Macedonia. The marriage is spoken of by Polybius in the year B.

Cleopatra, sister of Alexnader the Great Cleopatra, a daughter of Philip and Olympias, and sister of Alexander the Great, married Alexander, king of Epeirus, her uncle by the mother's side, B. It was at the celebration of her nuptials, which took place on a magnificent scale at Aegae in Macedonia, that Philip was murdered Diod. Giuseppe Maria Galanti, Uomini e donne gossip: Amedeo, inferocito, si rende conto di amare ….

Dai piccoli stralci del promo, abbiamo visto un Amedeo inferocito, urlare verso la palizzata che separa il villaggio dei ragazzi da quello delle E mentre Aurora e Giorgio tubavano come due colombi a primavera Gianmarco, dall'altra parte della palizzata del relais, versava in lacrime Leggiamo su Il Post: In una fase iniziale, il Castello di Rovigo era una semplice fortificazione, composta da una torre e da una palizzata , entrambe affacciate Uniti per Garlenda critica: Monza, palizzata d'autore per la Paolo Borsa.

Fantasia e colore in …. Ma anche tanta, tantissima, fantasia. Ingredienti, questi, che non potevano che generare una vera e propria palizzata Italian words that begin with p. Italian words that begin with pa. Italian words that begin with pal.