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Adam and Chuquet used the long scale of powers of a million; that is, Adam's bymillion Chuquet's byllion denoted 10 12 , and Adam's trimillion Chuquet's tryllion denoted 10 The names googol and googolplex were invented by Edward Kasner 's nephew, Milton Sirotta, and introduced in Kasner and Newman's book, Mathematics and the Imagination , [13] in the following passage:. The name "googol" was invented by a child Dr. Kasner's nine-year-old nephew who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely 1 with one hundred zeroes after it.

He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out.

It was first suggested that a googolplex should be 1, followed by writing zeros until you got tired. This is a description of what would actually happen if one actually tried to write a googolplex, but different people get tired at different times and it would never do to have Carnera a better mathematician than Dr. Einstein , simply because he had more endurance. The googolplex is, then, a specific finite number, equal to 1 with a googol zeros after it. Conway and Guy [14] have suggested that N-plex be used as a name for 10 N.

This number ten to the power of a googolplex is also known as a googolduplex and googolplexian. None of these names are in wide use, nor are any currently found in dictionaries. The names googol and googolplex inspired the name of the Internet company Google and its corporate headquarters , the Googleplex , respectively. This section illustrates several systems for naming large numbers, and shows how they can be extended past vigintillion.

Traditional British usage assigned new names for each power of one million the long scale: It was adapted from French usage, and is similar to the system that was documented or invented by Chuquet. Traditional American usage which was also adapted from French usage but at a later date , Canadian, and modern British usage assign new names for each power of one thousand the short scale.

Due to its dominance in the financial world and by the US dollar , this was adopted for official United Nations documents. Traditional French usage has varied; in , France, which had been using the short scale, reverted to the long scale. The term milliard is unambiguous and always means 10 9. It is almost never seen in American usage, rarely in British usage, and frequently in European usage.

The term is sometimes attributed to French mathematician Jacques Peletier du Mans circa for this reason, the long scale is also known as the Chuquet-Peletier system , but the Oxford English Dictionary states that the term derives from post-Classical Latin term milliartum , which became milliare and then milliart and finally our modern term. For additional details, see billion and long and short scales. The choice of roots and the concatenation procedure is that of the standard dictionary numbers if n is 20 or smaller.

For larger n between 21 and , prefixes can be constructed based on a system described by John Horton Conway and Richard K. Since the system of using Latin prefixes will become ambiguous for numbers with exponents of a size which the Romans rarely counted to, like 10 6,, , Conway and Guy have also proposed a consistent set of conventions which permit, in principle, the extension of this system to provide English names for any integer whatsoever. The following table shows number names generated by the system described by Conway and Guy for the short and long scales.

Names of reciprocals of large numbers are not listed, as they are regularly formed by adding -th, e. The International System of Quantities ISQ defines a series of prefixes denoting integer powers of between 1 and 8. In , Russ Rowlett, Director of the Center for Mathematics and Science Education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill proposed that, to avoid confusion, the Latin -based short scale and long scale systems should be replaced by an unambiguous Greek -based system for naming large numbers that would be based on powers of one thousand.

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International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 21 July University of North Carolina. As Sbiis Saibian said [1A] , if a faucet were to run at full force from the birth of Jesus to the present day it would waste only two billion gallons of water! So a billion really is very huge! In a sphere those billion gallons of water would be meters wide, which means that sphere would be taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza, even how tall it was in ancient times! Now a billion seems like a scary number! Now imagine a tower of a billion people.

That would be 1. That's pretty mind-blowing alright. Counting to a billion is a task that would take years if you count 16 hours a day, i. As of , although nobody has lived years, we have gotten close years is the record. This means that it's impossible to actually count to a billion, since if you spent all your life trying to count to a billion you wouldn't even be able to make it to years of life. This means that counting to a billion is just barely something that a human can't hope to do.

And what would a billion be like in time terms? A billion seconds would be 31 years, 8 months, meaning that most people live between two and three billion seconds. Hopefully with those examples a human lifetime seems a lot longer now. A billion minutes, on the other hand, is years, meaning that it was about a billion minutes between World War I and the birth of Jesus. A billion hours is about , years, much longer than all of recorded history, and a billion days is about 2.

A billion weeks is about 19 million years, meaning that a billion weeks ago was before the time of organisms people would call "humanoid". A billion months is about 83 million years, meaning that a billion months ago dinosaurs were still around. And a billion years ago was about twice as long ago as the Cambrian Explosion, the time where many new forms of animals evolved. A billion is only the second member of the -illion series and we already have some mind-blowing comparisons! Now a trillion and even bigger -illions probably seem to be utterly scary, saying nothing of numbers like a vigintillion!!!

But now think back to how often we hear of billions in today's world. This goes to show just how advanced our human civilization has become, and how much we've evolved from a species that would only on a few occasions think of numbers like a hundred. Now that I've said what needs to be said about a billion, on to the next illion, a trillion!

It's a number still small enough that we regularly hear of it in life, most often with countries having trillions of dollars in things like debt. As I said in the previous article, if you do a Google search for "trillion" almost all the results will have to do with trillions of dollars. For many people, a trillion is the largest number they regularly hear of.

Larger -illions than this mostly appear in science. Let's jump right in: A trillion words takes up about 11 million books. How much would that be? It's been said that the average American city library has about 18, books [2]. Dividing 18, into 11,, gives libraries needed to house a trillion words worth of books. That's a LOT of books, and far more than anyone could hope to read in their lifetime. That's a very huge amount, considering just how much water goes down the falls.

What exactly would those trillion gallons look like? A trillion gallons in a sphere would be 1. A casual walk around that sphere would take about an hour, and the sphere would look quite intimidating if it were to float above any city. If a trillion gallons of water were laid on the state of Ohio they'd cover Ohio in a layer 3. How big would a tower of a trillion people be? Even though there aren't even a trillion people in the world, the tower would be about 1.

Now that's pretty insane. A trillion seconds is about 32, years, meaning that a trillion seconds ago was still well before recorded history or even the onset of agriculture. A trillion minutes is 1. A trillion hours is million years, so a trillion hours ago was around the time of the dinosaurs. A trillion days is 2. And a trillion weeks or longer is beyond the age of the universe!

Here are some other examples of trillions: The nearest star to us not counting the sun , Proxima Centauri, is already 25 trillion miles away, though this says more about the insane scales of our universe than the number itself. The human body contains about trillion cells based on estimates. Once again this goes to show how often large numbers are underestimated, and how ridiculously huge a trillion is. A trillion pennies in a cube would be bigger than a football field, and there are about a trillion fish in the world. So a trillion is a pretty insane number, but only the beginning of some super-insane-extreme-mega-large numbers It's equal to one followed by 15 zeros, and equal to a million billions or a thousand trillions, which is pretty insane.

Quadrillions are seen most often in science, but like I said in the previous article they occasionally show up in economics when working with extremely large worldwide scales or when the currency unit isn't very valuable yens for instance. Often "quadrillion" is replaced with "thousand trillion" or "million billion", but when the name is used it is often specified what a quadrillion is, since many people are not familiar with the name.

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It is commonly asked "what comes after a trillion". On the other hand, the term "quadrillion" for 10 to the 15th power is not too obscure; if you Google search "what comes after" the first suggestion is "what comes after trillion", but the second is "what comes after quadrillion" the next few are "terabyte", "billion", and "quadruple".

So what are we waiting for? Let's get to some examples of how much a quadrillion is. A quadrillion words would take up 11 billion books. A question you may have is, are there even that many books in the world? That's actually a good question, since it isn't easy to answer. Google estimated in [3] that there are about million different books in the world, counting each edition, translation, etc. However, that figure isn't quite what we're looking for, because it counts how many different books have been published, not how many total books have been printed.

Let's say that there are at least physical copies of each of those million books out there somewhere in the world. However, keep in mind that since they'd be in 11 billion books, we could forget about even skimming through every one of them! How about a quadrillion gallons of water? It would take years for a quadrillion gallons of water to go down Niagara Falls. To get an idea of that, Sbiis Saibian says since years ago America was still a very young country, you can imagine the Niagara Falls from the Declaration of Independence to the present day and only a quadrillion gallons would have gone down the falls [1A].

A sphere of this much water would be about 19 kilometers or 12 miles wide, so it would by now look quite ominous in almost any context, and just about visible from space. That many gallons would cover the state of Ohio feet deep, and the continental United States one foot seven inches deep. That's a lot of water, and we're only at the fourth -illion number! For comparison, the Great Lakes themselves have 6 quadrillion gallons of water.

How about a tower of a quadrillion people? That's pretty insane alright. Counting to a quadrillion nonstop would be beyond hopeless, as it would take over million years. With a quintillion and higher we can forget about the counting analogies in their entirety because higher time spans would dwarf the age of the universe. Even just a quadrillion seconds would be about 32 million years, so a quadrillion seconds ago was well before any organisms that most people would consider "humanoid"!

A quadrillion minutes would be about 1. Here's another interesting figure: What would a quadrillion dollars look like? That's pretty fucking huge. So as you can see a quadrillion is a really insane number, but only the fourth step on a journey towards madness! Up next is a quintillion.

Quintillions, unlike quadrillions, exhaust economic usage entirely, and therefore are pretty much almost always seen in science. Sbiis Saibian has described a quintillion as a cut-off point for large numbers [1A] , as illions after a quintillion just don't get used much and it's rare to find them outside of lists. For a while a quintillion was the largest -illion i knew of, other than a vigintillion, a trigintillion, and perhaps a decillion.

Perhaps that may be because a quintillion was the largest number I saw often enough to remember the name. A quintillion words would take up about 11 trillion books, so it's debatable whether a quintillion words actually exist on the world. It has been estimated that quadrillion words have been printed in the first years of the printing press to [5] , and since that figure is rather rough it only adds to the question.

But with the vast amount of data on the Internet, it now is highly doubtful that a quintillion words do not exist within Earth in some way. Studies have shown that men speak about 7, words per day and women speak 20, This averages to about 13, words per person.

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With that, you get that it would take 28 years, 7 months for humanity to utter a quintillion words. This shows that a quintillion words really do exist in our world—but don't expect that to last much longer. How about a quintillion gallons of water? It would take about , years for a quintillion gallons of water to go down the falls. That's about 30 times all of recorded history.

The Niagara Falls are estimated to only last 60, years total before ceasing to exist, so in the falls' entire lifespan a quintillion gallons won't go down the falls! A sphere of a quintillion gallons of water would be miles wide. For comparison, the entire Earth has quintillion gallons of water in all its oceans.

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It would reach light-years, or roughly the distance to the star cluster Omega Centauri. A quintillion is too large to put in reasonable time terms at all. Even just a quintillion seconds is about 32 billion years, about twice the age of the universe. One could argue that we could quantify quintillions using units like nanoseconds , though they're too small for people to directly grasp and therefore don't have the appeal of using such tangible units as seconds. After a quintillion we're after -illions we won't regularly encounter at all, but are numbers that we can't ignore at all.

Up next we have an insanely huge number, known as a sextillion. A sextillion is equal to 1 followed by 21 zeros. It's also equal to a billion trillions , which is mind-bogglingly massive, and only the sixth -illion. It's so big that it's almost never heard of, and I myself didn't know of the name until , the year I discovered the amazing world of googology.

How big is a sextillion? We've exhausted many of the analogies we had access to with numbers like a million. The counting analogy is utterly hopeless with a sextillion, ditto for the Niagara Falls analogy. A population of 7. Ditto for printing that many words. The time analogies aren't any better a way to get an idea of how big a sextillion is.

So we'll try to get an idea of the magnitude of a sextillion with the analogies we do have. First off, how big is a sextillion gallons of water? That's 3x the amount of gallons of water on Earth, but we can still imagine spheres this big. A sextillion gallons in a sphere would be about km wide, about half the length of the continental United States.

That's pretty insane, and appreciably big when placed next to Earth itself. Continuing with the tower-of-people idea, a tower of a sextillion people would be , light years tall. That tower would be bigger than the diameter of the Milky Way!!! Earth ways about 6 sextillion metric tons a metric ton is kilograms, which can also be called a "megagram". The Earth's oceans have about 6 sextillion cups of water and the volume of Earth is about 1. As you can see a sextillion can be considered an Earth-scale number. Here are some other figures in the sextillions: Also, the entire observable universe may be about sextillion miles in diameter.

Now is a good time to try and bring these numbers in terms of atoms. A sextillion carbon atoms in a cube would be 1. Therefore a sextillion can be seen as a number so big that this many atoms is large enough to see with the naked eye, though really this tells us more about how small an atom is than how big a sextillion is. Nonetheless, hopefully it's clear now that a sextillion is a super-ultra-gigantic number.

However, remember the first law of googology, it only gets worse, and as a corollary, you ain't seen nothing yet! You know the drill now. This is a septillion , equal to 1 followed by 24 zeros, or a trillion trillions. It's also the largest -illion to get an officially recognized SI prefix. An SI prefix is a prefix used to multiply a unit by a certain value.

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For example, mega- multiplies by a million, and therefore a megameter is a million meters. The SI prefix for a septillion is yotta-, and for further discussion on the prefixes and a proposal I made to extend upon them look here. Just how insanely huge is a septillion? Let's start with continuing the gallons-of-water idea. A septillion gallons in a sphere would be 19, km wide. Pretty insane alright, and getting quite astronomical. A tower of a septillion people would be million light-years tall, which is more than the diameter of the Virgo supercluster, and also past the Centaurus galaxy cluster!

How about a septillion dollars? Here are a few other figures: Earth weighs about 6 septillion kilograms, and a liter of water contains about The observable universe is about septillion meters wide. That's also equal to 93 billion light-years. Also, a septillion carbon atoms in a cube would be 1. That's about the width of your pinkie finger. A septillion is insanely huge and really blasting into the stars, but still quite early in a journey to absolute madness. Next up is an octillion! An octillion is equal to 1 followed by 27 zeros.

That's equal to a billion billion billions, which is impossible to even comprehend! It's a number so large that most people haven't even heard of it, and there's a completely good reason why: It's far far more than things most people would care to know: Let's use some examples: An octillion gallons of water in a sphere would be , km wide.

That's somewhere between the size of Jupiter and the sun. A tower of an octillion people would be million light years high. That's more than the diameter of the observable universe! This clearly shows that from the next -illion onward, we can forget about even using the tower-of-people analogy because these numbers are so big!! How would you put weight into terms of octillions?

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Earth weighs about 6 octillion grams. The sun weighs about 2 octillion metric tons, and it's about 1. An octillion dollars would cover the world in a layer 15 km thick. An octillion carbon atoms would take up a cube That's as big as many household objects. Also, the average human body has about seven octillion atoms, which is pretty amazing.

An octillion is unbelievably insane by any standards, yet it's not even close to the largest numbers we can compare to the universe That's enough zeros that it's pretty hard now to keep track of all of them. But that's too many repetitions to really comprehend, so we once again need to use examples to get a feel of the sheer massiveness of a nonillion. First let's use the gallons-of-water idea: Among some of the more well-known stars this nonillion-sphere would fall in size somwhere between Alpha Centauri A and Sirius.

A nonillion dollars would cover the Earth in a layer 15, km thick. This might not seem like a lot, but actually 15, km is more than the diameter of Earth! That means if the Earth had a layer of a nonillion dollars covering it, it would actually be more than 3 times as big in diameter!!! A nonillion carbon atoms in a cube would have side-length cm, or about 4 feet 5 inches. That's big enough that it would be very hard for a human to carry, especially since the atoms are quite tightly packed!

Here's another figure in the nonillions: The sun weighs about 2 nonillion kilograms. A nonillion is an absolutely insanely crazy huge number. Up next is a favorite illion of mine, the decillion. A decillion is equal to 1 followed by 33 zeros, or a billion trillion trillions. It's one of my own favorite illions, being the tenth -illion and also a cut-off point for using -illion names, somewhat akin to a quintillion. A decillion was also the largest -illion my mom taught me as a kid.

How big is a decillion? Let's use some examples just like previously. A decillion gallons of water in a sphere would be 19 million km wide. That's so big that it would dwarf the sun!! A star that would be comparable to is the biggest star in the Albireo group, which is 22 million km wide. A decillion dollars in a sphere would be roughly , km in diameter. That's not much bigger than Jupiter! A cube of a decillion carbon atoms would be about That's bigger than most people's houses!!

Another way to put this is, a decillion is so big that even this many atoms looks intimidating to a person!!! The sun weighs about 2 decillion grams, which is a really insane figure. After a decillion, I'll start taking bigger jumps through the -illions, for the sake of cutting to the chase. Up next we have a jump by a factor of a quadrillion , a monstrously gigantic number known as a quindecillion. As its name may suggest, it's the fifteenth member of the -illion series, and it's equal to 1 followed by 48 zeros, or a trillion trillion trillion trillions.

And yes, we just took a leap by a factor of a quadrillion, which is itself a huge number though quite modest in comparison to the numbers we're looking at right now!