De la constance du sage (French Edition)

Reply to this friend becomes the pretext for Seneca to examine and analyze the passions that govern man. Everyone is always looking for happiness, believes diving to find it in practical commitments, but then retracts sick and wants the solitude and meditation. But even here, after a while, he feels nostalgia for his fellow man and the common occupations, which distressed him so much before. What could be the remedy then? The only safe solution to overcome the "evil of life" would be the achievement of imperturbability, of the total detachment in the face of the vicissitudes of life the famous Epicurean ataraxia , although, in practice, it is not possible to arrive to that.

Therefore, Seneca advised not to cancel, but to control human passions and urges especially to live in peaceful industry, engaging their energies for the good of the community, without excluding moments of introspective meditation, during which "observe" with detachment and serenity events.

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In summary, the serenity of the soul is the result of the balance between the active and the meditative life, which must alternate in order to keep alive the desire of the other time of one hour. Jun 25, Elinor Master of Gifs added it. Mooi, soepel leesbaar vertaling van Hunink. Levert geen grote nieuwe inzichten op, maar bevestigt meer wat men vaak al weet. Dat maakt dit werkje voor iedereen toegankelijk.

Willem Post rated it really liked it Jul 17, Wouter Vandenberghe rated it liked it Jun 06, Emma rated it did not like it Jan 11, Maximilian Ebenhoch rated it liked it Nov 02, Firas Benseghir rated it it was ok Jan 01, Mandy Writresse rated it really liked it Sep 22, Fideelski rated it really liked it Jan 30, Asad ben Gharbya rated it really liked it Jun 06, Judith Vos rated it liked it Jun 25, Journal of Musicology 31 pp. Ricerche sulla musica a S. Il copista Rolando da casale.

Annales Musicologiques 7 —77 pp. I have shown else- where that Rolando was responsible for copying most of the fragments from Padua, not just those in which his textual hand can be clearly identified; Stoessel, Jason: Although this is partly an accident of history brought about by surviving sources, the pre-Constance repertoire was closely connected with peninsular politics, or those elements of European papal politics incidental to cir- cumstances on the peninsula.

Before the Council Almost a third of the songs in the inner gatherings of Mod A reference the politics of church and state during the Great Schism see Table 1.

Of six songs that refer to a pope, three are connected with Clement VII, also known as Robert of Geneva, who died in Cossa had cultivated an alliance with Louis II with the view of regaining both Rome and Naples in one fell swoop. The Latin-texted but French-styled song itself seems to have had a strong connection with papal circles: At least another three songs in Mod A show strong connections with Angevin politics due to the presence of Louis II of Anjou beside Cossa for almost two years between and See Table 2.

And finally, another French-text anonymous song, En un vergier refers to courting the favour of a Valois prince who is represented heraldically by a fleur-de-lis. In their French-styled Latin songs, composers Zacharias, Bartolomeo and Corrado all create masterpieces of this genre featuring fluid lines using multiple levels of syncopation and even proportions Ex 1.

All are suitable counterparts to the songs that Matheus de Sancto Johanne and Philipoctus composed almost thirty years earlier, al- of the Late Middle Ages, in: Antonius dictus Zacharias Addresses prelates patres … Unique de Teramo, Sumite karissimi fratres and bids their favour; ballade? Composed Plumley ; Stoessel Citation and allusion in the late ars nova: Early Music History 18, pp. A Late Medieval Songbook and its Context: French-texted Songs at the Council of Constance Table 2.

Master Egidius, Franchois In praise of French nobility , Unique sunt nobles ballade decrying unnamed events and calling for it to prove itself. Angevin claims over Kingdom of Sicily Anonymous, En un vergier Refers to Valois fleur-de-lis, Unique ballade device of the house of France. Antonius Zacharias de Teramo, Sumite, karissimi, bb. Matheus de Sancto Johanne, Inclite flos, orti gebennensis though the contrapuntal language has been ever-so-slightly refined Ex 2.

French-texted Songs at the Council of Constance The lists of concordances in the previous tables show that some of this repertoire is scattered through other sources compiled in the years immediately preceding the Coun- cil of Constance. Codex Reina is a mixed repertoire of French texted songs copied by various scribes: The Boverio fragments, if they were compiled in Rome, may provide a clue to the origin of Codex Chantilly, although the two sources clearly are unrelated according to philological criteria. Boverio possibly resembled Mod A in its repertoire, but too little remains to be conclusive.

After the Council After the Council of Constance, there is remarkable change in transmitted song reper- toires.

Johannes Symonis dit Hasprois is still there, but his Jone gente joyeuse is considerably simpler than his songs in Codex Chantilly. His Se mes deux yeux in Ox- ford is in an even simpler syllabic style. The collection of songs in Oxford evidences a shift in repertoire over the course of its copying, which started in the mid to late s in the Veneto. Instead, there are political songs composed for events at Pesaro, Ferrara and elsewhere. In this respect, sources like Oxford and Bologna Q15 show a marked emphasis on northern Italian state politics, including figures like Francesco Zabarella.

The retrospective nature of such collections is also apparent: Despite its destruction in the Franco-Prussian war of , the Strasbourg manuscript remains central to gaining an understanding of repertorial changes around the Council of Constance. The colophon to the Libellus or Flores musicae music treatise at the end of the manuscript states it was finished in Zofingen Zovigen im Aargau in , only two- days journey from Constance in the early fifteenth century.

But this date simply refers to the completion of the Libellus or the Flores musicae commentary. Moreover the manu- script continued to be filled after this date. Lorenz Welker and Martin Staehelin both dissociate this source from Constance. Certainly the presence of works by Du Fay and especially Nicholas Merques point to a completion date no earlier than the late s.

The ornate political songs, indeed those songs ap- proaching the complexities of the Ars subtilior, are absent. The so-called mimetic or bird songs survive, but these circulated widely and for a long time see Table 3 The greatest complexity comes in the form of 4: Secondly, there are several false attributions to Guillaume Machaut and even Philippe de Vitry indicating the cultural distance between the compiler and the originators of this repertoire.

Look- ing at concordances, Strasbourg shares over a quarter of its French-texted songs with the older layer of songs in Codex Reina. The next is Prague 9 that shares 11 songs with it, 5 of which also occur in Reina. In many respects this situation is not surprising given the geographical proximity of the Veneto to the Upper Rhine and even Bohemia. The first is Esperance qui en mon cuer, a song 28 Welker, Lorenz: During the French Revolution , he was an elected delegate to the National Convention.

Many of his works were written in prison. There continues to be a fascination with Sade among scholars and in popular culture. He was his parents' only surviving child. In Sade's youth, his father abandoned the family; his mother joined a convent. After 20 months of training, on 14 December , at age 15, Sade was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant, becoming a soldier. In January , his father died. The men of the Sade family alternated between using the marquis and comte count titles.

Alternating title usage indicates that titular hierarchy below duc et pair was notional; theoretically, the marquis title was granted to noblemen owning several countships, but its use by men of dubious lineage caused its disrepute. At Court, precedence was by seniority and royal favor, not title.

There is father-and-son correspondence, wherein father addresses son as marquis. For many years, Sade's descendants regarded his life and work as a scandal to be suppressed. This did not change until the mid-twentieth century, when the Comte Xavier de Sade reclaimed the marquis title, long fallen into disuse, on his visiting cards, [11] and took an interest in his ancestor's writings. At that time, the "divine marquis" of legend was so unmentionable in his own family that Xavier de Sade only learned of him in the late s when approached by a journalist.

The family have also claimed a trademark on the name. Many, however, were lost in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A substantial amount were destroyed after Sade's death at the instigation of his son, Donatien-Claude-Armand. Sade lived a scandalous libertine existence and repeatedly procured young prostitutes as well as employees of both sexes in his castle in Lacoste. He was also accused of blasphemy , a serious offense at that time. Beginning in , Sade lived mainly in or near Paris. Several prostitutes there complained about mistreatment by him and he was put under surveillance by the police, who made detailed reports of his activities.

The first major scandal occurred on Easter Sunday in , in which Sade procured the services of a woman, Rose Keller, [15] a widow-beggar who approached him for alms. He told her she could make money by working for him—she understood her work to be that of a housekeeper. At his chateau at Arcueil, Sade ripped her clothes off, threw her on a divan and tied her by the four limbs, face-down, so that she could not see behind her. Then he whipped her. Keller testified that he made various incisions on her body into which he poured hot wax, although investigators found no broken skin on Keller, and Sade explained that he had applied ointment to her after the whipping.

Keller finally escaped by climbing out of a second-floor window and running away. The Sade family paid the maid to keep her quiet, but the wave of social embarrassment damaged Sade's reputation. The lettre de cachet would later prove disastrous for the marquis.

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Four years later, in , Sade would commit further acts with four prostitutes and his manservant, Latour. The two men were sentenced to death in absentia for sodomy and the poisoning. They fled to Italy, Sade taking his wife's sister with him. Sade and Latour were caught and imprisoned at the Fortress of Miolans in French Savoy in late , but escaped four months later.

Sade later hid at Lacoste where he rejoined his wife, who became an accomplice in his subsequent endeavors. Sade was forced to flee to Italy once again. It was during this time he wrote Voyage d'Italie. In , he returned to Lacoste, again hired several servant girls, most of whom soon fled. In , the father of one of those employees went to Lacoste to claim his daughter, and attempted to shoot the Marquis at point-blank range, but the gun misfired.

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Later that year, Sade was tricked into going to Paris to visit his supposedly ill mother, who in fact had recently died. He successfully appealed his death sentence in but remained imprisoned under the lettre de cachet. He escaped but was soon recaptured. He resumed writing and met fellow prisoner Comte de Mirabeau , who also wrote erotic works. Despite this common interest, the two came to dislike each other intensely. In , Vincennes was closed, and Sade was transferred to the Bastille. He was unable to finish the work; on 4 July , he was transferred "naked as a worm" to the insane asylum at Charenton near Paris, two days after he reportedly incited unrest outside the prison by shouting to the crowds gathered there, "They are killing the prisoners here!

Marquis de Sade - Wikipedia

The storming of the Bastille , a major event of the French Revolution , would occur ten days after Sade left, on 14 July. To his despair, he believed that the manuscript was destroyed in the storming of the Bastille, though it was actually saved by a man named Arnoux de Saint-Maximin two days before the Bastille was attacked. It is not known why Saint-Maximin chose to bring the manuscript to safety, nor indeed is anything else about him known. His wife obtained a divorce soon after.

During Sade's time of freedom, beginning in , he published several of his books anonymously. He met Marie-Constance Quesnet, a former actress with a six-year-old son, who had been abandoned by her husband.

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Constance and Sade would stay together for the rest of his life. He initially ingratiated himself with the new political situation after the revolution, supported the Republic, [19] called himself "Citizen Sade", and managed to obtain several official positions despite his aristocratic background. Because of the damage done to his estate in Lacoste, which was sacked in by an angry mob, he moved to Paris. In , he was elected to the National Convention , where he represented the far left.

He was a member of the Piques section , notorious for its radical views. He wrote several political pamphlets, in which he called for the implementation of direct vote. However, there is much evidence suggesting that he suffered abuse from his fellow revolutionaries due to his aristocratic background. Matters were not helped by his son's May desertion from the military, where he had been serving as a second lieutenant and the aide-de-camp to an important colonel, the Marquis de Toulengeon.

Sade was forced to disavow his son's desertion in order to save himself. While claiming he was opposed to the Reign of Terror in , he wrote an admiring eulogy for Jean-Paul Marat. He was released in after the end of the Reign of Terror. In , Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the arrest of the anonymous author of Justine and Juliette. After intervention by his family, he was declared insane in and transferred once more to the Charenton Asylum.

His ex-wife and children had agreed to pay his pension there. Constance, pretending to be his relative, was allowed to live with him at Charenton. In , new police orders put Sade into solitary confinement and deprived him of pens and paper. In , the government ordered Coulmier to suspend all theatrical performances.

Sade began a sexual relationship with year-old Madeleine LeClerc, daughter of an employee at Charenton. This affair lasted some four years, until his death in These instructions were not followed; he was buried at Charenton. His skull was later removed from the grave for phrenological examination.

Numerous writers and artists, especially those concerned with sexuality, have been both repelled and fascinated by Sade. He has garnered the title of rapist and pedophile , and critics have debated whether his work has any redeeming value.