University Physics Volume 1 (WCB Physics)

This climatology provides a state-of-the-art quantification of the geographical distribution of STE and the preferred transport pathways, as well as insight into the temporal evolution of STE during the last 33 yr. We confirm the distinct zonal and seasonal asymmetry found in previous studies using comparable methods. The subset of "deep STE", where stratospheric air reaches the PBL within 4 days or vice versa, shows especially strong geographical and seasonal variations.

The global hotspots for deep STE are found along the west coast of North America and over the Tibetan Plateau, especially in boreal winter and spring. An analysis of the time series reveals significant positive trends of the net downward mass flux and of deep STE in both directions, which are particularly large over North America. The downward ozone flux across the tropopause is dominated by the seasonal cycle of ozone concentrations at the tropopause and peaks in summer, when the mass flux is nearly at its minimum.

For the subset of deep STE events, the situation is reversed and the downward ozone flux into the PBL is dominated by the mass flux and peaks in early spring. Thus surface ozone concentration along the west coast of North America and around the Tibetan Plateau are likely to be influenced by deep stratospheric intrusions.

Objective To assess the potential meteorological influence on the incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage SAH. Previous studies used inhomogeneous patient groups, insufficient study periods or inappropriate statistics. Patients and Methods We analyzed SAH admissions between and for which aneurysmal rupture occurred within the Zurich region. The hourly meteorological parameters considered are: For all parameters we investigate three complementary statistical measures: Results Regarding the meteorological parameters considered, no statistically significant signal could be found.

The distributions of deviations relative to the climatology and of the changes during the two days prior to SAH events agree with the distributions for the randomly chosen days. The analysis was repeated separately for winter and summer to exclude compensating effects between the seasons. Conclusion By using high-quality meteorological data analyzed with a sophisticated and robust statistical method no clearly identifiable meteorological influence for the SAH events considered can be found. Further studies on the influence of the investigated parameters on SAH incidence seem redundant.

New in-situ aircraft measurements of Saharan dust originating from Mali, Mauritania and Algeria taken during the Fennec aircraft campaign over a remote part of the Sahara Desert are presented. A significant coarse mode was present in the size distribution measurements with effective diameter deff from 2. The mean size distribution had a larger relative proportion of coarse mode particles than previous aircraft measurements. Number concentration, mass loading and extinction coefficient showed inverse relationships to dust age since uplift. Dust particle size showed a weak exponential relationship to dust age.

Two cases of freshly uplifted dust showed quite different characteristics of size distribution and number concentration. Single Scattering Albed SSA values at nm calculated from the measured size distributions revealed high absorption ranging from 0. SSA was found to be strongly related to deff. New instrumentation revealed that direct measurements, behind Rosemount inlets, overestimate SSA by up to 0. This is caused by aircraft inlet inefficiencies and sampling losses. Previous measurements of SSA from aircraft measurements may also have been overestimates for this reason.

Radiative transfer calculations indicate that the range of SSAs during Fennec can lead to underestimates in shortwave atmospheric heating rates by 2. This will have an impact on Saharan atmospheric dynamics and circulation, which should be taken into account by numerical weather prediction and climate models. Measurements were conducted at 9 different heights from 0. For each instrument specific protocols were developed for calibration and drift corrections. Diurnal and intraseasonal variations show strong relationships between changes in local surface humidity and water vapor isotopic composition, and with local and synoptic weather conditions.

This variability probably results from the interplay between local moisture fluxes, linked with firn—air exchanges, boundary layer dynamics, and large-scale moisture advection. Air mass back-trajectory calculations from atmospheric analyses and water tagging in the LMDZiso Laboratory of Meteorology Dynamics Zoom-isotopic atmospheric model reveal that these events are associated with predominant Arctic air mass origin.

The analysis suggests that high deuterium excess levels are a result of strong kinetic fractionation during evaporation at the sea-ice margin. The deuterium excess was higher in clouds developing after recent precipitation revealing episodes of regional moisture recycling. For the other eleven cloud events, the variation was most likely caused by changes in the isotopic composition of the advected and entrained vapor. Moreover, a detailed trajectory analysis for the two longest cloud events revealed that variations in the entrained vapor were most likely related to rain out or changes in relative humidity and temperature at the moisture source region or both.

This study illustrates the sensitivity of stable isotope composition of cloud water to changes in large scale air mass properties and regional recycling of moisture. The study presented here focuses particularly on the characterization of air masses transported from the North American continent to Greenland. Air masses that picked up emissions from Canadian boreal forest fires as well as from the cities on the American east coast were identified and selected for a detailed study. Nonetheless, wet scavenging may have occurred along the pathway between the emission sources and Greenland leading to a less pronounced accumulation mode in the POLARCAT data.

Chemical analyses from mass spectrometry show that submicrometer aerosol particles are mainly composed of sulphate and organics. The observed bimodal Aitken and accumulation aerosol number size distributions show a significant enhancement in Aitken mode particles.

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Furthermore, results from the thermodenuder analysis demonstrate the external mixture of boreal fire BF air masses from North America NA. Overall, during the campaign rather small amounts of black carbon from the North American continent were transported towards Greenland during the summer POLARCAT observation period, which also is a valuable finding with respect to potential climate impacts of black carbon in the Arctic. On a research flight on 10 July , the German research aircraft Falcon sampled an air mass with unusually high carbon monoxide CO , peroxyacetyl nitrate PAN and water vapour H2O mixing ratios in the Arctic lowermost stratosphere.

The air mass was encountered twice at an altitude of In-situ measurements of ozone, NO, and NOy indicate that this layer was a mixed air mass containing both air from the troposphere and stratosphere. Backward trajectory and Lagrangian particle dispersion model analysis suggest that the Falcon sampled the top of a polluted air mass originating from the coastal regions of East Asia.

The anthropogenic pollution plume experienced strong up-lift in a warm conveyor belt WCB located over the Russian east-coast. Mixing with surrounding Arctic stratospheric air most likely took place during the horizontal transport when the tropospheric streamer was stretched into long and narrow filaments.

The mechanism illustrated in this study possibly presents an important pathway to transport pollution into the polar tropopause region. Online size resolved chemical composition data of submicron aerosol were collected up to 7. Transport pathways of detected plumes included advection below hPa, air mass uplifting in warm conveyor belts, and high altitude transport in the upper troposphere.

By means of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART, trace gas analysis of O3 and CO, particle size distributions and aerosol chemical composition 48 pollution events were identified and classified into five chemically distinct categories. Despite different source regions and emission types the particle oxygen to carbon ratio of all plume classes was around 1 indicating low-volatility highly oxygenated aerosol.

An aerosol lifetime, including all processes from emission to detection, in the range between 7 and 11 days was derived for North American emissions. Specific very dry high-ozone layers, starting roughly two days after the onset of high-pressure periods during the warm season, have been reproducibly observed in the middle and upper troposphere with the ozone lidar in Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany.

In all six cases analysed the model results indicate ozone import from the stratosphere on an extremely long path along the subtropical jet stream over the Pacific Ocean, Asia and, in part, all the way back to the Atlantic Ocean. The analysis suggests that stratospheric influence is the most important factor for the increase in ozone and is related to rather shallow transfer of air from the stratosphere into the upper- and mid-tropospheric air streams observed with the lidar.

Contributions from the boundary layers of East Asia and North America are just occasionally present, in one case documented by a very dense aerosol plume from the Asian deserts. The considerable vertical and temporal extent of many of these layers and peak ozone mixing ratios between 80 and ppb suggest that the observations are related to an important mechanism for stratosphere-to-troposphere transport STT and also confirm the model predictions of pronounced and persistent STT along the subtropical jet stream.

This paper provides a detailed description of the atmospheric conditions characterizing the high Himalayas, thanks to continuous observations begun in March at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid NCO-P located at m a. The work presents a characterization of meteorological conditions and air-mass circulation at NCO-P during the first two years of activity. The mean values of atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind speed recorded at the site were: The highest seasonal values of temperature 1. The summer monsoon influenced rain precipitation seasonal mean: The atmospheric composition at NCO-P has been studied thanks to measurements of black carbon BC , aerosol scattering coefficient, PM1, coarse particles and ozone.

The annual behaviour of the measured parameters shows the highest seasonal values during the pre-monsoon BC: At NCO-P, the synoptic-scale circulation regimes present three principal contributions: This analysis revealed that brown cloud hot spots mainly influence the South Himalayas during the pre-monsoon, in the presence of very high levels of atmospheric compounds BC: Our investigations provide clear evidence that, especially during the pre-monsoon, the southern side of the high Himalayan valleys represent a "direct channel" able to transport brown cloud pollutants up to m a. A comprehensive evaluation of seasonal backward trajectories initialized in the northern hemisphere lowermost stratosphere LMS has been performed to investigate the factors that determine the temporal and spatial structure of troposphere-to-stratosphere-transport TST and it's impact on the LMS.

The lidar measurements show a large variety of rather different cases reflecting the full complexity of intrusion episodes that is not visible in classical case studies. In part, tropopause folds could be fully captured. The frequency of intrusion cases forecasted and verified by vertical sounding or in the in-situ data recorded at the nearby Zugspitze summit m a. Three cases mapped with the lidar were selected to validate the results for the corresponding time periods extracted from a one-year run with the new hemispheric version of the chemistry-transport model EURAD.

Due to the high spatial resolution chosen for these simulations the agreement with the lidar measurements is satisfactory.

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The Zugspitze ozone data from to were recently filtered by applying different criteria for stratospheric air, based on the 7Be and humidity measurements. Here, by using the daily model forecasts during the time period —, we examine three criteria and determine how well they represent the stratospheric air intrusions reaching the mountain site. Seasonal cycles for the period — were derived for the forecasts as well as the intrusion frequency per month for the forecasted intrusions and each of the criteria, distinguishing eight different characteristic transport pathways.

In most cases a winter maximum and a summer minimum was obtained, but in the case of cyclonic arrival of intrusions starting over Greenland a late-spring maximum is seen. An "or" combination of both these criteria yields slightly more cases and covers The lack of observations in the complementary In this way the long-term trend of stratospheric ozone observed at this site as well as the corresponding ozone budget may be derived on the basis of measurements only.

This effort will be the subject of a subsequent publication. Homepage Navigation Content Sitemap Search. Role of Stationary and Transient Waves. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , vol. American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate , vol. Assessment of an ensemble of ocean—atmosphere coupled and uncoupled regional climate models to reproduce the climatology of Mediterranean cyclones. Emmanouil Flaounas, Fanni D. Kelemen, Heini Wernli, Miguel A. Climate Dynamics , vol. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , vol. Geophysical Research Letters , vol. American Geophysical Union, Climate on the equilibrium line altitudes of glaciers: Journal of Glaciology , vol.

Cambridge University Press, Rossby wave initiation by recurving tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific. Monthly Weather Review , vol. A path to more skillful ensemble forecasts.

Influence of blocking on Northern European and Western Russian heatwaves in large climate model ensembles. Grams and Simone Russo. Environmental Research Letters , vol. Institute of Physics, Journal of Geophysical Research. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , vol. The complex life cycles of two long-lived potential vorticity cut-offs over Europe. Role of polar anticyclones and mid-latitude cyclones for Arctic summertime sea-ice melting.

Nature Geoscience , vol. Nature Publishing Group, Dynamics of a Puelche foehn event in the Andes. Meteorologische Zeitschrift , vol. The Laseyer wind storm - case studies and a climatology. Northern Hemisphere Rossby Wave initiation events on the extratropical jet-A climatological analysis. Beyond cold and warm: Lagrangian process attribution of isotopic variations in near-surface water vapour in a year regional climate simulation over Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , vol.

Investigation of changes in surface ozone concentrations in Europe since the s with an air quality model. Modulation of the downstream impact of extratropical transition by the midlatitude flow configuration: Black carbon and mineral dust in snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau. The Cryosphere , vol. Characteristics of black carbon in snow from Laohugou No. Science of the Total Environment , vol. American Geophysical Union; Wiley, Potential vorticity diagnostics to quantify effects of latent heating in extratropical cyclones. The extratropical transition of tropical cyclones.

Cyclone evolution and direct impacts. Clark Evans, Kimberly M. Griffin, John Gyakum, Robert E. Hart, Naoko Kitabatake, Hilke S. Does the lower stratosphere provide predictability for month-ahead wind electricity generation in Europe? The link between eddy-driven jet variability and weather regimes in the North Atlantic-European sector. Atmospheric rivers emerge as a global science and applications focus. Martin Ralph, Michael D. Martin, Maximiliano Viale, Allen B. ASM, August 8—11, Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology , vol. Light-absorbing impurities enhance glacier albedo reduction in the southeastern Tibetan plateau.

Understanding the regional pattern of projected future changes in extreme precipitation. Nature Climate Change , vol. Weather and Forecasting , vol. A dynamical link between deep Atlantic extratropical cyclones and intense Mediterranean cyclones. Atmospheric Science Letters , vol. Andrea Schneidereit, Dieter H. Monthly weather review , vol. Waliser, Heini Wernli and Z. Light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer glacier in western Tien Shan: Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions , vol. World Neurosurgery , vol. Kirchner and Lenny H. American Chemical Society, Objective classification of extratropical cyclogenesis.

Modulation of snow reflectance and snowmelt from Central Asian glaciers by anthropogenic black carbon. Scientific Reports , vol. Sources of sub-seasonal predictability for energy-industry-relevant weather events. Potential vorticity anomalies related to clouds and precipitation in extratropical cyclones. The effect of below-cloud processes on short-term variations of stable water isotopes in surface precipitation. Balancing Europe's wind-power output through spatial deployment informed by weather regimes.

European Geophysical Society, Sensitivity of ensemble weather predictions to perturbations of model physics and boundary conditions: Increase in the number of extremely strong fronts over Europe? A study based on ERA-Interim reanalysis — Impact of different IFS microphysics on a warm conveyor belt and the downstream flow evolution.

Large-scale wind and precipitation extremes in the Mediterranean: Dynamical aspects of five selected cyclone events. Regional-scale jet waviness modulates the occurrence of midlatitude weather extremes. A global quantification of compound precipitation and wind extremes. Revisiting the latent heating contribution to foehn warming: Lagrangian analysis of two foehn events over the Swiss Alps.

Miltenberger and Peter Spichtinger. Pan European Networks, Dynamics of tropical-extratropical interactions and extreme precipitation events in Saudi Arabia in autumn, winter and spring. A revised picture of the atmospheric moisture residence time. A route to systematic error in forecasts of Rossby waves.

An algorithm for identifying the initiation of synoptic-scale Rossby waves on potential vorticity waveguides. On the role of tropopause folds in summertime tropospheric ozone over the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Examining continental and marine sources of selenium in rainfall.

Tim Blazina, Lenny H. Stable water isotope fractionation processes in weather systems and their influence on isotopic variability on different time scales. Characteristic scales of atmospheric moisture transport. On the relationship between extratropical cyclone precipitation and intensity.

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On the impact of tropical cyclones on Rossby wave packets: How stratospheric are deep stratospheric intrusions? A quantitative assessment of the sensitivity of the downstream midlatitude flow response to extratropical transition of tropical cyclones. Global relationship between fronts and warm conveyor belts and the impact on extreme precipitation. The transatlantic dust transport from North Africa to the Americas-Its characteristics and source regions. European high-impact weather caused by the downstream response to the extratropical transition of North Atlantic Hurricane Katia Diabatic Rossby waves in the Southern Hemisphere.

Analysis of the slope of isentropic surfaces and its tendencies over the North Atlantic. Frontal-wave cyclogenesis in the North Atlantic -a climatological characterisation. Nickel migration and retention dynamics in natural soil columns. Water Resources Research , vol. New aspects of how clouds and the atmospheric circulation interact are currently being discovered, combining theory, numerical experiments and aircraft measurements. Importance of latent heat release in ascending air streams for atmospheric blocking. Grams and Heini Wernli.

Isotope meteorology of cold front passages: A case study combining observations and modeling. A scaling relation for warm-phase orographic precipitation: A Lagrangian analysis for 2D mountains. A climatological analysis for Extratropical fronts in the lower troposphere-global perspectives obtained from two automated methods. Swiss and Austrian Foehn revisited: Baker, Harald Sodemann, James U.

Johnson, Jeroen van Hunen and Zhang Pingzhong. Climatology of potential vorticity streamers and associated isentropic transport pathways across PV gradient barriers. IWAL — an interactive weather analysis laboratory. Lai, Franco Marenco, Claire L. Ryder, Cyrille Flamant, P. Tropopause folds in ERA-Interim: Global climatology and relation to extreme weather events.

The dynamical structure of intense Mediterranean cyclones. A Lagrangian investigation of hot and cold temperature extremes in Europe. The Quasigeostrophic Omega Equation: Reappraisal, Refinements, and Relevance. The summer Greenland heat wave: In situ and remote sensing observations of water vapor isotopic composition during an atmospheric river event.

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Dynamics and predictability of middle latitude weather systems and their higher and lower latitude interactions. World Meteorological Organization, August , Sensitivities of Lagrangian modeling of mid-latitude cirrus clouds to trajectory data quality. Luo and Thomas Peter. Nature Communications , vol. Atmospheric brown clouds reach the Tibetan Plateau by crossing the Himalayas.

Air-sea interaction over the Southern Ocean: On the role of extratropical cyclones, fronts and cold air outbreaks. Meteorological characterizations of extreme precipitation and floods in Switzerland. Dynamics of a local Alpine flooding event in October Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble weather forecasts - Part 2: Forecasting warm conveyor belt situations for aircraft-based field campaigns. Geoscientific Model Development , vol. Advances in understanding mineral dust and boundary layer processes over the Sahara from Fennec aircraft observations.

Marenco, Harald Sodemann, C. Mechanisms underlying temperature extremes in Iberia: Series A, Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography , vol. International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm, Swiss contribution to modeling of polar oceanic and atmospheric circulations. Pioneering spirit, passion and excellence , pp. Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, A new circulation type classification based upon Lagrangian air trajectories. Lorenzo and Luis Gimeno. Frontiers in Earth Science , vol. Baker, Sebastian Traud, Carl A. Atmospheric environment , vol.

Herzog, Heini Wernli, Meinrat O. Comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics: The flood event in eastern Europe in May Atmospheric processes triggering the central European floods in June Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences , vol. European Geosciences Union, The dichotomous structure of the warm conveyor belt. Characterising the relationship between weather extremes in Europe and synoptic circulation features. How important is intensified evaporation for Mediterranean precipitation extremes?

What controls deuterium excess in global precipitation? Climate of the Past , vol. On the linkage between the Asian summer monsoon and tropopause fold activity over the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Estimates of background surface ozone concentrations in the United States based on model-derived source apportionment.

Deuterium excess as a proxy for continental moisture recycling and plant transpiration. Seneviratne and Heini Wernli. The isotopic composition of water vapour and precipitation in Ivittuut, southern Greenland. Balloon-borne match measurements of midlatitude cirrus clouds. Ana Cirisan, Beiping P.



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Luo, Ines Engel, Frank G. Objektive Klassifikation von Zyklogenese in den Aussertropen. Large Eddy simulation of tracer dispersion in an idealised river canyon Setup. Influence of heterogeneous freezing on the microphysical and radiative properties of orographic cirrus clouds. Forbes and Heini Wernli. Climatology and Potential Vorticity Evolution. Moisture Origin and Relevance for Precipitation. Planning aircraft measurements within a warm conveyor belt. Thomas Trickl, Hannes Vogelmann, H. Scheel, Michael Sprenger and Andreas Stohl. The D-Day landing of June Extratropical cyclones and surface winds in June compared with a climatology based on the Twentieth Century Reanalysis.

A global climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange using the ERA-Interim data set from to Climatology and process studies of tropopause folds, cross-tropopause exchange, and transport into the boundary layer. Public Library of Science, Tropopause level Rossby wave breaking in the Northern Hemisphere: International Journal of Climatology , vol. The role of upper-level dynamics and surface processes for the Pakistan flood of July Cold surge episodes over southeastern Brazil: A potential vorticity perspective.

Horizontal water vapor transport in the lower stratosphere from subtropics to high latitudes during boreal summer.

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Impact of atmospheric transport on the evolution of microphysical and optical properties of Saharan dust. Microphysical and radiative changes in cirrus clouds by geoengineering the stratosphere. American Geophysical Union ; Wiley, Diurnal to interannual rainfall delta O variations in northern Borneo driven by regional hydrology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol. Are Greenhouse Gas Signals of Northern Hemisphere winter extra-tropical cyclone activity dependent on the identification and tracking algorithm?

Wernli and Imilast Team. Snow accumulation and its moisture origin over Dome Argus, Antarctica. The importance of fronts for extreme precipitation. A bulk parametrization of melting snowflakes with explicit liquid water fraction for the COSMO model. The impact of Typhoon Jangmi on themidlatitude flow: Upper-level ridgebuilding and modification of the jet. Harr and Martin Weissmann. Extending water vapor trend observations over Boulder into the tropopause region: Trend uncertainties and resulting radiative forcing.

Hurst, Alexandru Rap, Piers M. Climatology and forecast performance. An online trajectory module version 1. Development of an idealised downstream cyclone: Eulerian and Lagrangian perspective on the kinetic energy. Optical properties of Saharan dust aerosol and contribution from the coarse mode as measured during the Fennec aircraft campaign. Rosenberg, Jamie Trembath, Jennifer K. Conveyor belts in idealized moist baroclinic wave life cycles. Atmospheric stable water isotope measurements at the timescale of extratropical weather systems.

Modeling wind waves and wave exposure of nearshore zones in medium-sized lakes. Limnology and Oceanography , vol. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Continuous monitoring of summer surface water vapor isotopic composition above the Greenland Ice Sheet. Vinther and James W. Evaporative moisture sources for heavy precipitation events. Quantifying the importance of stratospheric-tropospheric transport on surface ozone concentrations at high- and low-elevation monitoring sites in the United States. Oltmans and Melvyn Shapiro. Baldini, Patrick Bartlein, Brendan J.

Observations, Dynamics, and Forecast Performance. Quantifying the Relevance of Cyclones for Precipitation Extremes. Spatial coherency of extreme weather events in Germany and Switzerland. Stable water isotopologue ratios in fog and cloud droplets of liquid clouds are not size-dependent. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology , vol. Solar influence on winter severity in central Europe. An instrument characterisation study. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques , vol. Impact of North Atlantic evaporation hot spots on southern Alpine heavy precipitation events.

Quantifying the relevance of atmospheric blocking for co-located temperature extremes in the Northern Hemisphere on sub- daily time scales. Detection, tracking and event localization of jet stream features in 4-D atmospheric data. Sensitivity to the spectral resolution and the dust emission scheme. Influence of microphysical processes on the potential vorticity development in a warm conveyor belt: Atlantic hurricanes and associated insurance loss potentials in future climate scenarios: Limitations of high-resolution AGCM simulations.

The numerical modeling of wet snowfall events. The 1-way on-line coupled atmospheric chemistry model system MECO n: Meteorological evaluation of the on-line coupled system. The isotopic composition of precipitation from a winter storm: Temporal evolution of stable water isotopologues in cloud droplets in a hill cap cloud in central Europe HCCT Spiegel, Franziska Aemisegger, M.

Werner, Nina Buchmann and Werner Eugster. Deglaciation records of Oexcess in East Antarctica: Reliable reconstruction of oceanic normalized relative humidity from coastal sites. The key role of diabatic processes in modifying the upper-tropospheric wave guide: A North Atlantic case-study.

Daily covariations in near-surface relative humidity and temperature over the ocean. The importance of stratospheric—tropospheric transport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in the western and northern tier of the United States. Finally, a universal equation describing the spatiotemporal structure of several systems will be derived, which also leads to a general concept of quasi-stability.

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