Green Biomass Pretreatment for Biofuels Production (SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science)

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Please re-enter recipient e-mail address es. AKK and SS designed and wrote the review. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. All the authors have agreed to provide the data and material for open access. All the authors have approved the consent for publishing the manuscript. All the authors have read and agreed the ethics for publishing the manuscript. Adepu Kiran Kumar, Email: National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Jan Adepu Kiran Kumar and Shaishav Sharma.

Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Oct 18; Accepted Jan This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Lignocellulosic feedstock materials are the most abundant renewable bioresource material available on earth. Pretreatment, Lignocellulosic biomass, Cellulose, Lignin, Reducing sugars. Background Lignocellulosic feedstock represents an extraordinarily large amount of renewable bioresource available in surplus on earth and is a suitable raw material for vast number of applications for human sustainability.

Open in a separate window. Methods of pretreatment The pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks is an essential step and is required to alter the structure of biomass residues and expose the lignocellulosic fractions for easy access to enzymes during enzymatic hydrolysis and enhance the rate and yield of reducing sugars Alvira et al. Milling Mechanical grinding milling is used for reducing the crystallinity of cellulose. Microwave Microwave irradiation is a widely used method for lignocellulosic feedstock pretreatment because of various reasons such as 1 easy operation, 2 low energy requirement, 3 high heating capacity in short duration of time, 4 minimum generation of inhibitors, and 5 degrades structural organization of cellulose fraction.

Ultrasound Sonication is relatively a new technique used for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Pyrolysis Pyrolysis has also been employed for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, however, in biorefinery processes. Pulsed-electric field Pulsed-electric field PEF pretreatment exposes the cellulose present in the biomass by creating the pores in the cell membrane thereby allowing the entry of agents that will break the cellulose into constituent sugars. Chemical pretreatment Dilute acid Although acid treatment is the most commonly used conventional pretreatment method of lignocellulosic feedstocks, it is less attractive due to the generation of high amount of inhibitory products such as furfurals, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, phenolic acids, and aldehydes.

Some of the commonly used acids are discussed here: Sulfuric acid The most common commercially used acid is dilute sulphuric acid H 2 SO 4. Mild-alkali In contrary to acid treatment, alkali pretreatment methods are in general performed at ambient temperature and pressure. Ozonolysis Ozone treatment is mainly used for reducing the lignin content of lignocellulosic biomass as it mainly degrades lignin but negligibly affects hemicellulose and cellulose Kumar et al.

Organosolv This process involves addition of aqueous organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, acetone etc. Ionic liquids Ionic liquids have received great attention in last decade for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Deep eutectic solvents These are relatively a new class of solvents having many characteristics similar to ionic liquids.

Natural deep eutectic solvents In the recent past, a large number of natural products have been brought into the range of ILs and DES. Physico-chemical pretreatment Steam explosion Steam pretreatment is one of the most commonly used physicochemical methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

CO 2 explosion This process carries out the pretreatment of biomass through supercritical CO 2 which means the gas behaves like a solvent. Oxidative pretreatment It involves treatment of lignocellulosic biomass by oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone, oxygen or air Nakamura et al. Biological pretreatment In comparison to conventional chemical and physical pretreatment methods, biological pretreatment is considered as an efficient, environmentally safe and low-energy process.

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Microorganism Biomass Major effects References Punctualaria sp. Combined biological pretreatment Studies have found that a combination of another pretreatment process with biological pretreatment process is more effective as compared to a single pretreatment process. Applications of biomass pretreatment Biomass pretreatment results in production of several value-added products.

Biofuels Several biofuels are obtained through lignocellulosic biomass such as bio-oil, bioethanol, biohydrogen, biogas, syngas etc. Bioproducts The chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass can be derived either through carbohydrate source or through lignin. Conclusion The presence of lignin in the biomass inhibits the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Availability of data and material All the authors have agreed to provide the data and material for open access. Consent for publication All the authors have approved the consent for publishing the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate All the authors have read and agreed the ethics for publishing the manuscript. Hydrothermal decomposition of various crystalline celluloses as treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water. Influence of ultrasound treatment on accessibility and regioselective oxidation reactivity of cellulose. Combined organosolv and ultrafiltration lignocellulosic biorefinery process. Agricultural palm oil tree residues as raw material for cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses production by ethylene glycol pulping process. Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: Alkaline peroxide assisted wet air oxidation pretreatment approach to enhance enzymatic convertibility of rice husk.

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