La lotta del gene (Epikuria) (Italian Edition)

Lean and pure attack, lifted and refined. Exquisite fruit and concentration, impeccably balanced. Very concentrated with firm tannins but no excessive extraction. Has welcome sucrosity to balance the fruit density, and fine acidity that carries the wine onto a very long finish.

Very ripe attack, balanced and given precision by the exuberant acidity. Spicy, perky and very long. Drink Louis Jadot, Clos St-Jacques ler Cru 95 Lean, piquant raspberry nose showing finesse to berries dropping off the bunches, and consequently to lower yields. Crucially, the grapes remained healthy until harvest, and no sorting was required. Time will tell, but it is already clear that the best s are concentrated and fresh.

Pierre-Yves Colin of Chassagne-Montrachet agrees. For him, the s in barrel evoke the s: So though the whites may not be as homogeneously brilliant as their red counterparts, careful shoppers who do not underestimate their quality will be amply rewarded. The reds and whites of the Cote Chalonnaise are a great success, replete with bargains: The Maconnais, by contrast, was both drier and hotter than the regions to its north, and grapes ripened rapidly: Climate conditions So what were the conditions that shaped this extraordinary year?

A mild, wet winter replenished water reserves which were to be sorely needed during a hot, dry summer. There were no significant differences in microclimate between the various villages. Vosne-Romanee had 81mm of rain in August, while Morey- St- Denis had 75mm, and such trifling variations were typical of the vintage. Fortunately, the weeks immediately before harvest were cooler than in or , which helped to preserve acidity and made picking less fraught. Sleek, poised, polished red fruits. This is very smooth, with ripe tannins and no rough edges. A wine of beauty rather than force.

Sleek attack, very concentrated yet limpid and delicate. An elegant wine with excellent balance and purity of fruit on the finish. Cherry cordial nose with some reduction. Delicate and elegant with fine-grained tannins. Some menthol and vanilla aromas as well as cherries. Broad and fleshy palate, yet has a light touch with surprising freshness. Fine-grained tannins give elegance and length.

Rich and majestic, full and weighty with no rough edges or excessive extraction. Underlying acidity gives tension, poise and length. Quintessence of great red Burgundy. Rich and rounded palate with lavish fruit without being heavy-handed. The tannins are ripe and the acidity keen and persistent, giving the wine its elegance and poise.

Brooding and restrained, becoming more heady with aeration. Sleek attack with a velvety character that overrides the firm tannins. Fresh acidity enlivens the finish, which is polished, spicy and very long. Rich, compact and tannic, yet polished and lifted by an almost racy acidity. There is tension and vigour, but also underlying fleshiness and fruit weight. Powerful but not overbearing, and very long. Concentrated without being effortful, with bold, ripe tannins and imposing depth of fruit. Very perfumed nose of Chambolle typicity and elegance.

Tannic but not too forceful. Linear and limpid with an intense, fresh finish. A beautiful village bottling. Drink Morey- St-Denis Clos de Tart, Grand Cru Monopole 97 There are eight lots here, and this is the likely definitive blend, which will be made final before bottling.

Voluptuous red fruit nose of power, force and aromatic purity despite the new oak. Packed with fruit and graceful acidity. A sleek attack, pure and delicate, but not lacking in intensity. Beguiling finesse on the finish. Drink below-average yield of excellent quality. Many growers, including Vincent Guillemot in Savigny-les-Beaune, observed that they had never witnessed such beautiful fruit.

Picking dates were fairly uniform. Arnaud Mortet in Gevrey picked from 3 September to maintain freshness in the wines; Clos de Tart, also stressing the need to avoid over-ripeness and low acidity, picked from 5 September. Freddy Mugnier in Chambolle-Musigny began a bit later, on 8 September, but was mostly finished before the serious rainfall of mid- September. Pierre Damoy in Gevrey was very much the exception in picking after the rains, but because the skins were so thick there was no significant dilution.

Alcohol levels ranged from 1 2. One peculiarity of the grapes was the unusual thickness of their skins, laden with ripe tannins and polyphenols, which produced deeply coloured and richly structured wines. Another was their combination of good levels of tartaric acid with low levels of malic acid: Assessing the risks What were the potential pitfalls? Exquisite fruit with great aromatic intensity and purity. Beautifully textured attack, ripe and spicy despite the absence of new oak.

A taut, intense acidity lends amazing verve and flair. Very long and structured. Powerful, compact and tannic, though not too extracted.

Epistemology

Assertive and modern, almost flashy, with lots of new oak. Some may find it fatiguing, but it has energy and drive. Fresh, sleek attack but very tannic and concentrated. But these appear to be very much in the minority. Concentrated and firm, with good depth and chocolatey hints. The tannins are robust but not harsh, while the acidity just lacks a little drive. Lean and intense with great purity, stylish tannins and refreshing acidity. Linear and tight with a similar structure to La Tache but more length.

Very rich and concentrated with a juicy succulence and immense weight of fruit. Very long, and of exceptional quality. This is a seamless wine with seductive fruit and a firm, tannic structure. Poised, intense and very long, with an impeccable balance. Very rich on the palate yet not overly dense, with some limpidity too. Fresh and perky with remarkable depth of fruit and Indian spice on the finish, which is long and elegant.

Rich, suave palate with no flab, instead showing depth and precision. Tannins are supple and integrated. Rich and compact, forthright and assertive with forceful tannins. The acidity seems less pronounced than in some other wines, but it has solidity and weight. Shy raspberry and strawberry nose. Rich and full, compact and concentrated, this has fine depth and robust tannins. Rich and dense, with lift and intensity. Remarkable elegance and persistence. The attack is concentrated and the tannins are firm but not harsh.

The acidity gives piquancy and freshness. Long, harmonious and energetic. The rich, cherry nose has power and density and the palate is ripe, spicy and dense, with firm, assertive tannins. Long, chewy, peppery finish. Rich, ripe and very concentrated, with firm tannins that give ample grip and structure. Robust and powerful, with drive and length. Winemakers who attempted extended post-fermentation macerations, or who pressed too hard, have often snatched defeat from the jaws of victory by extracting harsh, aggressive tannins. In appellations with a tendency to rusticity, such as Chorey-les-Beaune and Santenay, this error has had especially unfortunate consequences, amplifying the brutishness which a ripe vintage should have tamed.

Product description

Where there were traces of over-extraction in the Cote de Nuits, as with some wines from Faiveley, that is more a consequence of house style than of reckless vinification. On the other hand, growers with a penchant for whole- cluster fermentation found they had ideally ripe bunches on which to practise their craft. Chablis also enjoyed a very successful vintage. There was limited hail damage in top sites such as Les Clos and Blanchots, which diminished the crop, but overall the summer was benign and the harvest early.

The vintage may prove the more classic here, but the s, with their higher ripeness and slightly lower acidity, are impossible to dislike. Fairly rich but with firm tannins, this is a serious village wine with grip and tension. Almost peppery, with fine underlying acidity. Nice depth and richness, with more evident tannic bones. Retains its typical cut and verve in warm Drink Domaine Jean Chartron, Corton- Charlemagne Grand Cru 93 Nice tension and cut in this warm vintage, revealing classic ripe citrus, nutmeg, chalky soil, subtle oak and good acidity.

Richly textural, concentrated and powerful. Black raspberry, mulberry, iron, forest floor and dark spice on a palate of striking depth, dimension and authority. Abundant supple tannins and a long, mineral finish. One of the wines of the vintage in the Cote de Beaune. Drink Domaine Tollot-Beaut, Bressandes Grand Cru 96 Brooding, hugely complex nose of cherry, cassis, iron-like soil tones, woodsmoke and cocoa powder. Deep, full and mineral, structured by fine tannins and juicy acidity. Red cherry, cassis, iron and forest floor palate of great depth, concentration and balance. Complex red cherry, redcurrant preserve, cocoa and rose on a palate of wonderful depth and richness.

Restrained, it deserves a decade in the cellar to reveal its full potential. Strawberry compote, plum, cherry, woodsmoke, liquorice and dried herbs. Savoury, dense wine with ample, ripe tannins and vibrant fruit. Nice core of tannin and acidity which will unwind beautifully in the cellar. Intense, generous dark fruit and firm tannins. A serious village wine from a south-facing lieu-dit on alluvial soils. Deep, powerful wine framed around crisp acidity, minerality and fine tannins.

Red and black cherry, grilled meat, subtle dark spice and graphite. Powerful, long palate of grand cru depth. Deep, structured palate with supple, elegantly ripe tannins. Pretty red and black fruits mingle with dark umami and spice. Edgy and firm, finishing with fine, soil-defined tannins.

Drink Domaine Changarnier, Les Vignots 90 Refined and elegant, with a reductive nose of red and black fruit, coffee and grilled meat. Full-bodied with ripe tannins. Complex red cherries, wild plum, cocoa, roast squab and pot-pourri. Rich, creamy tannins and juicy acidity - very complete. Needs at least a decade to hint at its potential. Drink Domaine Joseph Voillot, Champans ler Cru 95 Powerful and brooding, with deep black raspberry, cassis, rich soil, graphite and subtle espresso notes.

The complex, deep palate shows lovely dimension, framed by fine, rich tannins. Drink Domaine des Comtes Lafon, Santenots ler Cru 94 Pure, primary cassis, raspberry, smoke and espresso palate with a firm core of tannin and acidity. It will need a good decade to blossom. Taut and ageworthy, with tangy acidity and ripe tannins. Drink Domaine Comte Armand 90 Ethereal red plum and cherry, with hints of cocoa and crushed stones. Structured and savoury, with fine-grained tannins and fresh acidity. Complex, reserved nose of pear, lemon oil, nutmeg, white flowers and hazelnut on a powerful, full-bodied palate of incredible depth and tension.

Strong minerality through the long, precise finish. Citrus zest, honeysuckle and white flowers introduce a concentrated, refined and intense wine - subtle and vertical. Drink Domaine Roulot, Les Perrieres ler Cru 95 Complex lemon oil, apple, pear, crushed stones and pretty florals. Intense, with a deep core, terrific energy and a long and penetrating finish. Drink Domaine Vincent Dancer, Les Perrieres ler Cru 95 Lemon oil, pear and crushed rocks on a supple, texturally refined palate with great energy and minerality.

Powerful but has great tension. Drink Domaine Remi Jobard, Genevrieres ler Cru 93 Elegant, balanced buttered apples, citrus zest, white flowers and subtle hazelnut. Texturally refined, with saline minerality and lovely energy. Expressive buttered apples, hazelnut and pear, and a comparatively fleshy, ample palate backed by fresh acidity. Incredible intensity, concentration and creamy texture, yet weightless and precise.

Product details

One of the white Burgundies of Drink Domaine des Comtes Lafon, Montrachet Grand Cru 96 Tangerine oil, preserved lemon, peach and noble reduction, framed by new oak. Ample, intense palate of textural refinement with a long, saline finish. Shy nose of ripe citrus, crushed stones and white flowers, with a tight-knit, deep palate. Controlled amplitude and searing minerality lead to a penetrating finish. Drink Domaine Bachelet-Monnot, Batard- Montrachet Grand Cru 94 Complex apple, pear, spring flowers, iodine and musky peach on a powerful, concentrated, textural palate with freshness and energy, despite its large scale.

Drink Domaine Francois Carillon, Chevalier- Montrachet Grand Cru 94 A ripe, powerful wine, with exuberant preserved lemon, pineapple, white flowers and vanilla oak. Rich, intense and full - impressive amplitude and length. Larger-than-life and compelling, though not exactly classical. Glossy, full-bodied and elegant with lovely textural refinement and a deep, tight-knit core. Pure, racy and long. They offer opulence without blowsiness, and will give great pleasure in the short to medium term.

Even generic Chablis wines are delicious and deliver great value. Is a vintage to buy? Definitely, as this is the best vintage for red wines since and , although the white wines are less consistent. Prices may cause many purchasers to wince, especially in the UK. But the frost- ravaged s are likely to see even more rises. It is hard to imagine anyone being disappointed with the s, and even the more lowly Bourgogne and village appellations can be first-rate.

Classic, restrained nose of citrus oil, white flowers, limestone and vanilla introduces a glossy palate of incredible concentration, depth and searing minerality. Take these into account when considering wine scores ie: Drink Domaine Fontaine Gagnard, La Romanee ler Cru 93 White peach, nutmeg, preserved lemon and green apple on a concentrated, ample palate with lovely minerality and racy acidity. Drink Domaine Vincent Dancer, La Romanee ler Cru 93 Ripe lime, pear, white flowers, vanilla and exotic melon on a complete, textured palate with a deep core of ripe acidity and tense minerality.

An attractively pure, focussed wine with lovely energy and minerality through the long finish. Drink Domaine Jean Chartron, Les Benoites 90 Expressive bouquet of pear, tangerine and buttered apples leading to an ample but fresh palate with fine concentration and intensity. Glossy, textural wine backed by amazing energy and vibrancy. Top stuff; surpasses many premier crus in Puligny and Chassagne. Deep, full and intense, with nice tension and grip on the precise finish. Ripe stone fruits, apple and pear, with a top-note of white flowers. The palate is stony and tense despite its amplitude.

Juicy, generous, textured fruit but retains the mineral tension that characterises St-Romain. The new wood is well integrated. Drink Domaine Lafarge, Greves ler Cru 94 Pure and stylish cherry, plum, smoke and chalky soil. Broad, concentrated palate with lovely balance and textural elegance. Stylish cherry, forest floor and cinnamon. Supple and expansive with ripe tannins and juicy acidity. Supple, dark fruit, liquorice and game bird, with a rich, juicy palate finishing with fine, dry but not aggressive tannins.

Glorious pear, buttered apple, wet stones and iodine. Concentrated glossy, refined texturem a bottomless core and searing minerality. Powerful, concentrated honeysuckle and peach. Deep, full and three-dimensional with lovely tension. Refined, wild berries, soil and roast game. Supple, deep, full-bodied chassis of fine tannin. A smart buy in Deep and full with ripe, refined tannins and juicy acidity. A great purchase this year. Citrus confit, stones, white flowers, melon, toast and pastry cream. Tongue-tingling minerality meets volume and amplitude. Incredible texture, cut and dry extract.

Powerful but beautifully balanced. Bright lemon oil, toast and subtle hazelnut. Powerful, full-bodied and deep with lovely texture. Lovely concentration, freshness and minerality; elegant and refined, big and glossy. Peach, pear and tangerine oil on a concentrated, sleek palate of freshness, depth and length. Aromas of lemon confit, hazelnut, pear and toast. Dense, concentrated palate is textured and glossy with crisp acidity. Drink Les Heritiers du Comte Lafon, Vire- Clesse 92 Complex bouquet of poached pear, citrus zest, juicy apple and white flowers.

Glossy palate is underpinned by lovely minerality and acidity. Drink Fora complete roundup of this en primeur campaign, including prices and stockists, visit Decanter. This dynamism makes keeping track of the Burgundian landscape a challenge. But with challenge comes opportunity, for it is the rising stars of Burgundy whose wines are most keenly priced for their quality - to say nothing of the exciting energy that surrounds a young producer who aspires to do everything right.

Here are five emerging talents worth seeking out before their fame spreads. His daredevil driving is not the fruit of recklessness but rather of long familiarity, because Pico was born and raised here, leaving only to study viticulture and oenology in Beaune. Pattes Loup is something of an outlier in Courgis. And Pico also stands out within Chablis more generally, thanks to his decision - following in the footsteps of the de Moors - to farm his vineyards organically and harvest by hand.

He generally picks rather later than his neighbours, judging the moment to harvest by flavour and appearance rather than Above: In the cellar, his village Chablis is fermented and aged in stainless steel and concrete eggs which bring texture but preserve fruit ; his premier crus Butteaux, Vaillons and Beauregard in neutral oak, wherein they mature on their lees for 18 months.

All undergo complete malolactic fermentation and are bottled with neither fining nor filtration. While these fundamentals came into place remarkably early on, there have been gradual refinements in technique: These subtle improvements have brought evermore precision and elegance. Aromas of apple, lemon oil, spring flowers and flinty, mineral top-notes i are the prelude to a full-bodied, searingly intense wine with considerable cut and volume, and an almost crystalline expression of fruit.

Drink Ale That he should be bleary-eyed seemed forgivable under the circumstances. The Noellat family has a long history in Vosne-Romanee. Perhaps that explains why he hit the ground running, despite his tender age, with his inaugural vintage. Supple, silky and expansive, they emphasise purity of fruit and give immense pleasure.

Elegant village bottlings from Vosne and Nuits are followed by a roll-call of great premiers crus. From Nuits, a mineral, pure Aux Cras and a more earthy, masculine Boudots. Nor do his two grand crus disappoint. The only downside is that the domaine is small: This is a classic Les Chaumes: This village bottling is going from strength to strength.

Pierre Boisson has worked here alongside his father Bernard since , and in that time what was already an attractive portfolio of bottlings has become one of the most compelling in the village. Old vines and meticulous viticulture are the foundations, but in the cellar the wines now undergo a longer maturation on their lees, in barrel for a traditional but nowadays unusual 22 months.

The wines have gained in precision and intensity. Rumour has it that Boisson has profited from the advice of his old school friend Raphael Coche-Dury, whose domaine produces what many believe are the very best whites in Burgundy. Next is the regular Meursault village wine, and then three lieu-dit bottlings, all with distinct personalities: This is a family that does not court the press or visitors.

Until recently its wines were not exported: Now, as its reputation grows, Bernard Boisson tells me that the domaine receives on average five phone calls each day from enthusiasts who are keen to visit and taste. Such demand is impossible to satisfy with a domaine of just 8. Classic Meursault, but with precision. Drinking well now, crisp orchard fruit, citrus and a lick of flinty reduction are the dominant themes. These Chassagnes are intense, racy and texturally refined, strikingly differentiated by their terroirs. And the world is beginning to take notice. As Alex Moreau tells it, the story it simple.

He finished his studies in July , immediately jumping in at the family domaine. In the three winters that followed, he worked harvests in the southern hemisphere, returning to Chassagne-Montrachet full time in Whereas commercially cultured yeasts complete fermentation in as little as a week, wild microflora are more sluggish, typically taking as long as four months, and their long, slow fermentations produce more complex results: The resulting wines are not only strikingly original, but also a veritable masterclass in the terroir of Chassagne-Montrachet.

A terrific village bottling leads to a range of beautifully site-specific premier crus. The finest premier cru, though not a wine to drink in its youth, is the Grandes Ruchottes: Since , a Batard-Montrachet from purchased grapes, has complemented the range, joined in by a Chevalier-Montrachet. But when no less an authority than Christophe Roumier remarks that no one made better wines in the challenging vintage, one would be wise to take this modest producer very seriously. His s mark his coming of age as a winemaker. Now, however, Felettig has found a style of his own in the winery, and everything is domaine-bottled.

The rudiments of the approach are simple: Felettig makes a number of very creditable village wines in the Cote de Nuits, but his range of premier crus is especially exciting; several of them are seldom seen. He is the only grower, for instance, to bottle the Chambolle- Musigny premier cru Les Carrieres, a stony lieu-dit, as its name suggests, which produces Above: The most serious, deep and ageworthy wines Felettig produces in Chambolle, however, are his Feusselottes and Fuees, the latter a continuation of neighbouring grand cru Bonnes-Mares in both geology and character.

What all these wines have in common, and what they share with the man who crafts them, is a total lack of pretence and make-up: Real Burgundy, to buy with confidence. Deep, concentrated and unerringly precise on the palate, with pronounced minerality through the finish. Our experts from around the globe have chosen the ultimate destinations for wine lovers, complete with incredible scenery, great activities and places to stay, delicious local food - and, of course, amazing wines.

Read on and be inspired A new favourite is the Sherwood www. In winter its steep inclines are blanketed by snow, attracting an influx of skiers that keeps it buzzing and accessible in the colder months. Its summers can be Above: For one of the most stunning vineyard vistas in the region - if not the world - head to Rippon www. And you should try the Riesling too: As the local poet, Brian Turner wrote of his land: Mountains, sea and vastness lie close to the Mother City along one of the most dramatic, flora- and fauna-rich coastal routes, winding all the way to the seaside resort of Hermanus.

Just km in length, the distance could be covered easily in a day - but why, when a more leisurely two-day trip allows for exploration of silver-sanded beaches and mountain slopes strewn with fynbos indigenous, bush-like vegetation? A September visit will ensure the full, colourful and scented glory of this part of the Cape Floral Kingdom. At every twist and turn, the mountains rise seemingly vertically above you; the slope to the crashing waves below is equally dramatic and vertiginous.

Several viewing sites allow for closer inspection: Birdlife too is abundant: The colours, smells, birdsong and fauna of a fynbos spring can be experienced walking the many trails through the nearby Harold Porter Botanical Gardens before heading through Kleinmond look out for the wild horses on the lake and joining up with the R Hermanus is a short drive further on. Take time to enjoy the Cape Winelands-style cuisine while absorbing the splendours of Walker Bay with its Southern Right whales on their annual visit to give birth.

Its firm but slightly oily flesh is delicious smoked or braaied barbecued. This is the place to discover just how well Sherry goes with jamon, oxtail and tortillitas de camarones crunchy little fritters of baby shrimp. Jerez stands proud on a hill, looking out over the gently rolling slopes of brilliant white albariza soil, a key to the quality of the best Sherries. If you turn up unannounced you may not gain entry, or may be given only the basic tour. If you are interested in a more serious visit, then book online, or write to the bodega beforehand.

Except for during the hottest months, Jerez life is lived on the street. Put away the GPS - just allow yourself to wander. The glory of the old city is getting lost, and coming across something unexpected. It may be a group of men practising carrying one of the religious floats for Easter Week.

It might be a bride posing for photos with her husband and 16 of his friends, all in identical dinner jackets. Jerez is like that: Enjoy a seafood lunch with chilled manzanilla down at the mouth of the River Guadalquivir at one of the restaurants on the Avenida Bajo de Guia. Spend the afternoon walking along the sand, or take the little ferry over to the nature reserve, the Parque Nacional de Donana www.

Early spring in Jerez offers sun after a cold winter.

In May, come for the jacaranda trees, their mauve blooms setting the city alight. Summer is hot, with the fields bleached golden - so make sure to choose a hotel with a large swimming pool. Autumn is pretty, with more comfortable temperatures. The Feria or traditional Horse Fair May is a terrific, week-long event, featuring flamenco, a funfair and plenty of Sherry. Holy Week April is another busy time, but for the best Easter processions, Seville is the place to go.

Aim for lunch sometime between 2pm and 3pm, which means you will need to stop for a sustaining copita and a tapa with a dose of people-watching around midday. Time for a siesta after lunch. Watch the world returning to life around 6pm. Dinner is from 8. It may seem impossible in a country so deeply characterised by distinct regional identities, but a certain stretch of the Rhine might just live up to the description.

Standing atop the Riidesheimer Berg Schlossberg at dusk, a glass of Riesling in hand, looking at the majestic river through the steep vineyards below, it might just seem that you can. Rottland in , Hollenberg in and Steinberg in , even though viticulture has been documented far earlier. Their castles are evident everywhere. It is here that Riesling made its name, famous long before the Mosel got a look-in. Most of the historic estates are open to visitors: Schloss Vollrads and Schloss Johannisberg are great historic monuments too, and the string of villages from Assmannshausen in the west to Hochheim on the Main in the east.

Avoid the kitsch-trap of the pedestrianised Drosselgasse in Rudesheim and explore the cobbled alleys and half-timbered splendours of Hattenheim, Winkel, Kiedrich and Eltville instead. For a taste, visit Chat Sauvage www.

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But to experience all aspects of Riesling, start with some sparkling at Sektgut Barth www. Continue at Wegeler www. Make sure to walk in the vineyards countless routes are signposted or cycle along the river: Seeing it from a riverboat is perfect, and makes the journey north to Cologne or south to Basel seem so easy and close. And, yes, the Rheingau is close: Frankfurt airport is just a 30 -minute drive away, as is the spa town of Wiesbaden.

Chef Franz Keller comes from impeccable gastronomic stock - his brother Fritz runs three equally treasured restaurants in Baden www. The coastal winelands of California, however, are both, juxtaposing the wildness of the seaboard and the vertiginous drama of the mountains with the soothing order supplied by rows of vines. Sonoma and Napa are justifiably famous, but underappreciated is the long stretch between Monterey 1.

The area spans many appellations, and wine styles are as diverse as the territory - from sparklers to world-class Pinot Noir and Chardonnay to inky Syrahs and robust Cabernets. Consider starting in Monterey, home of the renowned Monterey Bay aquarium, and where whale-watching trips are available almost year round.

Dine at , a casual spot with excellent food and an impressive wine list. The dazzling places to stay and dine, like the ritzy Post Ranch Inn, are very expensive. Lots of great wineries keep outposts here - Alta Maria www. Popular with tourists year-round, there are ample motels and hotels, restaurants and coffee shops. Start proceedings at the Valley Project www. Other hot wineries include Kunin www. At the end of the day, head down to the beach and kick off your sandals. The sheer number of wineries and attractions along the Central Coast can make for a bad case of FOMO fear of missing out.

As the Douro River navigates its way between steep mountain slopes, thousands of intertwined vines and traditional stone terraces form a tapestry of rare natural beauty. With recent investments in infrastructure, it has never been easier to reach the valley.

Epistemology | Ebooks & texts space

A premium helicopter service from Porto is also available. A visit to one of the Port wine houses is an excellent way to start discovering the Douro and the world of fortified wine. Quinta do Bomfim www. Quinta do Panascal www. For a more boutique approach, Quinta do Noval www. At Quinta de Napoles www. For the best experience, set enough time to visit each winery and enjoy a relaxed wine tasting.

The beginning of autumn is the ideal time to visit, for the mild weather and the warm, vibrant colours of the vineyards. The pleasure of eating in the Douro Valley is all about experiencing Portuguese ingredients with local wines. Castas e Pratos www. For a fine-dining experience with a river view, DOC www. For the ultimate luxury, stay at the Six Senses Douro Valley www. Contact a few producers before you go to check availability.

Andre Ribeirinho is a Portuguese food and wine entrepreneur who founded online wine platform Adegga. And I never tire of the sight of that km fringe of neatly trained vines planted at the foot of the Vosges, all the way from Thann in the south to Marlenheim in the north, luxuriantly green in spring and burnished gold in autumn. A good place to stay is Hotel Quatorze, whose architect owners have transformed a pharmacy into a modern space offering every comfort. The only problem will be selecting who to visit and who can receive you; always call or email ahead.

Talking of cremant, if you need convincing that Alsace can produce decent bubbly, visit Jean-Claude Buecher in Wettolsheim, another small family domaine which took the unusual decision more than 30 years ago to specialise exclusively in sparklers. Saunter along the main street lined with grand wine houses graced with wrought-iron signs, taste from the likes of Rieffel and Boeckel and finish with lunch at Gilg, famous for its feuillete chaud du vigneron, a f laky-pastry pork pie marinated in white wine.

Here you can book a cheese feast six courses or families of cheese and more than 20 different sorts with spectacular matching wines from the formidable cellar. Begin in the north. Fly into Pisa, hire a car and drive east for an hour in the direction of Florence. In Carmignano, the winery to visit is Capezzana www. It is a beautiful estate producing excellent wines based on a blend of Sangiovese and Cabernet Sauvignon. Cabernet has been planted in Carmignano since the 18th century - more than years before it appeared in the vineyards of Marchese Mario Incisa della Rocchetta in Bolgheri and his famous wine, Sassicaia.

Like Sassicaia, the wines are extremely ageworthy but at a much lower price. If you have only a short time in the city, go up to see everything at once. Go just before sunset and order a Negroni - pricey but well made. After aperitivo, dinner must be at Vecchia Bettola www. After a meat feast and the city buzz, get back in your car and drive into the heart of Chianti Classico territory.

If you want to stay in wine country rather than in Florence, book in to Castello di Potentino in Seggiano www. Co-owner Charlotte Horton makes superb wines from those three varieties, in a little winery within the castle walls. Though every season brings its treats here, try to avoid late spring and the summer months as the cities Florence in particular turn into theme parks, with queues even to cross the Ponte Vecchio.

Mid-September, the crowds start to thin just as everything in this region gets exciting for the wine lover: Patagonia is a diverse land shared between Chile and Argentina, on the southern tip of the continent. At the far south, ice fields, glaciers and rugged mountains offer the final stepping stone to Antarctica. Beyond the fjords and It is here where the southernmost wine regions in Chile and Argentina lie, and the road trip between them is unforgettable floating islands you reach the northern gateway to Patagonia: Here lie the southernmost wine regions in Chile and Argentina, and the road trip between them is unforgettable.

If you have time, start in Concepcion visiting the artisanal wineries and century-old vines of Itata and Bio Bio. Their wines are some of the most distinct on the continent. Then spend a few days exploring between Pucon and Puerto Varas. Wind down in the evening by the lakeside and tuck into freshly caught salmon paired with the local volcanic wines, before staying in a traditional cabin with an outdoor tina wooden hot tub ; or splash out on a giant luxury treehouse in the Huilo Huilo Nature Reserve www.

If you have less than a week, fly into Puerto Varas and start your journey there, at the foot of Osorno Volcano where German settlers have left an architectural, culinary and brewing legacy. Patagonia has attracted people from all corners of the globe for centuries: Many of the wine producers here are first- or second-generation immigrants. One winery worth the visit is Coteaux de Trumao www.

French brothers Christian and Olivier make top Pinot Noir and you can stay on the farm in summer w w w. From there traverse into Puyehue National Park and climb into the foothills of the Andes towards Argentina. Although renowned for its excellent skiing, the beautiful treks are best explored between spring and autumn. From Bariloche, head north via the Seven Lakes. The glacial waters are picture perfect, so be prepared to pull over frequently and make detours into the national parks on the km journey.

Spend the evening in San Martin de los Andes to appreciate traditional Patagonian spit-roast lamb. Head east on Highway into the endless horizon of the Argentinian pampa. The tracks of solitary gauchos and the sound of cattle bells in the distance accentuate the overwhelming sense of remoteness along this km stretch. A compact car will manage, but you might prefer a 4x4. Make sure you have the right permission papers from the car-hire company to cross the border, and fill up on petrol whenever you can. If you want Patagonia to yourself, avoid January when all the locals head there for summer.

The Medoc is a perfect example. Here, the green of the vines transforms into the blues of the sky and the sea as the Gironde estuary empties into the Atlantic Ocean. This is the part of the Medoc peninsula that is supposedly desolate, barren, bleak. In the summer, the place to head is St-Vivien du Medoc, where you find oyster farms and neat inland reservoirs for the delicious estuary prawns.

A market is held in the main village square every Wednesday morning, and you can head to several open-air restaurants in the port, where freshly grilled prawns are served on tables looking out over the water try Guinguette de la Plage, open March to September www. This is the furthest north that you can go in Bordeaux, at least 80km from the city centre.

Look out over the Gironde estuary from St-Vivien du Medoc to the far bank and you are facing the coastline of Charente Maritime. Seabirds and boats rule here, and you can feel the pull of the ocean history that made Bordeaux such an important port for so many centuries.

And yet head to the eastern edges of the region, about 50km from the city centre, to the sun-drenched limestone hills of Castillon- la-Bataille and St-Foy Cotes de Bordeaux, and you could be in a different world. Here there is a softer, sweeter swell to the landscape; the salty sting of the Atlantic gives way to the limestone escarpments, fields of sunflowers, fortified villages and black truffle oaks of the nearby Perigord and Dordogne region. The complexities of the land are more than reflected in the complexities of the wine, and the fun comes in trying to experience both ends of the spectrum.

Visit artisan wineries like the biodynamic Chateau le Puy in Cotes de Francs www. Follow that up with a visit to Chateaux Angelus www. The perfect way to get under the skin of this maddeningly contradictory place. Run by Frangois Perville, who was part of the team that launched the much-loved Brasserie Bordelais, this brilliant restaurant opened in February There is a tiny menu that changes daily, and no printed wine list, but he has an uncanny knack for suggesting brilliant bottles from the cases that are stacked all around the walls.

New World wines with an Old World twist, for a fair price. We focus on what we do best: Over the years, the winery has built up an enviable distribution network on the basis of personal relationships; about half of sales are domestic. Many wine producers the world over make a fuss of family ownership, yet here you get the sense that the personal touch is pervasive to a rare extent. They later moved into agriculture, buying an estate with a small vineyard in that was developed by Mate Brajkovich, subsequently supported by his wife Melba and four children Michael, Mar ij ana, Milan and Paul.

Though Mate died in , the clan has continued his work in unison, with all four children involved in the estate and Melba as matriarch, often to be found holding court at the cellar door at the weekend. Surely 72 years of family business can make life difficult at times? Food is also a recurring theme when discussing wine with the Brajkovichs. And yet, as Milan memorably quips when noting the string of varieties that have been tried and discarded at Kumeu River: As it turns out, both climate and soil are deemed of vital importance.

We do have to keep an eye on disease given the humidity, but we use a split canopy and hand-harvest. You need a cool climate to ripen Chardonnay properly yet also retain acidity. If not, you miss out on the textural qualities and complexity the variety can give when grown in the right place. Michael speculates that, while the science behind how these characters are formed remains poorly understood, it may have a link to elemental sulphur being used in the vineyards to combat powdery mildew , which is then transferred via the fine lees into tank and then barrel, and acts as precursor to the reductive character being generated.

But glimpses of his profound understanding of the whole winemaking process and keen, questioning mind continually emerge. Your wine is nurtured in the exact environment to reach its full potential, protected against physical and financial risk. So yours is wine the whole world wants. Move your wine to Octavian. COM Photograph: Just wonderful, and will improve further. The toasty, nutty overlay is beautifully complex. Young, focused, tense and utterly winning.

Still well defined and fundamentally refreshing, this is brimming with nutty, savoury complexity with a buxom, buttery richness. Has a lovely freshness on the finish. Ideal for aromatic Asian dishes. Crisp and chalky, with a hint of blanched nuts over its green apple freshness. For Kumeu River, the answer was not only in using the correct amount of sulphur and the right bottles, but also to use screwcaps. Recent tastings of vintages back to clearly show how the wines retain a notable brightness and freshness as they elegantly mature. Healthy competition Global experience, attention to detail and a strong family ethos are the foundations on which Kumeu River has been built.

But what of the future? New Zealand, long the land of Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir see pi 5 , is seeing a surge in quality Chardonnay all over the country. Where Kumeu River once ploughed a relatively lonely furrow, it now has serious competition from Bell Hill, Giesen, Neudorf, Vidal and many others. Of course, we benchmark all the time and try to keep ahead of the game. Milan notes soberly how land prices have shot up and traffic intensified markedly in recent years. I ask Milan what sparkling wines the family cellar contains. But it must have been challenging making a new fizz, in addition to all his other duties.

A smile plays over his lips. The move to replant a vineyard with a new variety, replace winery equipment or update label designs is often a response to market trends, as much as it may be positioned as a desire to improve or upgrade the product.

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Whole-bunch fermentation is undoubtedly a la mode, on the minds of winemakers across the globe. But although the term is frequently and casually dropped into a stream of winery sales blurb, those three words hide a huge amount of complexity and potential confusion. For a start, there are many synonyms and related terms: The resulting wines can be complex and seriously structured, or easy-drinking vins de soif, making it hard to discern exactly how the technique influences the wine.

What does it mean? Whole-bunch aka whole-cluster fermentation simply refers to the practice of not destemming grapes. Whole bunches, stems and all, go directly into a fermentation vat. This would have been considered common practice before World War II, as mechanised destemmers were not commonplace.

Carbonic maceration specifically refers to anaerobic fermentation without the presence of oxygen of whole bunches. This is achieved by covering the must with carbon dioxide, and completely sealing the fermentation vessel, or as in the Beaujolais method, by relying on the Below: This semi-carbonic maceration achieves a similar effect; however, those berries squashed at the bottom undergo conventional fermentation while intracellular fermentation takes place in the intact berries above.

Beaujolais can certainly claim to be the spiritual home of whole-bunch fermentation. Whole-bunch fermentation gives us away to master it. The debate about the increasing use of stems in Burgundy has been much discussed, most recently in an excellent technical analysis by Andrew Jefford on Decanter. In short, whole-bunch fermentation is experiencing a resurgence in Burgundy, and other classic Pinot Noir regions, as growers find it brings a certain freshness, while also adding herbal or vegetal complexity and textural finesse. Where in Burgundy the goal is often superior extraction and tannins, to produce a complex, long-lived wine, in warmer parts of the world the major attraction to the technique is the ability to impart freshness and lightness - which implies a focus on the carbonic maceration aspects.

A number of producers in the Languedoc, where climate change has contributed to rising alcohol levels, have taken eagerly to whole-bunch. Brigitte Chevalier, owner and winemaker at Domaine de Cebene in Faugeres, uses the technique to help achieve a more Above: The aromatic intensity is also increased - so much so that we should worry. It can even tend towards the banal by giving uniform aromatics to wine, and reducing the terroir expression. The significant reduction in malic acid caused by a carbonic maceration is often helpful in these cases.

The link between Carignan and whole- bunch runs further south to Spain and the hot, dry Priorat region, where dry-farmed Carignan garners plenty of whole-bunch aficionados, notably Dominik Huber at Terroir al Limit. Eduardo Jordan, winemaker at De Martino, notes its versatility: This practice effectively has had years of winemaking tradition here. Sadie confirms that whole-bunch ferments often result in lower alcohol about 0. But he sounds a note of caution: In hotter vintages and it appears that there are more of these , using more stems seems sensible. With the growing trend towards achieving lower alcohol and fresher, lighter wines, the spread of this Beaujolaise custom is certain to continue.

EH Simon Woolf is an award-winning writer ; columnist and natural wine specialist Six to try: Slightly tarry tannins and dried herbs add interest. In the first flushes of youth. Attractive herbaceous quality, with a hint of tar, mint and nice salinity. Warming, luxuriant, yet elegant. Most of the blend was whole-bunch fermented. A nice bit of chew on the finish adds balance. Spicy, perfumed raspberry fruit, light-bodied but with some grip. A great vin de soif but it could age too. A light-bodied, fruit-focused version of Pinotage showing a really charming side of this variety.

Each panel tasting is judged by three experienced tasters chosen for their authority in the category of wine being rated. All wines are tasted blind and are pre-poured for judges in flights of eight to 10 wines. Our three experts taste and score their set of wines individually but then discuss their scores together at the end of each flight. Any wines on which scores are markedly different are retasted; however, judges are under no obligation to amend their scores. Judges are encouraged to look fortypicity in wines, rewarding those which are true to their region.

Prices are not revealed, and thus not taken into consideration when scoring. We limit the number of wines tasted to a manageable level - a maximum of 85 per day - allowing judges to taste more thoroughly and avoid palate fatigue. Scoring system Tasters rate the wines using the point scoring system. The ratings are as follows: Exceptional A great, exceptional and profound wine Outstanding An excellent wine of great complexity and character Highly Recommended A very accomplished wine, with impressive complexity Recommended A well-made, straightforward and enjoyable wine Commended An acceptable, simple wine with limited personality Fair Correctly made, if unexciting For the tasting notes of the Commended wines, please go to Decanter.

But the positives convince people to persevere: The greatest Pinots are ethereal wines, yet are intimately expressive of the plots of land that bore them. Then came 20 marvellous Burgundies, including: If the Pinot point needed any more proving, it came in the form of some impressive Californians: Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56, gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang.

Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. Great Depression — The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.

In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4, Some economies started to recover by the mids, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II.

The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of optimism persisted for some time, john D.

Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year.

In addition, beginning in the mids, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May , automobile sales had declined to below the levels of , prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left—right spectrum.

Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought changes to the nature of war, society, the state. The advent of war and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. A military citizenship arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war, Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature, and views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies.

Since the end of World War II in , few parties have openly described themselves as fascist, the descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements. The Italian term fascismo is derived from fascio meaning a bundle of rods and this was the name given to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates.

The symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity, a rod is easily broken. Similar symbols were developed by different fascist movements, for example, historians, political scientists, and other scholars have long debated the exact nature of fascism. Each interpretation of fascism is distinct, leaving many definitions too wide or narrow, according to many scholars, fascism—especially once in power—has historically attacked communism, conservatism and parliamentary liberalism, attracting support primarily from the far right.

Roger Griffin describes fascism as a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a form of populist ultranationalism. Griffin describes the ideology as having three components, the rebirth myth, populist ultra-nationalism and the myth of decadence. Fascism is a revolutionary, trans-class form of anti-liberal, and in the last analysis.

Fascist Philosophies vary by application, but remain distinct by one theoretic commonality, all traditionally fall into the far-right sector of any political spectrum, catalyzed by afflicted class identities over conventional social inequities. John Lukacs, Hungarian-American historian and Holocaust survivor, argues there is no such thing as generic fascism. He claims that National Socialism and Communism are essentially manifestations of populism, Fascism was influenced by both left and right, conservative and anti-conservative, national and supranational, rational and anti-rational.

God — In monotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by most theologians includes the attributes of omniscience, omnipotence, omnipresence, divine simplicity, many theologians also describe God as being omnibenevolent and all loving. Furthermore, some religions attribute only a purely grammatical gender to God, incorporeity and corporeity of God are related to conceptions of transcendence and immanence of God, with positions of synthesis such as the immanent transcendence of Chinese theology. God has been conceived as personal or impersonal.

In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, in pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism, God has also been conceived as the source of all moral obligation, and the greatest conceivable existent. Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God, there are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about Gods identity and attributes.

In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one true Supreme Being and creator of the universe. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, in Islam, the name Allah is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God.

In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a concept of God. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, in many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton. Copyright — Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time, the exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use.

A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the expression of ideas. Copyright is a form of property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not all jurisdictions require fixing copyrighted works in a tangible form and it is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific jurisdiction.

While many aspects of copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements. Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the authors life plus 50 to years, some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions. Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing fair exceptions to the exclusivity of copyright. Copyright came about with the invention of the press and with wider literacy.

As a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century, Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe and not, for example, however, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights.

The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of human activities that can be commodified. This parallels the ways in which led to the commodification of many aspects of social life that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se. Often seen as the first real copyright law, the British Statute of Anne gave the rights for a fixed period. The act also alluded to individual rights of the artist and it began, Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing.

Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors. The first printed sheet music made with a press was made in Sheet music is the form in which Western classical music is notated so that it can be learned and performed by solo singers or instrumentalists or musical ensembles. Many forms of traditional and popular Western music are commonly learned by singers and musicians by ear, Score is a common alternative term for sheet music, and there are several types of scores, as discussed below. Sheet music from the 20th and 21st century typically indicates the title of the song or composition on a page or cover, or on the top of the first page.

If the song or piece is from a movie, Broadway musical, or opera, if the songwriter or composer is known, her or his name is typically indicated along with the title. Black market sheet music, such as illegal jazz fake books may or may not indicate the songwriter or composer, the type of musical notation varies a great deal by genre or style of music. In most classical music, the melody and accompaniment parts are notated on the lines of a staff using round note heads, the lyrics, if present, are written near the melody notes.

However, music from the Baroque music era or earlier eras may have neither a tempo marking nor a dynamic indication. The singers and musicians of that era were expected to know what tempo and loudness to play or sing a song or piece due to their musical experience. In the contemporary music era, and in some cases before, composers often used their native language for tempo indications.

These conventions of music notation, and in particular the use of English tempo instructions, are also used for sheet music versions of 20th. Popular music songs often indicate both the tempo and genre, slow blues or uptempo rock, pop songs often contain chord names above the staff using letter names, so that an acoustic guitarist or piano player can improvise a chordal accompaniment. In other styles of music, different musical notation methods may be used, in jazz, while most professional performers can read classical-style notation, many jazz tunes are notated using chord charts, which indicate the chord progression of a song and its form.

Like popular music songs, jazz tunes often indicate both the tempo and genre, slow blues or fast bop, professional country music session musicians typically use music notated in the Nashville Number System, which indicates the chord progression using numbers. Many guitar players and electric bass players learn songs and note tunes using tablature, tab is widely used rock music and heavy metal guitarists. Singers in many music styles learn a song using only a lyrics sheet.

Afterlife — The afterlife is the concept of a realm, or the realm itself, in which an essential part of an individuals identity or consciousness continues to exist after the death of the body. Belief in an afterlife, which may be naturalistic or supernatural, is in contrast to the belief in oblivion after death, in this latter view, such rebirths and deaths may take place over and over again continuously until the individual gains entry to a spiritual realm or Otherworld.

Major views on the afterlife derive from religion, esotericism and metaphysics, in metaphysical models, theists generally believe some type of afterlife awaits people when they die. Members of some generally non-theistic religions, tend to believe in an afterlife, the Sadducees were an ancient Jewish sect that generally believed that there was a God but no afterlife. Reincarnation is also a belief described in Kabbalistic Judaism as gilgul neshamot and this succession leads toward an eventual liberation. One consequence of reincarnationist beliefs is that our current lives are both afterlife and a beforelife, according to those beliefs events in our current life are consequences of actions taken in previous lives, or Karma.

In most denominations, heaven is a condition of reward for the righteous to go after they die, traditionally defined as eternal union with God. In contrast to heaven, hell is a condition of punishment and torment for the wicked, traditionally defined as eternal separation from God and confinement with other sinful souls and fallen angels. So they are seen as existing in a state of natural. In other Christian denominations it has described as an intermediate place or state of confinement in oblivion.

The notion of purgatory is associated particularly with the Catholic Church, the tradition of the church, by reference to certain texts of scripture, speaks of a cleansing fire although it is not always called purgatory. Anglicans of the Anglo-Catholic tradition generally also hold to the belief, traditional African religions are diverse in their beliefs in an afterlife.

For each soul remains distinct and each represents a new soul. In some societies like the Mende, multiple beliefs coexist, the Mende believe that people die twice, once during the process of joining the secret society, and again during biological death after which they become ancestors. However, some Mende also believe that people are created by God they live ten consecutive lives.

One cross-cultural theme is that the ancestors are part of the world of the living, interacting with it regularly, the afterlife played an important role in Ancient Egyptian religion, and its belief system is one of the earliest known in recorded history. When the body died, parts of its known as ka. Censorship — Governments, private organizations and individuals may engage in censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, Censorship could be direct or indirect, in which case it is referred to as soft censorship.

Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, there are no laws against self-censorship. In BC, Greek philosopher, Socrates, defied attempts by the Greek state to censor his philosophical teachings and was sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock. Socrates student, Plato, is said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republic, in contrast to Plato, Greek playwright Euripides defended the true liberty of freeborn men, including the right to speak freely.

In , Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law, the rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored, Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography, for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy.

This is used to counter espionage, which is the process of gleaning military information, political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion. Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a religion is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones, alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their religion.

Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc, throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers. Cultural products there reflected the needs of the state. Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years, in the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they suggested that the sun might not shine on May Day. Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader, pravda, the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly.

Foreign newspapers were available if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of samizdat, illegal self-published books, possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB. Wiki as never seen before with video and photo galleries, discover something new today.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Archived from the original on Twisted But True Discovery Science". New York Times , January 14, , page 84 in Obituaries. Discography Awards and nominations. Retrieved from " https: Archived copy as title CS1 maint: The chorus usually has a phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated 2. He took a job as a waiter in Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island 4. Holidays autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues, first published in , is sketchy on details of her early life, some historians have disputed Holidays paternity, as a copy of her birth certificate in the Baltimore archives lists the father as a man named Frank DeViese 5.

By May , automobile sales had declined to below the levels of , prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 7. He claims that National Socialism and Communism are essentially manifestations of populism, Fascism was influenced by both left and right, conservative and anti-conservative, national and supranational, rational and anti-rational 8.

Singers in many music styles learn a song using only a lyrics sheet When the body died, parts of its known as ka YouTube Videos [show more]. Popular music [videos] Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry.