Wenn die Seele Trauer trägt - Der Umgang mit Trauer in der modernen Gesellschaft (German Edition)
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The Court found that the law could be held constitutional only to the extent that it concerns speech that is threatening, defamatory or can provoke hatred. Durkheim discusses the emergence of collective consciousness of some type as constitutive of bonds of allegiance to a community. As such, it is an element that holds a society together.
Durkheim can be read as offering a warning against the excesses of irrational elements within collective consciousness. Societies are running the risk of losing control of the irrational elements over the rational elements. The use of memory politics to reaffirm national identity is an exemplary case of irrational elements winning over the rational ones, with potentially detrimental consequences for academic freedom, as the Richter case shows.
National identity is an element of the imaginary institution of our societies. It is based on a constructive representation of facts and memories; formed and reformed throughout time.
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- Memory Politics and Academic Freedom: Some Recent Controversies in Greece | Verfassungsblog;
It implies a choice among many possible narratives. There is always some arbitrariness in the choice of elements that constitute a national identity, as it involves choosing and giving value to facts and events forming the preferred narrative that meets the needs of constructing a national identity.
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Using the law to solidify a version of national identity can lead to serious violations of human rights. There is something highly problematic in using memory to form an official version of the truth that can be enforced through the law. Memory is a pre-theoretical recollection of historical events based upon and sustained by the irrational elements within our collective consciousness.
As such, memory can be manipulated to serve the goals of a particular political agenda. More recent cases stirring controversy in Greece abound, where ideas and visions of national identity and the construction of memories that go together are used to sway public opinion. Recently, the appointment of historian Lambros Baltsiotis in the position of Special Secretary for Issues of Citizenship by the Minister for Internal Affairs stirred controversy as some of his writings were considered to be contrary to the preferred narratives that form the Greek national identity.
Lambros Baltsiotis has written extensively on issues of Greek national interest, offering interpretations that are considered eccentric in comparison to the dominant narrative about those facts which is seen as compatible with the Greek national identity more generally.
This point was seen as extremely offensive to the Greek national identity by those who objected to his appointment in the position of Special Secretary for Issues of Citizenship. The critics of his appointment noted that there are dangers in appointing to the politically delicate position that entails deciding upon the granting of Greek citizenship a person who has put forward interpretations of facts that are contrary to national interests.
Memory Politics and Academic Freedom: Some Recent Controversies in Greece
Granting citizenship as a matter critical to national interests should not be entrusted to a person who has written against these interests. In the delicate context of political and national insecurity, the fact that Lambros Baltsiotis exercised his academic freedom is seen as endangering national interests.
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Although the controversy did not block the appointment of Lambros Baltsiotis, it indicates the dangers that the politics of memory can pose to academic freedom. Both the cases of Richter and Baltsiotis reveal the negative unintended consequences for academic freedom from recourse to the law to express condemnation of particular historical facts. These cases arose in Greece — a country struggling under recent misfortunes and feeling the need to affirm its national identity and its importance in world history in the context of the global economic crisis.
Nevertheless, from the application of similar legislation cases threatening academic freedom have also emerged in France regarding its attempts to handle its paradoxical history as the country of human rights and of colonial domination. Enacting legislation that commemorates a genocide that took place in the past and legislation that criminalises the denial of crimes against humanity can have pernicious unintended consequences for important freedoms.
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Durch die Unsicherheit der Gesellschaft mit trauernden Menschen umzugehen, wird die Zeit des Trauern oft noch erschwert. Doch was ist eigentlich Trauer? Verschiedene wissenschaftliche Disziplinen - vor allem die Psychologie, Soziologie, Theologie und Medi. Read more Read less. Kindle Cloud Reader Read instantly in your browser.
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