A Pocket Guide to Creating Symbol Fonts

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When you have character-formatting commands at the start of the document i. When you have a series of formatting commands that apply to the same bit of text—i. Either way is absolutely valid RTF. While there are many commands, there are only four escapes to learn: A nonbreaking space is a character that looks like a space. Whereas the word processor can break lines at a space character, it will never do so at a nonbreaking space character.

This avoids confusion in the case of hyphens occurring in email addresses, URLs, and other kinds of computerese. That is, if you were reading a discussion of Lisp functions, and saw the following: In such cases, either turn hyphenation off for the whole document, or render the word in RTF with nonbreaking hyphens: If hyphenation is turned on for the document, the word processor will try to make the text wrap nicely by hyphenating words.

This is rendered as: This is discussed in greater detail in the Document Structure section. Unicode characters are characters over , usually in the range to 65, For example, the Chinese character is character 36,, and the character is character 21, If the character is between 32, and 65,, subtract 65, from it, and use the resulting negative number.

For example, the symbol is character , About the best we can do in such cases is to try to find a font that has that character at some lower character number. Or, in complete desperation, you could embed an image of the character; see the section Embedding Images. For example, the first five characters of the Tao Te Ching are these:. While the above rules hold for normal printable characters, there are four exceptions worth noting: Although the specification for expressing Unicode in RTF is over five years old, support for RTF in different applications is still somewhat hit-or-miss.

MSWord tries to do that kind of helpful substitution, but it does not do it reliably. In any case, in order to use a Unicode character, try to use a font that provides the character. There are exceptions, however.

Typo—what?

An RTF document consists of a prolog , a font table , an optional color table , an optional stylesheet , an optional info group , preliminaries , content i. The 1 indicates the version of RTF being used. Currently, 1 is the only version there has ever been. The way to declare a character set is with one of these commands:. This is basically Latin-1 ISO with some characters added between and In theory, this is the default for RTF. The document is in the MacAscii character set, the usual character set under old pre versions of Mac OS. That is about the only use that CP sees these days.

The bad news is that you may be using codes outside that range without noticing it, such as smart quotes, long dashes, or the like. What font the number N actually indicates is defined in the font table that follows. For example, this is a very common prolog, which declares the RTF document to be in the ANSI character set, and picks font 0 as the default font:. A font table lists all the fonts that can be used in this document and associates a number with each one.

The font table is required, although some programs will tolerate a file that has no font table. The RTF specification suggests that the declaration is syntactically needed, but hardly any word processors actually require it; for sake of brevity, almost all the examples in this book leave out the declaration. The color table is where you define all the colors that might be used in this document. Each declaration has this basic syntax:. This convention is used for the first entry in the color table. This example color table declares entry 0 with the default text color, entry 1 as red, entry 2 as blue, entry 3 as white, and entry 4a as black:.

See the Changing Text Color section for a further discussion of color commands.

In hardcopy, there is no difference, because the default color for print is black. But on screen, the default color can be anything. Appearance control panel is set to make the default window style appear as white text on a dark blue background. And given that the background color is dark blue, that black text will be quite hard to read—unless, of course, the RTF document also specifies a different background color such as yellow , in which case, the text will display more readably, as black on yellow. A stylesheet is where you declare any styles that you might use in the document.

A stylesheet is optional. The semantics and usage of stylesheets is discussed in detail later in the Styles section, so we will focus just on the syntax here. A paragraph style definition has this syntax:. Avoid using commas or semicolons in the style name. The formatting commands here should be just character-formatting commands, without any paragraph-formatting commands.

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See the Styles section for more details. Incidentally, in both paragraph style and character style definitions, the formatting commands section is free to consist of nothing at all. Those two styles could be part of a complete stylesheet that looks like this:. The optional info group stores document metadata. Metadata is information that describes the document, but is not actually in the document such as would appear when paging through the document on screen or in hardcopy.

The RTF specification defines about two dozen metadata field-name commands as well as a syntax for declaring additional field-names , but here we discuss only the following common fields: Note that no formatting commands are allowed in info group values. Declares when this document was first created as opposed to merely modified. For example, in the unlikely event that a document was created at the moment that the first person set foot on the moon, at July 20, , at Stores any miscellaneous comments about the document.

Useful information to store includes things like the name and version number of the program that produced or translated the document possibly the versions of libraries used , what options were used in generating that document including what files were the source of the document data , and some expression of the creation time that includes the timezone. Get out and vote! However, most word processors provide some way of viewing and probably editing the metadata.

November 01, 8: Recall that name and affiliation are generally entered when MSWord is first installed. This section can be left empty, but here is a commonly useful string to provide:. The number is U. Moreover, language numbers are discussed in greater detail in the Language Tagging section. It also resets the font size to 12 points.

And finally, it turns off all character-formatting features such as underlining, italic, superscript, et cetera. Finally, the last line is a construct for turning on page numbering in the form of a flush-right point number, in whatever is font number 0 in the font table. This section is optional, in the sense that you could have a document with no content such as a document template. This section covers all sorts of odds and ends about RTF. Therefore, developers can use new commands whether new in the standard, or just for private use with the certainty that existing RTF programs will react by predictably ignoring the unknown commands—instead of crashing, complaining to the user, or interpreting the command as literal text.

There is a special case of this: But what does this language-tagging actually do? To keep those distractions away from foreign words, use language tagging. Consider how this text would be interpreted by an old program and a new program:. English, the language of the surrounding text. Other, rarer word-processor features might use language tagging. Some formatting behavior can be language-dependent: Language tagging may also be needed if you are sending text to a speech synthesizer or to a Braille printer. RTF also supports a quite different feature with a similar name: When the word processor instead breaks the content into several columns, filling the first before adding text to the second, the format is newspaper columns.

A layout with newspaper columns is can make pages with small print or frequent linebreaks much easier to read. By default, there is no line between the columns. By default, the columns are separated by a distance of twips—i. But this is not actually the case: Sections are not discussed elsewhere in this book, because they only come up in certain formatting features that are beyond the scope of this condensed guide.

The only notable exceptions are page header settings and newspaper columns. Follow these rules of thumb in order to avoid bothering with sections: The document would look like this:. The default is to create endnotes. For a full discussion of footnote numbering styles and the complexities of endnote placement, refer to the RTF specification. The Color Table section in Document Structure discussed the syntax for declaring color tables. Instead, it implements exactly the same function with a different construct: See the end of the Color Table section for a discussion of the rationale for this.

If you also want to make it blue, add a color-change command, as from the above section, like this:. Indenting in this sense means the distance from the left or right margin of the page. To control the placement of the margins, use the following commands in a document. They should go in the Preliminaries section, presumably before page numbering is turned on:.

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Few RTF documents need to stipulate the size of the page that they were formatted for. But to print in landscape mode i. To print a document in landscape mode on U. If you want to print in two-up format i. Note that in each case, the margin settings the middle line in each are simply an initial recommendation; you may actually want larger or smaller margins.

And when printing in two-up format, you will almost definitely want to use a smaller font size than the default point. RTF has a happily large but regrettably convoluted system for representing graphics primitives such as lines, arcs, circles, polygons, and so on. The simple task of representing a 5-inch horizontal rule requires this much code:. That line can be made longer or shorter by replacing the three instances of with some other length in twips. If you want more complex graphics in RTF, the simplest method is probably to just embed a real image, as covered in the next section.

That code is rather more compact, but also works in a basically different way. Where the previous code inserts a paragraph containing an attached line-drawing primitive, this approach inserts a blank paragraph with a border along its bottom; then a borderless blank paragraph is inserted so that there will be as much space below the line as above it. For example, this code draws a horizontal line that starts 4cm 2, twips in from the left margin and ends 1cm twips in from the right margin: The actual length of the resulting line depends on the current settings for the page margin or, the document is in columns, the current column size.

Whether you use the first or second approach might simply depend on which is best supported in a particular word processor. For example, WordPerfect 8 understands the first line-drawing approach much better. If you want to insert images in an RTF file, you have three options. The first option is to give up and do without the image.

A Pocket Guide to Creating Symbol Fonts. (Book, ) [www.newyorkethnicfood.com]

The second option is to produce the binary encoding of the image by copying it out of an RTF file generated by a word processor. Otherwise, you end up stopping prematurely, at the end of the third line above. The third way to insert images in an RTF file is to use this quite nonstandard code to have the word processor insert an arbitrary external image file into the document:. In the PicturePath , path separators must either be a forward slash, like so:. You can control exact positioning of an image on the page by simply making it the content of an exact-positioned paragraph, as discussed at the end of the Basic RTF Syntax section.

Some word-processing programs, such as WordPerfect, support a feature called overstrike , in which two or more characters can be printed one on top of each other. For example, an overstrike consisting of B and would give you , which happens to be the otherwise usually unavailable symbol for the Thai currency, the baht. Often, the text looks better slightly higher on the page than exact centering would put it. The section Character Formatting discusses the Unicode extensions to RTF, which provide a way to access symbols by their Unicode character number.

Moreover, styles are useful only in documents that are meant to be edited by users who will want to change what the styles mean. CSPAN will move from channel 18 to channel CSPAN-2 will move from channel 19 to channel And a new channel, Classic Arts Showcase, will be on channel All hail cable television!! If you want boldface, you could just click on each and make them bold.

RTF Pocket Guide by Sean M. Burke

Then you can change the definition of the style to whatever you like, try it out, and any changes are automatically reflected in each of the word in the text where the style is used. Changing things in one place the definition of the ChannelNames style instead of in several places each use of a channel name avoids the repetitive, manual, and potentially error-prone task of changing each instance. The subjective experience of making and editing styles is based on a model that has two parts: This is a basic problem in the design of RTF, and I know of no way around it.

Apparently, the regrettable decision was made that having style codes take the place of their constituent codes would require too much complexity in RTF readers. RTF distinguishes two different kinds of styles: As mentioned in Document Structure , the way to declare a style is in the stylesheet section of the document, right after the font table and the optional color table. Each style is given a number as well as a name, and then actual uses of the style refer to the style number. This is similar to the way the font table and font uses work.

Basing a style on another style means if the user alters the original style, the word processor can update the styles based on it. Avoid using commas or semicolons in style names; word processors behave oddly that have styles with commas or semicolons in their declarations. This new group would go in the stylesheet:. Making some paragraph formatting into a paragraph style uses a slightly different syntax, but is otherwise the same.

In the stylesheet, we would declare a new style like this:. As discussed in Basic RTF Syntax , a single space at the very end of a command is ignored, and has no effect. This option means that when you use a particular style, its formatting adds to any formatting already in effect. Imagine using this style in a larger stretch of text that is in boldface. At the beginning of this section, I stated that styles are useful only in documents that are meant to be edited by users who will want to change what the styles mean. Suppose you are writing a little Perl program that makes a chart of what stations are on what channel numbers, and it involves code like this:.

My advice is learn a small, safe subset of table syntax, and use just that. This section covers only a part of the large and ever-expanding syntax for tables as covered in the RTF Specification. RTF has no single construct that expresses a table.