Circumstantial (Consequential Book 1)

People tend to notice items if they capture their attention in some way. If the object isn't visually prominent or relevant, there is a higher chance that a person will miss it. Mental workload is a person's cognitive resources. The amount of a person's workload can interfere with processing of other stimuli. For example, talking on the phone while driving — the attention is mostly focused on the phone conversation, so there is less attention focused on driving.

The mental workload could be anything from thinking about tasks that need to be done to tending to a baby in the backseat. When people have most of their attention focused on one thing, they are more vulnerable to inattentional blindness. However, the opposite is true as well. Automatic processing can lessen one's mental workload, which can lead to a person to missing the unexpected stimuli. Working memory also contributes to inattentional blindness.

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Cognitive psychologists have examined the relationship between working memory and inattention, but evidence is inconclusive. The rate of this phenomenon can be impacted by a number of factors. Researchers have found evidence for a number of components that may play a role. These include features of the object and the current task, where an individual's attention lies relative to the object, and mental workload as mentioned above. Researchers Kreitz, Furley, and Memmery in , asserted that working memory capacity is not an indicator of susceptibility to inattentional blindness.

Instead, it is a combination of what stimulus the attention is directed to as well as the individual's personal expectations. There are individual differences that can play a role, but some argue those disparities are separate from capacity for working memory. Seegmiller, Watson, and Strayer in for example, studied individual differences in working memory capacity and how that overall impacted their attention on a given task.

They utilized the same Invisible Gorilla video Simons and Chabris did as mentioned above , but they additionally had participants complete a mathematics test to measure their capacity. From their results, they were able to find a high correlation between an individual's working memory capacity and their susceptibility to inattentional blindness.

Those who were calculated to have a lower capacity, more often experienced the blindness. In a follow up study the same year, Kreitz and her team looked specifically at the cognitive abilities between individuals. Her team employed a variety of tasks, both static and dynamic, to compare the participants who had their cognitive capacity measured beforehand.

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Even though they included different tasks to test individuals, there was not a measurable relationship between the cognitive abilities of a participant and their attention performance. They did, however, find evidence to support the idea that noticing a certain stimuli was better in those demonstrating expertise in the task subject referenced above. Instead, they determined that the rate of noticing might be both circumstantial and dependent on the requirements of the task.

There are also researchers who subscribe to the idea that working memory does not play a measurable role in attentional blindness. This is different from the study by Kreitz and her team finding that individual differences in cognitive abilities might not be relative to noticing rates. Bredemeier and Simons conducted two studies in The first involved identifying the location of letters as well as counting how many times a group of shapes touched one another.

These served as spatial and attention tasks respectively. The second study utilized the same tasks as the previous, but included a verbal one. Participants had to solve math problems and then remember a particular letter that followed each equation. From their results, the two researchers questioned if there was a relationship between noticing a particular stimuli and cognitive abilities.

Instead of other factors contributing to the working memory of an individual's noticing, Bredemeier and Simons postulated that external variables establish the appearance of this relationship. Finally, the two researchers attempted to explain why studies were yielding conflicting results.

The reason for why this research seems particularly inconclusive might be a result of disparities between the design of the actual research. Essentially, a variety of confounded variables might be prevalent across the studies when considering methodology and sampling processes. A more regulated, large-scale experiment could lead to more conclusive findings. This can lead to inattentional blindness. For example, person X is looking for their friend at a concert, and that person knows their friend person Y was wearing a yellow jacket.

In order to find person Y, person X looks around for people wearing yellow. It is easier to pick a color out of the crowd than a person. Because of expectations, experts are more prone to inattentional blindness than beginners. An expert knows what to expect when certain situations arise. Therefore, that expert will know what to look for. Attentional capacity, or neurological salience , is a measure of how much attention must be focused to complete a task.

For example, an expert pianist can play a piano without thinking much, but a beginner would have to consciously think of every note they hit.

This capacity can be lessened by drugs, alcohol, fatigue, and age. With a small capacity, it is more possible to miss things. If your attentional capacity is large, you are less likely to experience inattentional blindness. William James addressed the benefits of attention by saying, "Only those items which I notice shape my mind — without selective interest, experience is utter chaos".

Inattentional blindness is beneficial in the sense that it is a mechanism that has evolved with attention to help filter out irrelevant input, allowing only important information to reach consciousness. Gibson , have argued that, even before the retina , perception begins in the ecology, which has turned perceptual processes into informational relationships in the environment through evolution.

For example, New et al. They found that when participants were shown an image with a rapidly altering scene where the scene change included an animate or inanimate object that the participants were significantly better at identifying humans and animals. Inattentional blindness is also beneficial as a response to advertising overload. This phenomenon called 'purposeful blindness' has a compelling illustration regarding banner ads. Banner blindness shows that consumers can adopt fast and become good at ignoring marketing messages that are not relevant.

Although the bulk of inattentional blindness research has been conducted in laboratory studies, the phenomenon occurs in a variety of everyday contexts. Several recent studies of explicit attention capture have found that when observers are focused on some other object or event, they often experience inattentional blindness. If a person's attention is focused elsewhere while driving, carrying on a conversation or text messaging, for example, they could fail to notice salient and distinctive objects, such as a stop sign, which could lead to serious injury and possibly even death.

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There have also been heinous incidents attributed to inattentional blindness behind the wheel. For example, a Pennsylvania highway crew accidentally paved over a dead deer that was lying on the road. When questioned regarding their actions, the workers claimed to have never seen it. Many policies are being implemented around the world to decrease the competition for explicit attention capture while operating a vehicle. For example, there are legislative efforts in many countries aimed at banning or restricting the use of cell phones while driving. Research has shown that the use of both hands-free and hand-held cellular devices while driving results in the failure of attention to explicitly capture other salient and distinctive objects, leading to significantly delayed reaction times, as well as inattentional blindness.

In both cases, the risk of a collision was three to six times higher compared to a sober driver not using a cell phone. Inattentional blindness is also prevalent in aviation. The development of heads-up display HUD for pilots, which projects information onto the windshield or onto a helmet-mounted display, has enabled pilots to keep their eyes on the windshield, but simulator studies have found that HUD may cause runway incursion accidents, where one plane collides with another on the runway. For example, an airliner crew, engrossed with a blinking console light, failed to notice the approaching ground and register hearing the danger alarm sounding before the airliner crashed.

In several misdirection studies, including Kuhn and Tatler , [59] participants watch a "vanishing item" magic trick. After the initial trial, participants are shown the trick until they detect the item dropping from the magician's hand. Most participants see the item drop on the second trial.

The critical analyses involved differences in eye movements between the detected and undetected trials. These repetition trials are similar to the full-attention trial in the inattentional blindness paradigm, as both involve the detection of the unexpected event and, by detecting the unexpected event on the second trial, demonstrate that the event is readily perceivable.

The main difference between inattentional blindness and misdirection involves how attention is manipulated.

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While inattentional blindness tasks require an explicit distractor, the attentional distraction in misdirection occurs through the implicit yet systematic orchestration of attention. Although the aims of magic and illusion differ from those of neuroscience, magicians wish to exploit cognitive weaknesses, whereas neuroscientists seek to understand the brain and the neuronal significance of cognitive functions.

Several researchers have argued that neuroscientists and psychologists can learn from incorporating the real world experience and knowledge of magicians into their fields of research. The techniques developed over centuries of stage magic by magicians may also be utilized by neuroscience as powerful probes of human cognition. When a police officer's version of events differs from video or forensic evidence, inattentional blindness has been used by defense lawyers as a possibility.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The term has also been applied to the "cognitive capture" of government regulatory agencies by the industries they are charged with regulating. The regulators may be seen as being so "captured" by the industry that they focus all their energy on the welfare of the industry and not on the welfare of the public. This concept may interact with "cognitive dissonance" to explain why people create local cultures that reflect some of the values in their local community, while completely ignoring others.

Results of a new method". University students with ADHD demonstrate greater attentional abilities on an inattentional blindness paradigm".

Effects of attentional set and to-be-ignored distractors". Evolution and Human Behavior. The Journal of General Psychology. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 October Retrieved 1 June Levy and Patricia Olynyk". Retrieved 9 August Looking without seeing" PDF. Current Directions in Psychological Science. Reply to commentaries" PDF. Archived from the original on 8 February Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events" PDF. Archived from the original on 17 April National Registry of Exonerations.

Inattentional blindness for a simulated real-world assault". Retrieved 10 October Matthew; Wise, Breanne M. Rick has been married since to D'Annette and they have 3 lovely daughters. He considers himself to be a shrewd observer of people but D'Annette thinks he is simply a bit touched.

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