17 YEARS

A post shared by Karan Johar karanjohar on Dec 13, at 8: Poo can do anything, you see!

In her first scene, she steps out of the house wearing this sexy strappy number, and immediately, out of nowhere, the jacket comes out. But in another scene, when he was seen with SRK, his ride changes to a silver Mercedes. Money or super power?

Did the makers take exclusive rights of the song before its release? Hrithik asks them to come to Bluewater Shopping Centre, which is actually in Kent. If there are significant lags in, say, the grant or ethics process, this is less likely to be reflected in current total lag estimations.

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Moreover, the variation in choice of proxy measures means that studies are almost never measuring the same thing, making valid aggregation and generalization difficult. There is a clear trend in the literature to seek a single answer to a single question through the calculation of an average. The variation found in the literature suggests that this is not possible or even desirable , and variation matters.

Thus any poor estimates are transferred forward into later analysis, and also hide a complexity which is highly relevant to research policy. There also appears to be a mismatch between conceptual models of the translation process, and the measuring of lags. For example, the gap between guideline publication and translation into actual practice is often ignored, suggesting an under-estimation of the time lags in some cases.

On the other hand, interventions may come into use before guidelines outlining them have been published — suggesting an over-estimation of time lags in other cases. Using different endpoints, different domains and different approaches, Balas and Bohen 16 and Grant et al. Wratschko also suggested 17 years as the highest limit for the time taken from drug discovery to commercialization.

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Is this coincidence or not? One possible reason for the convergence is the difficulty of measuring longer lags — because of limitations of citation indexes, other records and recollections — which provides a ceiling to such estimates and leads to a convergence of average lags. While not able to adequately quantify time lags in health research, this study provides lessons for future research policy and practice.

Concerns about lags are not new 14 but are unresolved. Based on the review, and our own work on lags, 13 , 17 , 19 , 30 , 51 we would argue that an essential step to being able to quantify time lags, and thereby make improvements, requires stakeholders to agree definitions, key stages and measures.

It also perhaps requires stakeholders to develop a more nuanced understanding of when time lags are good or bad, linked to policy choices around ethics and governance for example, 52 or reflect workforce issues.

Highlights

It seems to us that this provides an excellent framework to support future data gathering and analysis and thus provide a more informed base from which to develop policy to address time lags. No attention is given to understanding distributions and variations. As noted in the introduction, some lags are necessary to ensure the safety and efficacy of implementing new research into practice. The discussion in the literature fails to consider what is necessary or desirable, tending to assume that all lags are unwelcome. A key question for policy is to identify which lags are beneficial and which are unnecessary, but to answer this question it is necessary to have an accurate and comparable estimate of the lags.

Translating scientific discoveries into patient benefit more quickly is a policy priority of many health research systems. Despite their policy salience, little is known about time lags and how they should be managed.

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This lack of knowledge puts those responsible for enabling translational research at a disadvantage. An ambitious reason for being able to accurately measure lags is that it would be possible to look at their distribution to identify research that is both slow and fast in its translation. Further investigation of the characteristics of research at both ends of a distribution could help identify actionable policy interventions that could speed up the translation process, where appropriate, and thus increase the return on research investment.

The views expressed are not necessarily those of the Department. ZSM designed, conducted and analysed the literature review, and drafted and revised the paper; JG initiated the project, drafted and revised the paper, and has led a number of studies cited that attempted to measure lags; SW revised the paper. The authors thank NIHR for their support. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

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J R Soc Med. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract This study aimed to review the literature describing and quantifying time lags in the health research translation process.

Methods For the first part of the study we identified literature that described conceptual models of translation. Findings Conceptualising translational research Understanding time lags requires a conceptual model of how research in science is converted to patient benefit so that the durations of activities and waits can be measured. Open in a separate window. With some expectations, most of this lag is generated after a trial has been completed.

The answer is 17 years, what is the question: understanding time lags in translational research.

Discussion This paper aimed to synthesize existing knowledge to offer a conceptual model that can be used to standardize measurement and thus help to quantify lags in future. Conclusion Translating scientific discoveries into patient benefit more quickly is a policy priority of many health research systems. Ethical approval Not applicable. Contributorship ZSM designed, conducted and analysed the literature review, and drafted and revised the paper; JG initiated the project, drafted and revised the paper, and has led a number of studies cited that attempted to measure lags; SW revised the paper.

Cooksey D A review of UK health research funding: Some Measurement and Evaluation Issues. Systematic Review and Recommendations. Milbank Q ; Rogers E Diffusion of innovations. The Free Press, A ten-country analysis of six health technologies. The case for knowledge translation: Closing the evidence-to-practice gap. Ann Emerg Med ; Lost in knowledge translation: Time for a map? J Contin Educ Health Prof ; Acad Emerg Med ; Res Nurs Health ; J Health Serv Res Policy ; UK Evaluation Forum, First film to now - her magic on screen remains the same. DhuvunTaak - Working with Baiko geneliad after 4 years.

A post shared by Riteish Deshmukh riteishd on Dec 1, at After dating for over eight years, the couple got married in and they are parents to sons - Riaan and Rahyl. They also worked together in the Marathi blockbuster Lai Bhaari. Anil Kapoor, in his post, described Riteish as an "entertainment powerhouse" and wrote: I've always loved your work and I can't wait to see more of it! Wishing the entertainment powerhouse Riteishd a very Happy Birthday!! A post shared by Preity G Zinta realpz on Dec 16, at Riteish Deshmukh was last seen in the Marathi film Mauli.