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LÉcole de Chicago: « Que sais-je ? » n° 2639 (French Edition)

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This state is an integral part of the personality of the gifted, it is a neurophysiological reality.

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It is an attempt to explain what tree thinking or analog thought is about linear or sequential thinking. The gifted and love 1This fear will stop him. But his desire for love, his idealistic side will often push him beyond. It is a very great strength.

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Because if we have our weaknesses, we also have strengths. The pleasure of nipples in menNipple Gay Mark is a young Gay that the pleasure of nipples puts in a trance. But on the other hand I was unable to get an overall picture of all of the arrangements, find out the exact number of people working on the location, the problems encountered throughout the event and the interactions between all of the institutions. Since the incidents at the Furiani stadium in Corsica on June 5, , those safety commissions had been made compulsory. Their inspection covered the respect of regulations having to do with fire prevention, the risk of panic and accessibility for the public, especially for people with low mobility.

The technical manager therefore asked me to be the liaison manager with the safety commissions, and to do everything I could to meet their demands. The position was exactly what I needed, since it enabled me to take part in the organization of the festival by working at a real job and moreover, one that was centrally located in the interactions between administrative agencies and a private organization. It gave me access to all of the information I needed, and enabled me to attend all of the preparatory and post-festival evaluation meetings. I found myself where I had hoped to be, at the heart of the event, in a role where I had to be familiar with all of the structures and all the people in charge of each location.

My function was to accompany the safety commission to every location within the festival, to act as intermediary between the commission and the site manager and to be the representative of the festival, making sure that the modifications needed in order to respect the legal obligations were actually made. I held that position for two consecutive years, in and This role of site manager meant I was in charge of both the building in which I worked and the staff I headed.

In all, there were no less than 40 people running the places under my supervision, including maintenance workers, private security guards, people monitoring access and tickets, etc. This enabled me to realize the role played by a manager in securing the safety and reception of the public and the entertainers, ensuring maintenance of the facilities, monitoring the working hours of employees, handling the circulation of people and the various problems encountered with the public.

I was no longer in the strict safety framework and could look into other matters which may affect safety in one way or another. For instance, I had to oversee the different jobs done by the employees, along with their role, make sure they were properly clothed, were friendly and courteous toward the public, make sure the theaters were well kept and maintain surveillance through a system of searches and checkrooms for some sorts of objects. These talks helped me to refine my research project and to get to the heart of the subject, making a distinction between my work during the festival and the research questions tied to my thesis, with the advantage of the experience and problems encountered during the festival.

The technical manager of a festival coordinates all the on-site logistics. It is he who organizes and handles every aspect connected with the management of the equipment, the mounting of the structures and management of the personnel. I later learned that our meeting was supposed to last only one hour, after which he could, if he chose, leave me to my own sad fate in the midst of the spectators for the rest of the festival. But things went differently, and I was lucky enough to be able to follow his every move, 20 hours a day.

He showed me the importance of preliminary work, with risk evaluation, participation in preparatory meetings with the public safety services, decisions as to which private security agencies would be hired and what would be demanded of them.

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He taught me his work as coordinator, managing workers from a security guard company, spread over the campgrounds, the entrance points and throughout the site, as well as 50 first aid agents; also, his role as interface with the administration and how he coped with points of tension. Last, he allowed me to attend the various meetings held during the festival and the assessment meetings based on feedback afterwards. This gave me a comprehensive view of the safety problems encountered during a festival, from the inmost position, since he supervised everything.

The first thing I was asked to do was to spend three days in the woods. I saw no more than twenty people a day, mostly people in charge, and none of the spectators. I learned nothing about the function of a security guard aside, definitely, from his humility, but it is true that by accepting that role I certainly won the confidence of the safety manager. After my hours as security guard, I returned to my job as assistant, with interventions throughout the premises.

As time went by the manager completed my training and handed more work, and more important work, over to me. The following year I retained the same type of duty at one entrance point between the area open to the public and the VIP space while continuing to work as assistant outside of the times when the site was open to the public. My position as security guard gave me an idea of how the public regards a simple security guard on duty. In particular, I realized how difficult it is to stay calm and receptive when faced with a very diversified public. As its name indicates, this squad moves around the area.

It is composed of a group of guards 5 in , 3 in who do whatever is needed and cover all sorts of missions. For example, they may be called in if some spectators try to go on stage, for a fight between two people, to reinforce coverage of an area and so forth. Their main mission is to limit drug dealing mostly cannabis and ecstasy by taking in any dealers found on the premises. It was in that the administration first discovered the existence of a great many dealings selling and consumption on the site.

The following year, in accordance with a recommendation from the prefecture, the festival safety manager suggested the creation of a team of guards in charge of taking in dealers caught in the act and putting them off premises and into the hands of the gendarmerie which would record the facts. This experience placed me at the center of the partnership between the police forces and the private organizer, then.

I was able to analyze the roles of each actor, the modes of operation set up and the results of those procedures. It was important for me to do the same for the viewpoint of another major actor: The involvement of the latter in the management of this festival was particularly strong since most of the events took place in the city center, on specially outfitted squares or sites such as school courtyards, gymnasiums, public gardens or anywhere on the streets. He was therefore the first person I met, for an overview of the various safety arrangements and the interactions between the various actors involved in safety.

He was also my main contact throughout the festival. He suggested that I assist him during the festival, and that I serve as counselor for safety matters. I was therefore able to determine the missions of a town hall in the organization of safety, first aid and prevention, over the entire event. Those missions were of three sorts: It was the last event I covered before writing my thesis, but above all, it was the event for which I held the most responsible position and also, for which I did ongoing preparatory work throughout the year between the and the editions.

It seemed relevant for me to participate in it, then, in order to complete my field work. The person in charge of outdoor safety had recently left, and I was named to replace him, since the position was vacant. My four years of researching had led me to identify the overall situation, how to behave with different people, how to set rules for making premises safe, the kinds of responses needed with respect to first aid and safety. I also had to define my work in connection with the existing personnel and their missions.

It took me two weeks to find my niche and to show the need to name a safety coordinator. In addition, I had to draw up the dossier on safety and handle the interaction between the private organizer of the festival and the administration, which mostly meant the national gendarmerie and the county-level firefighting and first aid departments. My work therefore began early, in October , with preparatory assessment meetings with the main officials from the private organization, with emphasis on all of the technical aspects.

I worked on every theme: Once they had all been assessed, the preparatory work for the edition could begin. The general manager also asked me to write up the safety dossier, which is the main document describing the event, given to the administration a month before it begins. The constitution of this report led me to think about all of the problems tied to the safety of an event, and enabled me to enter into close relations with some representatives of the administration, for whom I was the main contact, along with the general manager.

The report was divided into twelve points: I also took part in selecting the private companies. There had been problems at the entrances in , leading us to change the company that worked there. I recommended the company that worked at the Printemps in Bourges, which I thought had been very professional. The procedure used and the coordination with the administration were the same. Another advantage was that I studied these events from hierarchically different positions. Some jobs, such as security guard, were close to the grass roots level, while others were more distant, such as site manager or technical counselor, or again, involved great responsibility such as security coordinator at the Vieilles Charrues.

These positions correspond to different points of view. But one might object that active observation is caught in the trap of the possibility of making decisions actually there is very little freedom in this respect, given the constraints connected with the duties and the number of actors involved. In this sense, we may speak of a position in which one has increasingly less freedom as one rises in the hierarchy, given the confidentiality of the information received, in particular. Now the fact of holding a position carrying weighty responsibilities does not prevent one from reflecting on that position once the event is over.

Still and all, as a decision-maker and participant in negotiations, I lose one form of neutrality. I am bound by the demands of my employers. So, in order to partially avoid that trap, I resolved that in the future I would act more as a counselor and leave it to the decision-makers to act.

This was the position I adopted, in particular, at the International Jazz Festival and the Francofolies in Montreal in The actor acts toward his world on the basis of how he sees it and not on the basis of how that world appears to the outside observer.

He observed as a member of an in-group but, in the act of objectifying and reporting his experience, became of necessity a sort of outsider. In other words, if researchers are to arrive at truly objective knowledge of reality, they must be neutral and make sure that factors such as their cultural or social identity, for example, will not in any way interfere with the process of gaining knowledge….

In more recent writings, there is an attempt to rehabilitate the place of the researcher as social actor in the research process. I would study these events on two levels: To keep pitfalls to a minimum, I had to gain acceptance by the people I met, and create regular, in-depth communication with the different actors in the field. In this case, that meant achieving direct contact with the fieldwork situation and the actors therein.

The safety mechanisms, operational techniques, inter-group and interpersonal relations are so complex that one must take part in them to gain any understanding. I therefore felt it necessary to be a part of the very organization of the event. Understanding of social complexity requires direct contact with the actors and the objective study of their practices.

This change of activity also helped me to understand the viewpoints of the different actors in safety and especially, the differences between public institutions and private organizers. It gave me some distance with respect to my own participation, by assimilating the motivations of other actors. Last, by multiplying fieldwork contexts, and moreover, for short periods a feature specific to the special event scene , I was able to systematically extract material that refined my analysis and enabled me to very rapidly resume my distance from the object studied.

The point of this second part is not to look for the theoretical questions motivating this approach and the perspectives that method may contribute, in terms of results. The researcher must therefore find the means enabling him to approach the complexity of the field. From the outset of my thesis, the comparative dimension became essential.

During my second year of doctoral research I had to gradually change my strategy, then, as I used participant observation. This was made possible by access to fieldwork situations, and was based on three criteria: This is one of the peculiarities of that investigation. Following the phase of socializing with the milieu studied, I decided that I myself had to do some of the work I intended to study and on which I would report.

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Although, as I have emphasized, I knew very little about the field of social control and deviance, on the other hand I was very well acquainted with the sports and cultural especially the musical milieu, both as actor 28 and consumer. This is what makes for the peculiarity of my qualitative methodological approach: Rather, in my case, year after year, event after event, I started with a simple observation post in jobs requiring very little skills security guard , then went from low-skill positions to responsible positions manager, safety coordinator.

Over and beyond the few experiences described here in order to give the reader a better idea of the various functions I occupied, the idea is to understand my trajectory and its evolution, the role of chance and of deliberate strategies in the choice of the positions held, as well as of the constraints imposed by these positions. It was based on four main criteria: Next, I had a deliberate strategy involving the decision to hold positions touching on the problems of safety and first aid. But there is an element of chance, tied to the context of the events and the needs of the organizers.

Chance certainly was a factor at the beginning of the project, in the first jobs I got, and it gradually became less important as my personality and experience and the motivations of the research project 34 gave me more freedom to choose positions although there is no denying that these very features simultaneously induced constraints.

I was concerned with being exhaustive in the functions I occupied. There was the concern with occupying those positions most apt to reveal the stakes connected with passive safety the structures, architecture, grandstands and so on for one event the Bourges Printemps in and , those connected with active safety the human apparatus, the private security professions in different capacities and at different hierarchical levels and so on.

It that sense, I tried to have my safety-linked positions with private enterprises be exhaustive. I could record a number of facts, such as the names of the enterprises working there, their position at a given point in time, their attitude toward the public, etc. I could also observe the places where the police forces were active, their various interventions and so forth.

But on the other hand I was unable to get an overall picture of all of the arrangements, find out the exact number of people working on the location, the problems encountered throughout the event and the interactions between all of the institutions. Since the incidents at the Furiani stadium in Corsica on June 5, , those safety commissions had been made compulsory. Their inspection covered the respect of regulations having to do with fire prevention, the risk of panic and accessibility for the public, especially for people with low mobility.

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It gave me access to all of the information I needed, and enabled me to attend all of the preparatory and post-festival evaluation meetings. I found myself where I had hoped to be, at the heart of the event, in a role where I had to be familiar with all of the structures and all the people in charge of each location. My function was to accompany the safety commission to every location within the festival, to act as intermediary between the commission and the site manager and to be the representative of the festival, making sure that the modifications needed in order to respect the legal obligations were actually made.

I held that position for two consecutive years, in and This role of site manager meant I was in charge of both the building in which I worked and the staff I headed. In all, there were no less than 40 people running the places under my supervision, including maintenance workers, private security guards, people monitoring access and tickets, etc. This enabled me to realize the role played by a manager in securing the safety and reception of the public and the entertainers, ensuring maintenance of the facilities, monitoring the working hours of employees, handling the circulation of people and the various problems encountered with the public.

But things went differently, and I was lucky enough to be able to follow his every move, 20 hours a day. He showed me the importance of preliminary work, with risk evaluation, participation in preparatory meetings with the public safety services, decisions as to which private security agencies would be hired and what would be demanded of them. He taught me his work as coordinator, managing workers from a security guard company, spread over the campgrounds, the entrance points and throughout the site, as well as 50 first aid agents; also, his role as interface with the administration and how he coped with points of tension.

Last, he allowed me to attend the various meetings held during the festival and the assessment meetings based on feedback afterwards. This gave me a comprehensive view of the safety problems encountered during a festival, from the inmost position, since he supervised everything. The first thing I was asked to do was to spend three days in the woods. I saw no more than twenty people a day, mostly people in charge, and none of the spectators.

I learned nothing about the function of a security guard aside, definitely, from his humility, but it is true that by accepting that role I certainly won the confidence of the safety manager. After my hours as security guard, I returned to my job as assistant, with interventions throughout the premises. As time went by the manager completed my training and handed more work, and more important work, over to me. The following year I retained the same type of duty at one entrance point between the area open to the public and the VIP space while continuing to work as assistant outside of the times when the site was open to the public.

My position as security guard gave me an idea of how the public regards a simple security guard on duty. In particular, I realized how difficult it is to stay calm and receptive when faced with a very diversified public. As its name indicates, this squad moves around the area. It is composed of a group of guards 5 in , 3 in who do whatever is needed and cover all sorts of missions. For example, they may be called in if some spectators try to go on stage, for a fight between two people, to reinforce coverage of an area and so forth. Their main mission is to limit drug dealing mostly cannabis and ecstasy by taking in any dealers found on the premises.

It was in that the administration first discovered the existence of a great many dealings selling and consumption on the site. The following year, in accordance with a recommendation from the prefecture, the festival safety manager suggested the creation of a team of guards in charge of taking in dealers caught in the act and putting them off premises and into the hands of the gendarmerie which would record the facts. This experience placed me at the center of the partnership between the police forces and the private organizer, then.

I was able to analyze the roles of each actor, the modes of operation set up and the results of those procedures.