#2000 SAILOR HAT VINTAGE KNITTING PATTERN

Santa should be able to impress them. Last year we had someone go thru the lists and compile a list of folks who still needed help I think? This year was a hard one. I have a rare disorder and I am literally starving. This heat I got a feeding tube surgery and had to move in the same week. Then I had no choice. This was just last week. My daughter turns ten on Christmas morning. So here is her list: She loves sims 4,mine craft, pokemon, my little pony and cats.

She is super crafty and loves making things. She likes to read the diary of the wimpy kid or graphic novels about pokemon or sailor moon or other anime etc. We love board games and ds games. Thank you for thinking of her. I promise to give back in return by making knit hats for my cancer group and cat blankets for rescues,like we do each winter break. So much love to you and merry Christmas. I wanted to tell you thanks. The people who sell the bandanna bibs contacted me, and the ones that were on your baby list are apparently sold out.

They offered different designs that could get there sooner, so I chose another animal set. I bought a few items and there are only a few more. I thought this wish list was very intentional and practical — keeping with the purpose and integrity of this project. I got tired of reading through the cycle of comments, so I am just trying to help any giver out. Sue Ponder at — a few small things coming your way for each of your girls! From a fellow mom-of-teens and Supernatural fan. I am reposting to see why my link did not work. I have tried a few times and no success.

I am a single mom to three. Two girls 20yo and a five year old son who has autism. Any help is appreciated. Wow, this is so awesome of you! We are a family of 6, my husband and I, 2 young adults, an 8 year old and a 3 year old. My husband works and provides what he can for his family but most of the time we are playing catch up.

I found it in your earlier comments so I added it above. Looks like you already have one thing ordered for you so far. Lisa, I was glad to help. Doing this most years is the present my husband and I give to ourselves rather than tangible items. I truly wish you and your family a healthy and happy You were surprised the purchases could be tracked.

Yes, I think that came as an unpleasant surprise to many people. My direct reply to you earlier was gentle. AJ does sound like a great kid, and people were generous—he had more than three pages of presents purchased for him. People want to help. Many have been where you are right now and understand the need for basic necessities, even for adults. The internet is forever. His picture is there for all to see. You say he is already bullied; if any of his peers see your post I can only imagine that this will make difficulties for him.

Kids, especially, are great with computers and can dig up nearly anything. Jenny, this is a beautiful thing you do, and heroic—you do it even at the risk of your own health. You have facilitated Christmas miracles for years, and I love to watch them unfold. You pour yourself into this every year, so thank you a million times over. The fact I am typing away and will post this shows me how much this has gotten to me this year.

Like Liked by 4 people. You guys are amazing! Hopefully next year i will be in a position to help another family in need! Hello, my name is courtney. I have an 8 year old daughter who loves to read and dance. I also have a 3 year old who is obsessed with cars and sonic the hedgehog! Im currently pregnant with 2 twin boys! Expecting their arrival at the end of march …Hopefully!

Any help would greatly appreciated. Im a single working mom, and life has just been real hard this holiday season! Thank you for your time and consideration! Again , any help is appreciated! Prayers are always welcomed! Project Night Night continues to be grateful and thankful for all the support at all levels! That is underwriting Night Night Packages for 40 kids right there alone! You all are amazing! I have 3 boys Ethan who is 14, Tanner who is 9, n Tyson who is 4, then there is my baby girl who will be 1 right after Christmas her name is Evelynn.

We live in rural Kentucky. We are just a family trying to do the best we can. If anyone out there sees this and might feel like blessing us with some gifts I know my husband and I would appreciate it but the kids would love it. Thank you Jenny for the gifts you bought them. I love this initiative and will continue to support it thank you Jenny for organizing it! I totally get this. If you sent a toy or something for a child then it will go to a child.

People do stupid things in a panic. It can be disheartening though. But there are so, so many people who asked for a few toys, a book and a coat and then went on their way. I have three gorgeous boys ranging from 7 to Like many others, this year has been rough. I think kitties might be easier to distract!! That stuff was freaking awesome! YOU did a wonderful and generous thing and children will be happy because of you. Focus on that, forget the rest. Everything happens for a reason. Here is a little bit of our story and wish list link. We drove over miles one way and back.

The kids came to us with nothing at all. We went out and bought a car seat, clothes, bottles, beds.. We spend every penny in saving to get what they needed. We had court in August where we were awarded full sole custody. My nephew was born addicted to drugs so our medical expenses have went up. His sister has a giant folder listing all of the problems and horrible things she has been through. We have a two year old son of our own and the mother of the kids is pregnant again and looking at us to take the baby in.

We are undecided as of right now bc baby will be born addicted to meth. My mother has had to help with gas to get to and from Virginia for court and such as we are in Iowa. We would be forever grateful if someone chose us to help. Thank you so incredibly much for the gifts and books that arrived for my kids yesterday and today!

It is so hard to be happy when things are so bad but you all have lifted my spirits and ensured that my kids will have something to open on Christmas! I can not wait to see the surprise on their faces when they see what Santa James Garfield brought them! Love to you all! I do feel little, embarrassed, ashamed if that was your intent, yay! Happy holidays, I guess. Barbara, I just looked at your list and you were very honest in your needs and you only got four things. I promise you that you should not feel bad about that at all. I had some shipping address issues but those are fixed now.

I wanted to echo what a poster suggested somewhere in the many comments and that was something that might help a lot in future years, if you decide to continue, would be a limit of one post per family. It just seems like even that sma! Just my two cents. Thanks again everyone and Happy Holidays! IMHO, it might help avoid a lot of confusion if you allow the option to reply to a comment on your blog.

It could keep people from thinking they need to repost. But maybe you have better reasons for not allowing replies to comments. We all love you, Jenny. You and James Garfield exhibit the spirit of Christmas. I totally wanted to but it messes up the blog. That really would be ideal though. ChasPebbles We are actually state neighbors. We live in Arkansas. So I really hope that they find a cure soon. My brother is strong, though. And has beat it for 30 years. He does go to the hospital often with crises, though. But we have to lean on each other for support.

I will try to comment later with links to groups once my mom sends them to me. She said she is in several as well. Sending virtual hugs your way and to your little one. I wish I could afford to do this myself this year, but unfortunately I am left no option. Thank you and all your donors for such kindness. That one gift will mean the world to him. So sorry for reposting. Jenny — in reference to comment — wondering where it looks like 14 things are on the way. I only put 4 things on our wishlist. Receiving that much was never my intention. Some look like a single item but double were purchased for your two kids.

They may already be in your mailbox. I just got surprised at the door in the best way. In a perfect world, my little girl will always believe in Santa Claus. But I decided long ago, when she finally calls me out on it I will explain that Santa represents the spirit of love and giving inside all of us. You all proved it. I was number , and I received both items on my wish list, and I just want to say Thank you so much!!

You have made one budding scientist very happy! Thank you again for the help. My offer still stands and is open if anyone wants a homemade make knit team. Brittany — Please check with your post office. I had a notice of attempted delivery that needs you to follow up on. Just when I needed most to believe there is good in the world.

You all do me proud. That has been corrected now! A quick update for all: To Jenny, the bloggess, regarding post Needy looks different for a lot of people and people hurt in different ways. My daughters were gifted items original post or something like that and we are so thankful. I did post the next day post ish asking for help for my littl le brothers family.

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Neither one of us have had a stellar year. When I called him to tell him about it he started crying. Please keep spreading all the Christmas cheer you can. You have helped some of the most amazing kids with this mine included. Keep putting the good out there, and know that lots of us grew up on giant blocks only government cheese!! And God bless all the Santas out there! I just created a wish list for my darling 12 year old daughter, Anna.

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Many thanks and blessings. I went back and put together a list of some who still look to need help, I went to , so if someone would like to take up the banner and do the next posts? I tried to pick out those who had nothing or just one or two things purchased. So many people have boatloads of Christmas Joy coming! I do have an 18 year old son who has sacrificed and put his dreams on hold so he could work full time in a crappy job to help support his single mom. I lost my teaching job due to a physical disability. They school felt accommodating my degenerative spine disease was too expensive.

I maxxed out my unemployment benefits earlier this year, as I have not been able to work outside the home as my condition has worsened. I finally got work online scoring standardized tests, but the hours are crap right now. I only worked 9 hours in the whole previous 2 week period and not for lack of effort on my part. I have no way to show him how much I appreciate his sacrifices and uncomplaining attitude as he watches his friends all go off to college. He loves anime, so I have tentatively placed three BluRays on my wishlist for him. I defer to your judgement. James Garfield Miracle Wishlist Link: I shipped things to three different list people — Sarah, Danielle, Felicia — I hope they help.

There was a Pusheen with an ice cream cone — loved that — enjoy the heck out of it, darling! And whoever got the microscope slide set, wow, have loads of fun with that and put some interesting stuff in there for me! If the list was huge more than ten things , I backed out and tried again until there was a more manageable list. This is so much better than the Secret Sister or Wine Swap things on Facebook where you send random things you personally like to a chain-letter person.

Thank you for giving me an opportunity to do good in the world though I generally do try to do that all on my own. It brings joy to my heart that I can still give in some sort of way. So If you have a little girl who could use these please email me at goss icloud.

She is unable to give them much of a Christmas this year, and she gives so much to our students, I would love to be able to help give back to her.

I will be putting a gift on the list for each of her 5 children. I created this list for my best friend who lost her husband to a tough battle with cancer in September. She has two little ones, Maddie who is 8 and Cooper who is 5. Her husband stayed at home and took care of the kids while she was at school teaching, then he would work at night. This has been an enormous blow to them all, needless to say.

The kids love Shopkins and Tsum Tsums. I also added some candles for Mom, who always has them burning to make the house a home. Please tell her to watch for a post-Xmas treat near the end of January. I was comment and already thanked the wonderful stranger who bought little miss chaos one of her favorite movies.

I told my friend about it and he ended up on here buying two more presents for Chaos and a few more from other wishlists. You rock, kind stranger. I finally had the chance to catch up on all of the posts I think and I must say I am truly saddened by the actions of some. Its so extremely hard to wade through the darkness caused by mental illness and its extremely hard to ask for help. More than that they deserve to remain ignorant to the difficulties of life as much as possible and I will do all in my power to not let them down.

I tried to keep my lists based to what they need most with a few things like toys that they wanted added in. But I will admit that I feel thoroughly ashamed for asking for help after reading some of those pretty degrading posts. I do understand that there are some who take advantage and some who straight out lie but to put everyone who has asked for assistance into one large ugly grouping and completely degrade and demean them is pretty awful.

I am sorry to those who were taken advantage of. I really love what everyone is doing for each other here. And I hope and pray that it continues because the majority of askers are genuine and not just here for a free ride. I am a full time student and a single mother of one. I currently just moved back into my parents home after getting out of an abusive relationship.

My parents are helping me both physically and emotionally but they can only do so much for my daughter and I economically. Jean post thank you for sending a couple items our way. Also I feel blessed to have found this site from a friend and such wonderful people that are willing to help strangers have a better Christmas.

Dear Adela — A nice warm outfit is on its way to your daughter. Warmly, A mom in CA. I am so thankful that someone helped us with winter coats, undergarments and a few movies. I would love for my boys to have a actual toy to open on christmas. If anyone can help with a hot wheels set or something i would be forever greatful and i will take my list down! Thank you so so so much! I want to thank Kristen and Ria for thinking of us and sending gifts.

Instead, I will just say thank you so much; you are both angels in my eyes! I hope you have a very Merry Christmas! This was my original post but I forgot to add an address. Kristy December 15, at 1: Most of the time, yes. I have 3 kids, my husband got laid off work awhile back and we have been struggling to make ends meet.

I have a 4 year old girl, 5 year old boy and 13 year old daughter. Any help would be greatly appreciated. I hope I have the link right.. My kiddo loves Pokemon too! Due to some bad choices my little family finds itself unable to pay bills each month. Things are going to get better I know.

However, if someone out there would be willing to help us out we would be grateful.. The comment numbers were left so people can go look to see who they are gifting to if they just randomly click lists and buy things that is pretty silly so I hope they were checking. This is the list, so appreciative of the possibility of help! Bought my first home last December and since then money has been tight! This year has been rough as she lost her 6 year old cousin and best friend to cancer.

Family is precious and we are thankful for that. She had to readjust to a new school and make new friends and after a couple weeks she seems to have adapted amazing. She has had so many changes this year. I just want her to be able to have an amazing first Christmas in her new home where she finally has her own room!

This is just a list that she sat with me and made of all things she liked. This is so wonderful that an opportunity like this arises. If nothing comes of it it is okay because we have each other. I did add boots and gloves. My daughter is 5, and we are a low Income family who lives in subsidized housing, etc. This is really the first year that my daughter actually has requested specific toys from us commercials be damned!

Any help would be amazingly appreciated, I added a few different things in different lower price ranges onto our preexisting wishlist for Amazon from my kids mom. Jenny, I have a few thoughts on how to streamline this in the future to make things less complicated and contentious. No reposting of lists. Reposting to keep a list from being buried in the posts just perpetuates the problem. Every time a list is reposted it makes it harder to locate the lists already shared. People may not realize that they can leave comments directly on their wishlist or next to items to indicate which kid it is for or wants vs needs etc.

You can see a persons other public lists to the left of the screen when viewing a list. Are there any tech-savvy people in this community? I mean someone who writes code? Once a list is filled, a person could request their link be removed. The widget could filter out any repeats and be sticky at the top of the page so the links are all in one place. If something like this could be created perhaps with the Submitted user name beside the link ie. Hey WL , your wishlist needs an address included for people to send you items.

It might be worth the one time investment though for use in future James Garfield Miracles and Booksgiving type events? People need to chill out, stop being so judgemental of everyone else, and just enjoy the act of giving to someone else. That is what the season is supposed to be about: No one knows everything that another is or has gone through.

No one is obligated to participate, and if they have a problem with the way some people are handling things, they can just step aside, or donate to a program like Project Night Night. Jeanie Tortoisefly recently posted Goodbye Blue. Hi, I am asking for one item for each of my kids, my husband is currently waiting to hear about a new job for him, and we are just getting by week to week. Thank you for looking and Merry Christmas: Those 3 points were numbered and there were spaces between paragraphs, I swear!

Thank you VERY much for the gifts! The kindness of the both of you have warmed my heart this evening as gifts have begun to arrive! I am sitting here wrapping gifts, with the happiest of tears rolling down my face! My three little minions are going to be insanely blessed on Christmas. Actually Jenny the Bloggess and JamesJen are both me. I always forget to change my user name on Amazon.

I was originally post with a bump on Previously I didnt put multiple things per child because I didnt want to seem like I was greedy. I have a total of 6 children. Me and my husband are on our second marriages and have children from our first one. We have a 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, and just turned 18 yr old. I am currently embroiled in a custody battle with my first husband who has cut off my visitation with my kids. All of our money right now is going to paying a lawyer so I can see my children again. This is our expanded wishlist that includes all 6 of our kids. The gift card is for the 18yr old btw Thanks for reading again.

Have a merry and blessed Christmas to everyone on here, even the ones who seem to have been consumed by their bitterness. Thank you so much Mallory. I just caught up on all the messages from the last 24 hours or so. This post still makes me teary eyed and hopeful. So much goodness happens here, thank you Jenny. I think my post may have gotten lost in the sea of posts.

A couple things have been bought for my 2 youngest but nothing for my eldest. We live pay check to pay check and this year Christmas is not in the budget. I have 3 children. Just checked and looks like you have a couple things coming for each daughter now. If you feel someone is being selfish because they repost, may I suggest you take advantage advantage that d consider that they may not usually have anything and for once have a chance to have a Christmas like so many others have. Do what you can for others in the future.

I wish every one of you amazing people a beautiful holiday, health and happiness. And especially to tafairy in the s posts I think know that there are many of us thinking of you and your beautiful soul. Much live to and llr of you freaking weirdos. My story is heartbreaking. Lord, I pray that your timing arrives fairly quickly, because my husband and I are so lost! For those wishing to help, here is the link to my wishlist for my babies. God bless each and every one of you and may you all have a very Merry Christmas, xo https: Excellent and sad at the same time!

Thank you Jenny and all of you wonderful people for everything you do! Next year I hope to be one of you! Maggie from post Thank you to the other person who purchased an item for one of the children on my list. I appreciate your help so much! Richardson I thank you with all my heart. I couldnt for the life of me understand why there was a box delivered today and then I opened it and its like an Angel smiling at you to see something you wish you could get for your child but could not, yet here it is.

Bless you, thank you. I promise he will be so very very thrilled! And his imagintaion and mind will too! Mine is comment and you just made a mother cry, but in a good way. May it return times to you. The things that were purchased in November were given as birthday gifts. I really appreciate the help. Warm, snuggly happy holiday to you! A friend told me I might be able to get some help to get my grandkids a couple of Christmas presents. I have four of my fifteen grandkids living with me right now and I am over burdened by debt.

I am not asking for help getting all of them something this year, only the four that are here with me. I have been reading other posts for over an hour and to be honest, I am scared to even ask for help. I am going ahead and posting because these babies deserve to be happy on Christmas morning. If this is over or not happening anymore because so many people are upset, I apologize for even posting this list. If it is still ok to ask for help, here is my list for the children. Thank you for your consideration, Gma Cheri http: I thought I would do a better, updated comment.

I have been surprised with a really spectacular surprise divorce for Christmas, so I am really struggling to find a way to make Christmas not horrific for myself and for the two kiddos in my life. I have a little lady who is 12 and a little guy who is You are all gorgeous people. That you go through what you must anxiety-wise for this event. I hope you feel good about it.

I feel good about it. Stay healthy, snuggle a kitty, a Barker, or a husband even better, all 3 at once! If you ever need help somehow with it let us all know on this blog. To whomever fulfilled the items for the post from Mike, for his daughter Bella. I am in tears just writing this.

You know, it is funny, he did not want to ask, pride and all but I want you to know, you could not find a better father and she is the sweetest little girl. Jenny, there must be a special place in heaven for you for doing this. I know material things cannot make up for her mothers lack of being there and the pain caused by thinking that your mommy likes drugs and being with boyfreinds better than seeing you, but love is love and when it comes as things you wished for but never really thought you might get, well that love adds up. Bless you bless you bless you. I promise that when I am able to , I will return the favor.

Life has not always been so down for me, I trust I will again also be able to help others. May all your love and kindness return ten fold. Lisa recently posted For J. Children should be allowed to dream and wish for whatever they want at Christmas. Your experience does not mean that you get to define the meaning of poverty for everyone else.

You made that quite clear. You posted because for some reason you felt the need to shame and humiliate people. I hope that your expectations of gratitude from those organizations will be met. Asking for help is hard. These people were brave enough to do it for their loved ones. If they came back after their initial requests were met, maybe they were caught up in the excitement of something good happening to them for a change. Judy, and the rest of the jury out there, here are a few suggestions for next year in case Jenny has the fortitude to go through this again. For anyone who ended up feeling shamed by another poster, I am sorry.

I hope that despite what you are going through that you and your loved ones find some joy in the season. On another note, I was guilty of having 3 lists one for each of my kids because in my mind it was easier to keep things straight and I also had no idea about being able to add a note to each item. I had anywhere between items on each list and never in a million years would I have thought it would be purchased. They would have been beyond happy with a couple of new books so when I seen a couple of books purchased I was so relieved.

Everything else has been a huge bonus. So the books purchased for my son will be passed on to my two daughters, and same with my middle daughters books, they will go to her younger sister. So thank you to everyone who made sure that there will be a smidge of Magic for my kids on Christmas morning! Jen at — Gifts from my year-old to yours are en route and should arrive before Christmas! Single mother of three loosing job soon. My previous post is , the one asking for food for my youngest.

It is so very, very appreciated. Will do what I can to pay it forward always. For anyone who needs a way to find things for their kids with little or no money i just discovered the BUNZ app. You can trade for things you want or need using items you have and dont need anymore. Thank you, Jenny, for all you do. This has to be hugely taxing on your but it does sooooooooo much good.

And I love the idea for shorter, targeted lists for next year! Dear Judge Judy , My sons and I slept in rest areas and moved each day until I could get us in a shelter after running from harm. I do not have smart phone nor do I judge anyone that has one and needs help, situations come fast sometimes, and people get blindsighted.

But I did ask for things that cost more than what Jenny had set as a limit and stated it in my post. Because they were my sons wishes, not MINE. And from what I learned being homeless, those that have been there are more often even more generous than those that have everything. If it were possible for even one of the higher priced item to be gotten why would I ever say no? I have worked hard all my life as well.

Been homeless three times as a child myself due to my parents having very different priorities, homelss and alone not with my parents. I never once got one single thing as a little girl that I ever saw in a store. And not because my parents lacked funds, but that is a long and for me, in the past tale. I have little and each month just making sure we have food enough that actually has nutriens and is not ramen is difficult.

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But I wont give up nor be sad. I am so very blessed. I have love in my heart and I have my sons and we are safe. We will get beds, and a TV and dishes and all of that, I have to just keep taking it one day and one thing at a time. And if Santa the spirit of Christmas and love happens to make a couple awesome things possible too, then I am even more blessed and so are my boys.

I feel very much for you. I see that you are well off in years and it breaks my heart how much bitterness you have still. Maybe you too know what its like to never have just one wish , just one adult care, as I know what that feels like very well. And I am grateful to my own heart I did not allow it to harden me, I feel pity for my parents. Having children of my own, what could be better than seeing their eyes light up or taking interest in them? I want you know, I wish you love and I wish you the biggest and best Christmas wish, I dont know what that is, only your heart and the Universe does, but I know why you feel how you do.

And I see and feel you underneath the pain and hurt and I think you are lovely, just in need of a warm hug. HUG from my being and heart to yours. Allow your heart to thaw, let a little love in. Life is so very very precious. If others are truly being greedy , that is them. You came with the intent to give and that shows your true heart..

And to me, you look brilliant, like a snowflake captured in the sunlight, beautiful and unique, and there is ony one of you. TiffanyHathorn , — why did the numbers change? Just got busy with work the last few days. The numbers change because sometimes a comment is in moderation and when I approve it it messes up the previous count. Looks like the elves are running late.

I will keep checking! We have had a hard year this year and I am unable to provide gifts for my 2 boys. I had a surgery on my hand that has made me unable to make an income. My youngest is a very sick little boy with a system immune disease, chromosome issue, autism, and multiple allergy issues. His brother has been such a huge help this year and is wonderful with his brother. If anyone could help I would be forever grateful. KK at post 61, if you happen to see this: I sent the Neil Gaiman book to you, which tracking says should arrive on Tuesday, but a used copy.

When I saw it on your list it made me smile and I wanted to get it for your kiddo because every kid should have some Neil Gaiman really all the kids should have all the books. Funds here are tight, though, and I needed to go the used book route. In any event, happy holidays to you and yours!

I am super, super confused. I came home from work to 3 boxes on the counter and it was stuff that was sold out and removed from the amazon list I made for the kids. I never used the kists before. I only ordered from amazon once or twice to get kindle books. Carol L and the bloggess reader who purchased the qvc gift card so my daughter can get that IT cosmetics make up they have on there to cover the scar from her surgery — you guys are beyond, beyond, beyond amazing. I received that plus a dress, shoes to match, a playset house, a book and pokemon pens from Carol L. Thank you guys so much!

It probably came back in stock, but Magic sounds better. This is a thank you to all who got something for my family. I did not expect anything for myself or the other adult in the house the man who makes it possible for me to keep my son with a roof over his head. At the same time that someone here sent cat food, him or someone for him sent some too. And then all of the sudden each of the cats have their own bag and then 2 to share. I am shutting down the cat list right now. I want to thank everyone that has helped the furbabies as much as my son.

The litter is a blessing too. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. For the record, I have been trying to get a business going for the past 3 and a half years. I now owe so much on supplies that it is not funny. I found out that I may never find work because of the health issues with my back. Any time I was asked what I wanted for my birthday or Christmas by people it is always supplies for my business. I have been homeless but not in a shelter. I slept in the back of my parents station wagon.

I have gone to bed hungry even when I have had a stable house. Heck last night was one of those nights. If I had an income my last show I borrowed 20 to have a booth and sold And if it were not for my son I would not care. He is the reason that I keep going. Making him smile when everything else around him is going to shit is my goal.

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He is 16 and has Aspergers. He still believes in the spirit of Santa. He is going to have to face the crappiness of life soon enough. All I wanted was a couple of shirts, some body wash, and something fun like a movie which he got. Do I wish that I did not have to ask for help? But would I do it again to try to keep a smile on his face? And if you want to know more about me, my son, or what I do to try to make money I have nothing to hide you can e-mail me at paganess77 at yahoo dot com.

Yes I do understand that giving my email can open a can of worms. On the other hand it could also lead to new friends. Plus you gotta think….. I am going to email a crazy woman? Love, light and blessings to all who read and give and receive. You deserve to be loved and happy. To poster my list has been overlooked and nothing that I can tell has been purchased. Pregnant Mom Books and a coat headed your way. I went off book and added one of my very favorites as well.

If you already have it, please donate to another child in need. Kassidy 4, Logen 3 and Jayden 2. We are a one income family barely making ends meet. Just looking to give my kids a little something to open on Christmas. Thank you for reading! Merry Christmas to all. I just wanted to thank whoever recently bought from my 4 boys list, thank you!! I am so grateful to everyone who has helped us this Christmas. We live near one of the top rated hospitals in the USA so he is getting the best care.

I do try to check so I can make sure to thank each person. This year was a hard year for me. Her list is small, she only asked for a few items. Thank you so much. I am still overwhelmed that I am going to be able to get out of the house more. I owe so many medical bills from my gallbladder removal surgery and I will barely have enough to make rent this month. I have fallen on some hard times this year but i have not given up hope.

I am at my lowest point right now so there is only one way left to go and that is up! One of the few things he asked for. He had a birthday last month and got some money and is very good with his money thankfully. Also thank you for the frog craft and shirt for my 12 year old niece.

She will love it!!! That is the list I posted for my little brother who is a single dad of two little princesses who lives several hours away in the next state over with no close family and he struggles but he is such a good daddy. So thank you from the bottom of my heart for helping put a smile on their faces this Christmas season. Hi, reposting of I really need a miracle this Christmas. We have been struggling for two years due to a long term job layoff and huge recession here in Alberta, Canada.

Any help would be so appreciated! So this year I wanted to give one hour week of my life to make lots of neglected kids one day of a little joy. Kids worse off than me. Jenny wrote a book about people like me who are doing the best we can with a stupid body that breaks too much and a stupid brain that does freakouts over the smallest thing, so holding down a job is a huge accomplishment, driving to work and not pulling over to cry deserves a medal. I cried for hours over that Jenny and what it meant to me… that Jenny thinks she sucks as a mom for being stuck in bed meanwhile the daughter sees that she has a mom she can spend all day with in bed giggling and watching silly TV and that makes Jenny the Coolest Mom of the Week.

I dream of being brief penpals with some families.. There will be no tree for me this year on my budget so I was hoping to see your trees and be a little part of it. I want to help Jenny-tribe people. Next year we must devise a way to make it so there will be a login to a secret board for tribe members only. Jenny explained the wish list setup very well so I expected people because Judy is a moron to have spent time making a specific wish list of little things that would make a difference.

Is that toy really worth three hours? Go look at the reviews.. That hurts my feelings and makes me angry. Some of the toys are a new special version or somesuch.. Did you mean that? All year long I skimp and save and cut corners and wait for deals. But some of these wish lists do not reflect that at all. A later defence against it were scythe blades on long poles for cutting ropes, but since this invention was developed in secret, the enemy had no chance to prepare anything like it.

It all has proved extremely effective: For this Agrippa was awarded an unprecedented honour that no Roman before or after him received: Actium, the decisive battle between forces of Octavian and Mark Antony, may appear boring compared to the war with Sextus, but it probably turned out this way due to Agrippa's victories in preliminary naval engagements and taking over all the strategy from Octavian.

In between the wars Agrippa has shown an unusual talent in city planning, not only constructing many new public buildings etc. Typically, it was Augustus who later would boast that "he had found the city of brick but left it of marble", forgetting that, just like in his naval successes, it was Agrippa who did most of the work. Later relationship between Augustus and Agrippa seemed colder for a while, Agrippa seemed to even go into "exile", but modern historians agree that it was just a ploy: Augustus wanted others to think that Agrippa was his "rival" while in truth he was keeping a significant army far away from Rome, ready to come to the rescue in case Augustus' political machinations fail.

It is confirmed by the fact that later Agrippa was recalled and given authority almost equal to Augustus himself, not to mention that he married Augustus' only biological child. The last years of Agrippa's life were spent governing the eastern provinces, were he won respect even of the Jews. He also restored Crimea to Roman Empire. His last service was starting the conquest of the upper Danube, were later the province of Pannonia would be.

Agrippa had several children through his three marriages. Through some of his children, Agrippa would become ancestor to many subsequent members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He has numerous other legacies. Draped bust of Fulvia as winged Nike r. Eumeneia changed its name to Fulvia on the occasion of Mark Antony's journey to the east in 41 B. After Fulvia died the city took back its old name. The purpose of countermarking in combination with the erasure of the city name, thus, seems to have been to make note of second name change.

Laureate head right R: Rad Bust right R: Antioch, Syria Prieur Rare officina 3 comments laney. Mantled bust right R: Aegis with facing head of Gorgon in center Reverse: P P missing Bare head, draped bust right. Justitia seated left, patera in right, vertical long scepter in left. Vienna also has a similar denarius with bust laureate, draped r. These are mules from an old rev. He was the last focus of opposition to the second triumvirate. His older brother was Gnaeus Pompeius, from the same mother. Both boys grew up in the shadow of their father, one of Rome's best generals and originally non-conservative politician who drifted to the more traditional faction when Julius Caesar became a threat.

When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, thus starting a civil war, Sextus' older brother Gnaeus followed their father in his escape to the East, as did most of the conservative senators. Sextus stayed in Rome in the care of his stepmother, Cornelia Metella. Pompey's army lost the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC and Pompey himself had to run for his life.

Cornelia and Sextus met him in the island of Mytilene and together they fled to Egypt. On the arrival, Sextus watched his father being killed by treachery on September 29 of the same year. After the murder, Cornelia returned to Rome, but in the following years Sextus joined the resistance against Caesar in the African provinces.

Together with Metellus Scipio, Cato the younger, his brother Gnaeus and other senators, they prepared to oppose Caesar and his army to the end. Gnaeus Pompeius was executed, but young Sextus escaped once more, this time to Sicily. This incident did not lead to a return to normality, but provoked yet another civil war between Caesar's political heirs and his assassins. The second triumvirate was formed by Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus, with the intention of avenging Caesar and subduing all opposition.

Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was certainly a rebellious man, but the Cassius and Brutus faction was the second triumvirate's first priority. Thus, with the whole island as his base, Sextus had the time and resources to develop an army and, even more importantly, a strong navy operated by Sicilian marines.

Brutus and Cassius lost the twin battles of Philippi and committed suicide in 42 BC. After this, the triumvirs turned their attentions to Sicily and Sextus. But by this time, Sextus was prepared for strong resistance. In the following years, military confrontations failed to return a conclusive victory for either side and in 39 BC, Sextus and the triumvirs signed for peace in the Pact of Misenum. The reason for this peace treaty was the anticipated campaign against the Parthian Empire.

Antony, the leader, needed all the legions he could get so it was useful to secure an armistice in the Sicilian front. The peace did not last for long. Octavian and Antony's frequent quarrels were a strong political motivation for resuming the war against Sextus. But by then, Octavian had Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a very talented general, on his side.

Only a month afterwards, Agrippa destroyed Sextus' navy off Naulochus cape.

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Sextus escaped to the East and, by abandoning Sicily, lost all his base of support. His violent death would be one of the weapons used by Octavian against Antony several years later, when the situation between the two became unbearable. AR Denarius, 44 BC. Venus standing left, holding Victory and sceptre resting on star? Perfectly struck on broad flan.

Areas of flatness and scratch on obverse, otherwise about VF. This coin features a lifetime portrait of Julius Caesar as dictator. It took me a while to find one that I liked. When these come up for auction there is much competition for them. It is not that they are particularly rare, one can find numerous examples for sale at any given time, it is the fact that these are sought after by many collectors. A lifetime portrait of Julius Caesar is a major purchase at least for me , and would be the centerpiece of many ancient coin collections.

On the reverse we see Venus standing and the name of the moneyer who issued the coin. Venus is important as Julius Caesar claimed he was a descendant of Venus. For some Romans this was too much to stand for. The Romans had a troubled history with their kings and did not want to return to those times. Some believe that this coin so troubled high ranking Romans that it led to the assassination of Ceasar. One fascinating aspect of these lifetime denarii is that they were minted before the assassination.

This coin in particular was issued near the end of February which means it was minted mere weeks before the death of Julius Caesar on March It can be argued that the life and death of Caesar were very important to history. Holding one of these coins takes us back to an important and fascinating historical period. As to the coin itself, it is struck on a large flan, the portrait is well centered, the obverse legend is very easy to read, and the reverse is quite pleasing as well with good details preserved. The obverse portrait has a deep scratch across the head.

However, given the other qualities of the coin this was easy to overlook. Antonia ; Sydenham ; Catalli , Q 1 comments quadrans. In the time of Augustus-Tiberius the legion was stationed in Ljubljana, then in Carnuntum and later in Alexandria and took part in the Jewish War and the capture of Jerusalem. In the 2nd and 3rd century the legion fought mainly in the East against the Parthians. Near Fine, green patina. Chalcis was given by Antony to Cleopatra in 36 BC. Shortly after, Antony formally divorced Octavia, the sister of Octavian.

Keith Emmett Collection; Ex. Wayne Phillips, Jan ; Ex. Beast Coins 5 comments Brian L. Greek Turtles, by Gary T. Anderson Turtles, the archaic currency of Aegina, are among the most sought after of all ancient coins. Their early history is somewhat of a mystery. At one time historians debated whether they or the issuances of Lydia were the world's earliest coins.

The source of this idea comes indirectly from the writings of Heracleides of Pontus, a fourth century BC Greek scholar. However, archeological investigations date the earliest turtles to about BC, and historians now believe that this is when the first of these intriguing coins were stamped. Aegina is a small, mountainous island in the Saronikon Gulf, about midway between Attica and the Peloponnese. In the sixth century BC it was perhaps the foremost of the Greek maritime powers, with trade routes throughout the eastern half of the Mediterranean.

It is through contacts with Greeks in Asia Minor that the idea of coinage was probably introduced to Aegina. Either the Lydians or Greeks along the coast of present day Turkey were most likely the first to produce coins, back in the late seventh century. These consisted of lumps of a metal called electrum a mixture of gold and silver stamped with an official impression to guarantee the coin was of a certain weight.

Aegina picked up on this idea and improved upon it by stamping coins of relatively pure silver instead electrum, which contained varying proportions of gold and silver. The image stamped on the coin of the mighty sea power was that of a sea turtle, an animal that was plentiful in the Aegean Sea. While rival cities of Athens and Corinth would soon begin limited manufacture of coins, it is the turtle that became the dominant currency of southern Greece. The reason for this is the shear number of coins produced, estimated to be ten thousand yearly for nearly seventy years.

The source for the metal came from the rich silver mines of Siphnos, an island in the Aegean. Although Aegina was a formidable trading nation, the coins seemed to have meant for local use, as few have been found outside the Cyclades and Crete. So powerful was their lure, however, that an old proverb states, "Courage and wisdom are overcome by Turtles.

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The reverse of the coin bore the imprint of the punch used to force the face of the coin into the obverse turtle die. Originally this consisted of an eight-pronged punch that produced a pattern of eight triangles. Later, other variations on this were tried. In BC, the coin received its first major redesign. Two extra pellets were added to the shell near the head of the turtle, a design not seen in nature. Also, the reverse punch mark was given a lopsided design. Although turtles were produced in great quantities from - BC, after this time production dramatically declines.

This may be due to the exhaustion of the silver mines on Siphnos, or it may be related to another historical event. After this, it was Athens that became the predominant power in the region. Aegina and Athens fought a series of wars until BC, when Aegina was conquered by its foe and stripped of its maritime rights.

At this time the coin of Aegina changed its image from that of the sea turtle to that of the land tortoise, symbolizing its change in fortunes. The Turtle was an object of desire in ancient times and has become so once again. It was the first coin produced in Europe, and was produced in such great quantities that thousands of Turtles still exist today.

Their historical importance and ready availability make them one of the most desirable items in any ancient coin enthusiast's collection. Agrippa 52 views Agrippa A close friend of Octavian later Emperor Augustus , he won a name in the wars in Gaul before becoming consul in 37 He organized Octavian's fleet and is generally given much credit for the defeat 36 of Sextus Pompeius in the naval battles at Mylae and Naulochus N Sicily. Agrippa took part in the war against Antony, and his naval operations were the basis of Octavian's decisive victory at Actium in 31 He was perhaps the most trusted of all Augustus' lieutenants and rendered many services, notably in putting down disorders in both the East and West.

His third wife was Augustus' daughter Julia. It seems like the quality and price of Agrippa coins run the whole spectrum This is a bit more than that but I am happy with the quality of the metal and portrait. This early series celebrates the adoption of Hadrian by Trajan, therefore legitimizing Hadrian's succession to the people. Germanicus 46 views Germanicus After the death of Augustus in 14, the Senate appointed Germanicus commander of the forces in Germania.

A short time after, the legions rioted on the news that the succession befell on the unpopular Tiberius. Refusing to accept this, the rebel soldiers cried for Germanicus as emperor. But he chose to honor Augustus' choice and put an end to the mutiny, preferring to continue only as a general. In the next two years, he subdued the Germanic tribes east of the Rhine, and assured their defeat in the Battle of the Weser River in Germanicus died in Alexandria, Egypt.

His death was surrounded with speculations, and several sources refer to claims that he was poisoned by Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, under orders of the emperor Tiberius. AS, struck under Caligula. Head of Medusa on breastplate 23 views rexesq. Head of Medusa on breastplate 17 views rexesq. Head of Medusa on breastplate. Dated Year 3 of reign. Eagle standing facing left, tail right. Medusa Head on breastplate. Eastern mint, Laodicea ad mare? Minted in Rome AD The cuirassed bust are rare on denarii.

The only coin I know of with this bust and reverse legend is BM The BM coin and this coin are struck with diferent obverse dies, hence ther must have been at least two pairs of dies striking this type. Many thanks to mr Curtis Clay for information on this coin. Eneas Aeneas avanzando a izquierda cargando a su Padre Anquises Anchises sobre su hombro izq. I Caesar 12 Pag. Philip II, Antioch, Syria. Laureate bust left, draped and cuirassed, seen from front. Dated Year 3 obv: Photo is off-color, due to camera problems. Julia Maesa, grandmother of Elagabalus.

CHEF, lustrous, weak strike, nicer than scan. Highest hair points on the obverse have lustre ruling out wear. Struck to commemorate the 'victories' over the Persians in the emperors' eastern campaign of Degraded head of Zeus right rev: Horseman left, with large crest above head; crescent to left ref: RIC 15; Sear This victory of Vespasian and Titus was the major military event of the reign, and numerous coins were issued to commemorate it.

Simply superb, perfect style, fabric and strike on perfectly round flan with full silvering. Very rare in this condition. Hungary, Kassa Kaschau, today Kosice by Pohl , date: Here the strap is dotted, normally it's with a thunderbolt on his cuirass leather strap 3 comments okidoki. COS V; Horseman, helmeted, in military dress, cloak floating behind him, on horse prancing r. Issued at a time when Domitian was aspiring to an Eastern command against the Alani, Mattingly attributes this type to that cause: The rider is Mars calling Rome to the field of battle.

Other theories suggest the rider is either Domitian or a soldier. Curtis Clay has also proposed the idea that this type may well be of a commemorative nature, since much of Vespasian's coinage are copies of past popular types. A lovely coin in hand, the portrait was the reason this one found a home in my collection. Lugdunum Lyons Mint 37 AD. His reign, marked by cruelty, was ended when he was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard. With more than moderate wear and damage, this coin still has an almost complete obverse legend, and is a decent weight.

It was very difficult for me to track down a denarius of Gaius. Ex- BeastCoins Hadrian collection. Strack knew just three Eastern denarii with this transposed obv. Curtis Clay has another example with this obverse with the Minerva type. This would appear to be a fifth specimen from this obverse die but with a new reverse type. Additional information on this coin from Curtis Clay: Apparently a new rev. That's admittedly a fairly standard Victory advancing right rev. A similar type does occur on Hadrian's silver quinarii, and on a rather scarce denarius of Trajan struck in but these seem unlikely sources for a type on Hadrian's Eastern denarii.

Moreover on the Roman coins Victory grasps the stem of the palm over her shoulder in her left fist, thumb upwards, whereas on the Eastern denarius she palms the stem, holding it with her downwards pointing thumb while apparently keeping her fingers extended. I imagine that this detail may go back to the source copied, since it seems unlikely that the engraver changed it on his own whim.

Additional information from Curtis Clay: The letter forms are typical, for example P P at end of obv. The slightly clumsy style of the types is also typical. As you say,the Roman model showed an altar before the Genius. Yours is a new variant, with altar omitted. Bust style is very well executed and good enough to be from Rome. Minted in unknown Eastern mint Reference: Minted in Eastern mint Reference: Struck at a military mint in the East, 49 B.

Coponius is likely the father or grandfather of the man by the same name who served as procurator in Judaea under Augustus, from A. Laodicea ad Mare, date: AR Denarius 18x21 mm 3. Trofeo militar con 2 lanzas y escudo, sobre una proa de galera. The reverse represents 'Concordia Militum', harmony of the troops. Domitian quite possibly was plotting against Titus after Vespasian's death by appealing to the troops with a double donative. This coin might provide numismatic evidence of such. Slightly double struck on the reverse. Holed and worn but an obverse die match to my other two examples from this rare earliest version of obverse legend variety.

Bellinger 57; Prieur When Caracalla went to the East to wage war with the Parthians, he issued vast quantities of tetradrachms to finance the activity. This coin, however, is not from that series; it was minted about 10 years earlier when Septimius Severus was still emperor. The main distinguishing feature of this coin is a bust of Caracalla as an adolescent, with just the beginnings of sideburns.

It is a fairly scare type. For more information see "Severan Tetradrachms of Laodiceia" by R. Prieur has the same obverse die as this coin. Prieur knew of only one example of this coin. Several years ago CNG had a coin from similar dies with the reverse legend ending in a B. Unfortunately, the last letter of the reverse legend on this coin is not real clear. Exotic beasts were exhibited for the entertainment of the people.

The various attributes of personifications and gods on the reverse of Roman coins were often associated with the person pictured on the obverse of the coin. Late April-Dec 20, 69 A. Ex CNG , Lot In the year of 4 emperors, Vitellius assumed the throne after his German legions proclaimed him emperor, marched on Rome, and murdered Otho.

He was known for his gluttony. I have a Vitellius denarius, but couldn't help picking up this nice example from a reputable dealer for a reasonable price. RPC 4 spec. Minted in 71 AD, this denarius is part of the first series ever issued for Domitian. The draped and cuirassed bust type chosen here is unusual for the Flavian era The reverse is a standard type shared with Vespasian and Titus at Ephesus. I'm not sure why it has taken me so long to obtain a Domitian as Caesar denarius from Ephesus, these are wonderful coins. Rome Mint 69 A.

Vitellius is described by Suetonius as lazy and self-indulgent, fond of eating and drinking, and an obese glutton, eating banquets four times a day and feasting on rare foods he would send the Roman navy to procure. Struck circa April-December AD Vitellius was commander of the legions in Germania Inferior when the Rhine legions declared him emperor in 69 A. Bland 64 A scarcer eastern variant with a front facing bust. Laureate head right; draped left shoulder. Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm.

Strack 45; cf C. RPC 10 spec. In Domitian's first imperial coinage issue he was given special treatment regarding the bust type chosen. The engravers at Ephesus depicted him cuirassed with a cloak draped over his left shoulder. Vespasian and Titus were not engraved so elaborately although at Antioch Titus' bust is draped. Why this is so is a mystery. Unusually Domitian shares the same reverse types as Vespasian and Titus in this series, unlike at Rome where he largely had his own unique types. This Ceres reverse is probably the most common of his Ephesus denarii.

A worn coin to be sure, but the handsome bust shines through the wear. RPC 1 spec. An unknown eastern mint struck a spate of denarii in 76 which copied many contemporary types from Rome. Both RIC and RPC speculate it possibly could be Ephesus, citing a similar style with a previous Ephesian issue from 74 and the use of an annulet as a mint mark. The issue is extremely rare.

This denarius copies the much more common Pegasus type struck at Rome for Domitian. These eastern denarii are understandably confused with the issues from Rome, however, they can be distinguished by style and the annulet if visible below the bust. A fine styled, nicely toned denarius. It could also simply refer to the location of the mint in Africa. He commanded Pompey's center at Pharsalus. After Pompey's death, he fought on from North Africa. He escaped again only to fall on his sword and drown a few months later in a naval battle near Hippo.

Helmeted head of Athena right rev: Owl standing right, head facing, AQE to right, leaf to left. Five stars within crescent. SIC Laureate head right, draped on left shoulder. Seven stars within crescent. Marcus Aurelius 40 views Marcus Aurelius The joint succession may have been motivated by military exigency.

During his reign Marcus Aurelius was almost constantly at war with various peoples outside the Empire. In Asia, a revitalized Parthian Empire renewed its assault. A highly authoritative figure was needed to command the troops, yet the emperor himself could not defend both fronts at the same time. Neither could he simply appoint a general to lead one assault; earlier popular military leaders like Julius Caesar and Vespasian had used the military to overthrow the existing government and install themselves as supreme leaders.

Marcus Aurelius solved the problem by sending Verus to command the legions in the East. He was authoritative enough to command the full loyalty of the troops, but already powerful enough that he had little incentive to overthrow Marcus. This joint emperorship was faintly reminiscent of the political system of the Roman Republic, which functioned according to the principle of collegiality and did not allow a single person to hold supreme power. Joint rule was revived by Diocletian's establishment of the Tetrarchy in the late 3rd century. Virtus In Roman mythology, Virtus was the god of bravery and military strength.

His Greek equivalent was Arete. The word, "Virtus" is commonly used in mottos of universities and other entities. Marcus Aurelius, as Caesar, Denarius. She was raised to an Augusta the following year. She was said to have had a lively personality, but the late and unreliable Augustan History impugns her character, relating stories of adultery with sailors and gladiators, suggesting that Commodus was either the son of a gladiator as explanation for his interest in gladiatorial combat , or that Faustina washed herself with the blood of an executed gladiator and then lay with Aurelius in that state.

Faustina went with Aurelius on his campaign to the north and then to the East, where she died Aurelius consecrated her and founded a second Puellae Faustinianae in her name. Commodus 29 views Commodus According to Gibbon, the emperor Commodus spent the early years of his reign "in a seraglio of three hundred beautiful women and as many boys, of every rank and of every province. Styling himself the Roman Hercules, he went as a performer into the amphitheater, where he cut down before the public a number of ostriches, a panther, a hundred lions, an elephant, a rhinoceros and a giraffe.

He then entered the lists as a gladiator. Commodus fought times and paid himself such a high fee for each appearance that a new tax had to be levied. He was strangled by a wrestler while drunk. Unspecified Oriental Mint, Bust: Unspecified Oriental Mint, 3rd. Unspecified Oriental Mint, 3rd em. Unspecified Eastern mint, date: Trajan's comprehensive political settlement in the East views Orichalcum sestertius RIC 26b; Sear Coins with this reverse type were often issued at the beginning of a reign to celebrate "the coming of the emperor.

AE follis 23 views obv: Strack 69; RIC ; C. Laureate bust right Rev. Scarce reverse type with facing personification. Ex Beastcoins 1 comments okidoki. Early Diocletian with dusty earthen green patina. He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire.

Diocletian's Early Life and Reign Diocletian was born ca. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil.

In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors.

Beginning in , armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps. Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" an area on the banks of the lower Danube River , with responsibility for border defense.

He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In , the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In he was granted the honor of a consulate. In , in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory.

This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.

Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire.

Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control. Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect.

He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person. Following the precedent of Aurelian A.

Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen Princeps or the soldierly general Imperator , but as Lord and Master Dominus Noster. Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him. Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four.

This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In , Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius the father of Constantine I , who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.

By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively. Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened.

In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded. Diocletian's Economic Reforms Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state.

The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in , intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind.

The soldiers too came to be paid in kind. In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed.

Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones. Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus in the east and Severus in the west.

Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December Copyright C , Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina Published: Not listed with pellet in exegrue Item ref: A post reform radiate of Diocletian. Salve Regina University Perhaps born ca. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.

While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In , in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus.

To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora.

A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta. On 1 May Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.

Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October , his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded.

Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late , he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul. Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead.

He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July , he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city.

Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.

Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus. Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian. By Michael DiMaio, Jr. A nice example with sharp detail and nice brown hoard patina.

Salve Regina University Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Galerius, was from Illyricum; his father, whose name is unknown, was of peasant stock, while his mother, Romula, was from beyond the Danube. Galerius was born in Dacia Ripensis near Sardica. Although the date of his birth is unknown, he was probably born ca. As a youth Galerius was a shepherd and acquired the nickname Armentarius. Although he seems to have started his military career under Aurelian and Probus, nothing is known about it before his accession as Caesar on 1 March He served as Diocletian's Caesar in the East.

Abandoning his first wife, he married Diocletian's daugher, Valeria. As Caesar he campaigned in Egypt in ; he seems to have taken to the field against Narses of Persia, and was defeated near Ctesiphon in In , after he made inroads into Armenia, he obtained a treaty from the Persians favorable to the Romans. Between he overcame the Sarmatians and the Carpi along the Danube.

Because of the almost fatal illness that he contracted toward the end of , Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple on 1 May Although Constantius was nominally senior Augustus, the real power was in the hands of Galerius because both Caesars were his creatures. The balance of power shifted at the end of July when Constantius, with his son Constantine at his side, passed away at York in Britain where he was preparing to face incursions by the Picts; his army proclaimed Constantine his successor immediately.

As soon as he received the news of the death of Constantius I and the acclamation of Constantine to the purple, Galerius raised Severus to the rank of Augustus to replace his dead colleague in August Making the best of a bad situation, Galerius accepted Constantine as the new Caesar in the West. The situation became more complicated when Maxentius, with his father Maximianus Herculius acquiesing, declared himself princes on 28 October When Galerius learned about the acclamation of the usurper, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to put down the rebellion. Severus took a large field army which had formerly been that of Maximianus and proceeded toward Rome and began to besiege the city, Maxentius, however, and Maximianus, by means of a ruse, convinced Severus to surrender.

Later, in , Severus was put to death under clouded circumstances. While Severus was fighting in the west, Galerius, during late or early , was campaigning against the Sarmatians. In the early summer of Galerius invaded Italy to avenge Severus's death; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was too small to encompass the city's fortifications. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew.

During its retreat, his army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. When Maximianus Herculius' attempts to regain the throne between and by pushing his son off his throne or by winning over Constantine to his cause failed, he tried to win Diocletian and Galerius over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November ; the outcome of the Conference at Carnuntum was that Licinius was appointed Augustus in Severus's place, that Daia and Constantine were denoted filii Augustorum, and that Herculius was completely cut out of the picture.

Later, in , Herculius died, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. After the Conference at Carnuntum, Galerius returned to Sardica where he died in the opening days of May Galerius was Caesar and tetrarch under Maximianus. Although a talented general and administrator, Galerius is better known for his key role in the "Great Persecution" of Christians. He stopped the persecution under condition the Christians pray for his return to health from a serious illness.

Galerius died horribly shortly after.

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His family was from Illyricum. In the army he served as a protector, tribunus, and a praeses Dalmatiarum. During the s or the s, he became the father of Constantine by Helena, his first spouse. By he was the Praetorian Prefect of the western emperor Maximianus Herculius. Caesar in the west. Both Caesars had the right of succession. In order to strengthen the dynastic relationship between himself and Herculius.

The union was fruitful and of it there were six issue: To strengthen his bond with Galerius and Diocletian in the east, Constantius allowed Galerius to keep his son Constantine as a hostage for his good behavior. In the remainder of the time that he was a Caesar, Constantius spent much of his time engaged in military actions in the west. In the summer of Constantius expelled the troops of the usurper Carausius from northern Gaul; after Constantius' attack on Bononia Boulogne , Carausius was murdered. At the same time he dealt with the unrest of the Germans.

In he invaded Britain and put down the revolt of the usurper Allectus. Between and A. It is worth noting in passing, that while his colleagues rigidly enforced the "Great Persecution in ," Constantius limited his action to knocking down a few churches. Constantius as Augustus and His Untimely Death On 1 May Diocletian, at Nicomedia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum Milan , divested themselves of the purple, probably because of the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of Diocletian forced Maximianus to abdicate.

Constantius, as had his predecessor, ruled in the west, while Galerius and Daia ruled in the east. Of peasant origin, his family was from Dacia. A close friend and comrade of arms of the Emperor Galerius, he accompanied him on his Persian expedition in When campaigns by Severus and Galerius in late or early and in the summer of , respectively, failed to dislodge Maxentius who, with the luke warm support of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps on 28 October , he was sent by the eastern emperor to Maxentius as an ambassador; the diplomatic mission, however, failed because the usurper refused to submit to the authority of his father-in-law Galerius.

Licinius' Early Reign Although Licinius was initially appointed by Galerius to replace Severus to end the revolt of Maxentius , Licinius perhaps wisely made no effort to move against the usurper. In fact, his first attested victory was against the Sarmatians probably in the late spring, but no later than the end of June in When the Emperor Galerius died in , Licinius met Maximinus Daia at the Bosporus during the early summer of that year; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them.

It was little more than a year later that the Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on 28 October After the defeat of the usurper, Constantine and Licinius met at Mediolanum Milan where Licinius married the former's sister Constantia; one child was born of this union: Licinius had another son, born of a slave woman, whose name is unknown. It appears that both emperors promulgated the so-called Edict of Milan, in which Constantine and Licinius granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith without any interference from the state.

As soon as he seems to have learned about the marital alliance between Licinius and Constantine and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia traversed Asia Minor and, in April , he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, which he took from Licinius after an eleven day siege. On 30 April the armies of both emperors clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed.

A last ditch stand by Daia at the Cilician Gates failed; the eastern emperor subsequently died in the area of Tarsus probably in July or August As soon as he arrived in Nicomedeia, Licinius promulgated the Edict of Milan. As soon as he had matters in Nicomedeia straightened out, Licinius campaigned against the Persians in the remaining part of and the opening months of It is obvious that the marriage of Licinius to Constantia was simply a union of convenience.

In any case, there is evidence in the sources that both emperors were looking for an excuse to attack the other. The affair involving Bassianus the husband of Constantius I's daughter Anastasia , mentioned in the text of Anonymus Valesianus 5. In any case, Constantine' s forces joined battle with those of Licinius at Cibalae in Pannonia on 8 October When the battle was over, Constantine prevailed; his victory, however, was Pyrrhic. Both emperors had been involved in exhausting military campaigns in the previous year and the months leading up to Cibalae and each of their realms had expanded so fast that their manpower reserves must have been stretched to the limit.

Both men retreated to their own territory to lick their wounds. It may well be that the two emperors made an agreement, which has left no direct trace in the historical record, which would effectively restore the status quo. Both emperors were variously engaged in different activities between and In addition to campaigning against the Germans while residing in Augusta Treverorum Trier in , Constantine dealt with aspects of the Donatist controversy; he also traveled to Rome where he celebrated his Decennalia.

Licinius, possibly residing at Sirmium, was probably waging war against the Goths.