Two Hundred Thousand Boys on a Rock Called Guam
Resulting damage to the native forest and erosion were observed to have escalated in the s, possibly exacerbated by an El Nino-related drought in the late s. This damage is of particular importance because of its impact on the threatened Mariana fruit bat population.
- , Boys on a Rock Called Guam | eBay.
- ;
- .
Photographic evidence spanning from to documented widespread loss of forest, but remnants of a mixed broadleaf forest Aglaia-Elaeocarpus do still exist on Anatahan. An ungulate eradication program was started in , but this was interrupted by the volcanic eruptions. In all Northern Mariana residents from Anatahan, Alamagan, and Agrihan were evacuated to Saipan when the Anatahan eruption threatened.
The first historical eruption of Anatahan Volcano began violently and suddenly on the evening of May 10, and continued until June ; low level seismic activity and tremors have continued, but decreased since that time. Access to the island has been severely limited due to this eruptive activity. Underwater surveys in September showed that coral communities had been largely covered with volcanic ash. Only a limited amount of multibeam data was collected in during the recovery of a single moored oceanographic instrument.
However, several previous academic and government cruises have collected multibeam data around Anatahan. Ikonos imagery Space Imaging Inc. It is approximately 2. Archaeological studies by Georg Fritz, the first administrator of the German colonial district of the Mariana Islands, found pottery and latte stones, a symbol of Chamorro culture and identity, on Sarigan Island. Under the German and Japanese administrations, Sarigan was cultivated as a copra plantation and residents lived there from to when they were evacuated. Between and the German authorities leased eight islands including Sarigan to exploit the bird populations for the Japanese and European hat plumage trade.
Tropic birds, brown boobies, frigate birds and white terns were the primary species of interest. At one point there were 14 Carolinian and Japanese bird catchers on Sarigan, but because of low bird counts all but two were removed. Some native forest remains on Sarigan, but it was being decimated by feral pigs, goats and cats. Therefore between and the Dept. Remnants of a mixed broadleaf forest Aglaia-Elaeocarpus still exist on Sarigan. This island has been chosen as a potential site for relocating native bird species, which are in danger because of the brown tree snake on Guam and other southern islands.
The micronesian megapode, a pigeon sized bird found on the forest floor, still exists on Sarigan with birds on Sarigan and between and birds in the entire Archipelago. Stands of coconut trees are seen near the shore, and the crater is visible at the top of the island. On Sarigan, a low truncated cone with a m-wide summit crater contains a small ashcone. The youngest eruptions produced two lava domes from vents above and near the south crater rim. Lava flo from each dome reached the coast and extended out to sea, forming irregular shorelines. The northern flow overtopped the crater rim on the north and northwest sides.
The sparse vegetation on the flows indicates they are of Holocene age. There are no known historic eruptions on Sarigan, but a seismic swarm with more than 63 earthquakes was recorded in August A bathymetric rise to the east of Sarigan, only partially mapped, rises from to m below sea level. In , multibeam data were collected around Sarigan in and m depths. A small shelf extends 2 km east of the island with two platforms — one at m and a deeper one at m.
Evidence of mass wasting and erosion surround the island with a small secondary feature, possibly another cone, on the southern flank of the volcano. About 33 km to the east of Sarigan an intriguing feature, only partially mapped, rises from to m. It is 3 km long and 2 km wide with an area of approximately 4 sq. German administrator Georg Fritz found no archaeological record of Chamorro occupation on the northern part of Guguan Island.
Between and the German authorities leased eight islands including Guguan to exploit the bird populations for the Japanese and European hat plumage trade. Three Japanese bird catchers on Guguan were listed as having caught tropicbirds, boobies, and frigate birds in a five month period. Guguan is a Northern Mariana Conservation Area and was declared a wildlife preserve in by the Marina Constitution. Guguan has an eroded volcano on the south, a caldera with a post-caldera cone and a northern volcano, which has a breached summit crater that fed lava flows to the west.
The only known eruption took place between and and produced the northern volcano and lava flows that reached the coast. Multibeam sonar data were collected around Guguan in in water depths between 20 and m on all sides and to almost meters on the eastern side. The multibeam bathymetry data show two shelves extending 2 km offshore around the southern portion of the island — one in depths of 25 to 50 m and the second in 80 to m depths.
The steep underwater flanks of the volcano show much less evidence of mass wasting and erosion than do other volcanoes in the chain. Fifteen km to the southeast sparse multibeam data hint at a structure that may be similar to the one seen to the east of Sarigan.
On Alamagan in Georg Fritz, the first German administrator, found several latte sets, a symbol of the Chomorro culture, made of basalt columns, a stone paved area and a stone-lined well or pit filled with pottery. Alamagan has been sporadically populated since that time. The census recorded a population of 6 inhabitants on Alamagan.
- A Life Well Built.
- Dudes, Dames & Debauchery?
- .
- The Rescue Princesses: The Magic Rings?
- Akeem.
Cows, pigs, and goats are also common on the island. Alamagan is the only one of the northern islands that is home to an endemic endangered bird species, the Nightengale Reed Warbler; it also had an estimated population of 30 endangered Mariana megapode in Alamagan has recently been selected by the Western Pacific Fisheries Management Council as a site for a remote fishing station.
Alamagan has a m deep summit crater east of the center of the island. Multibeam sonar data were collected around Alamagan in in water depths between 20 and m on all sides and to greater than meters on the eastern side. The multibeam data show a narrow 3 km long shelf running out from the southeastern shore of the island with depths ranging from 25 to m.
Extensive evidence of mass wasting can be found on all sides of the island. It is 17 km long and 7 km at the widest with an area of approximately It is the 4th largest of the islands of CNMI. On Pagan in Georg Fritz, the first German administrator, found several basalt latte sets — a symbol of the Chamorro culture — as well as sling stones and cultivated plants that are all signs of previous occupation. The commander of Pagan Island surrendered almost at the same time as the overall Japanese surrender in early September, In , 53 residents were evacuated after a major volcanic eruption on Pagan.
Residents have been petitioning to return, but there has been reluctance on the part of the government due to continued volcanic threat. Goats are also common on the island, but because much of the arable land was covered by the eruption most of the livestock was depleted by starvation at that time. Pagan was also home to an estimated fruit bats in It is believed that the Pagan megapode may have become extinct on Pagan after the eruption.
There is a shallow brackish lake on the northern part of the island and remnants of a mixed broadleaf forest Aglaia-Elaeocarpus still exist. Pagan is one of the largest and most active of the Mariana volcanoes and is formed by two volcanoes connected by a narrow isthmus. The northern volcano, Mount Pagan, has a summit height of m and a 7 km diameter crater.
After the eruption, volcanic activity continued steadily through In December through January ashfall and ash plumes were observed from Mount Pagan.
Guam Before the Storm: Life on the Island Caught Between Trump and Kim
South Pagan has a summit height of m and a 4 km wide caldera. Multibeam sonar data were collected around Pagan in in water depths between 20 and m on all sides and to greater than meters on the eastern side. The multibeam data show a 2. Three distinct levels are seen — at m depths, m depths, and at m depths. There is a narrow anchorage area on the western side of the isthmus in m water depths. A small peninsula on eastern side of the island is a dike complex surrounded by a small shelf in m water depths.
In all other areas there are steep slopes down to m or deeper with evidence of mass wasting and erosion, especially on the north and south flanks. It is 10 km long and 7 km wide with an area of approximately 47 sq. It is the highest point in CNMI and the largest single volcano. Agrihan was the site of the last stand of the Chamorro against the Spanish after which all Chamorro were removed to Guam. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica , colonists from the United States and Hawaii established plantations in , but were expelled by the Spanish. During the German period of colonization, Agrihan was one of the islands that was leased for the purpose of collecting bird feathers for the European and Japanese hat trade between and Agrihan has fertile highlands with palm trees on the lower slopes and phosphate deposits.
Remnants of a mixed broadleaf forest Aglaia-Elaeocarpus exist on Agrihan. It has been sporadically populated. Residents were evacuated in , the only historic volcanic eruption. In all Northern Mariana residents from Anatahan, Alamagan, and Agrihan were evacuated to Saipan when the Anatahan eruption occurred. Agrihan has a small caldera 1 x 2 km that is breached to the NW, where a lava flow extends to the coast and forms a delta.
Покупки по категориям
The only historic eruption was in when large blocks and 3 m of ash were deposited on a village on the SE coast. Multibeam sonar data were collected around Agrihan in in water depths down to m on all sides. The multibeam data show a 1-km wide shallow shelf on the southwest corner of the island in water depths down to 50 m. Steep drop offs are seen on and there is extensive evidence of mass wasting and erosion on all flanks of the island.
The picture shows the steep Asuncion sea cliffs. Landslide scars are visible in the left side of the photo. Although currently uninhabited, extensive coconut groves might indicate that some copra production was once done there. In addition, Asuncion was leased by the German authorities from to for the purpose of harvesting bird feathers for the European and Japanese plumage trade. Six bird catchers were supposed to be on Asuncion, but human corpses were seen on the beach in when visited by the German station chief. Asuncion has the most extensive native forest found on the northern islands, with a scrubby, mixed-broadleaf forest dominated by Terminalia spp.
These deciduous, indigenous trees have edible kernels that may have been favored by early human inhabitants. The seed of the tree is dispersed by fruit bats which feed on the husk. Asuncion is the steepest of the northern volcanoes and is marked by landslide scars and sea cliffs. During oceanographic surveys at Asuncion, small landslides are frequently observed. The southern flanks and western flanks of the volcano are mantled by ash deposits that may have originated during eruptions in historical time.
An explosive eruption in also produced lava flows that descended about half way down the western and SE flanks, but several other historical eruption reports are of uncertain validity. There are steep drop offs on all sides of the island and canyons and evidence of mass wasting and erosion only on the southern part of the island.
Guam: Life on the Island Caught Between Trump and Kim | Time
Maug Guam spelled backwards is a unique structure in the Mariana islands, consisting of three separate small islands Higashi-shima — East Island, Kita-shima — North Island, and Nishi-shima — West Island and a submerged caldera. The three islands have a total area of approximately 2. The three steep islands are vegetated mostly by low scrub, grass and a few palm trees. Maug was leased by the German authorities from to for the purpose of harvesting bird feathers for the European and Japanese plumage trade.
The Mariana megapode, a pigeon-sized bird of the forest floor, is found on all three islets with an estimated population of as of Fruit bats were once found on Maug, but are not currently thought to be present. Underwater, the corals of Maug are some of the richest of the Northern Mariana Islands. No eruptions are known from Maug since its discovery in However, hydrothermal activity has been detected by NOAA cruises in the past several years. Multibeam sonar data were collected in and around Maug in in water depths down to m on all sides and to m in some places.
The multibeam data show a peak with depths as shallow as 22 m in the center of the caldera and over m deep on the caldera floor. The perspective view shown here highlights the region between and to the east of Maug and Supply Reef where channels on the volcanoes flanks terminate in a narrow basin. The eastern boundary of the basin is a sinuous ridge also incised by channels and canyons originating at the ridge crest.
The SW-NE profile above gives a sense of the size of these features. It lies about 10 km northwest of Maug Island and is joined to Maug by a saddle at a depth of approximately m.
Two Hundred Thousand Boys on a Rock Called Guam by Ken Culbreth (2003, Hardcover)
Its shallowest point is 7. Hard and soft corals have been observed on Supply Reef by divers and underwater cameras. Multibeam sonar data were collected around Supply Reef in in water depths down to greater than m on all sides except the east side where previously collected multibeam data exist. The multibeam data show a m diameter caldera-like summit ranging in depth from 7. Mass wasting and erosion are apparent only on the northern underwater flank of Supply Reef.
It is 2 km long and 1. The slopes of Farallon de Pajaros are mostly precipitous, bare lava flows and the summit crater is only partly vegetated. Seabirds that are able to nest on bare lava flows are found on Farallon de Pajaros, including masked boobies and a large colony of sooty terns. No fruit bats or Mariana megapode, a forest floor bird, are thought to be present on the island. Farallon de Pajaros has erupted at least 16 times since , but monitoring has been difficult because of the remoteness of the island.
Most of the eruptions are explosive and about half have produced lava flows. The symmetrical summit is the central cone within a small caldera cutting an older edifice, remnants of which are seen on the SE and southern sides near the coast. Flank fissures have fed lava flows during historical time that form platforms along the coast. Both summit and flank vents have been active at Farallon de Pajaros in historical times. Multibeam sonar data were collected around Farallon de Pajaros in in water depths down to at least m on all sides.
She remembers studying the language for a year — she can count to ten and sing a song — before being pulled out of school to work. At one point, Imperial soldiers forced her and her new colleagues to watch the beheading of three Chamorros accused of spying. Wistfully, she sings a calypso-like wartime ditty that reflects the warmth many then felt: Not everyone feels that warmth today. The contrast between Guamanian love of the U.
But of course all the Chamorro are American. Older Chamorros like Dela Cruz balk at the idea the U. Then lamenting the rocky land in her village: The Pacific has certainly paid a heavy price for the U. Between and , Washington tested a staggering 67 nuclear weapons in the Marshall Islands — which are about 1, miles east of Guam — including the megaton Castle Bravo thermonuclear hydrogen bomb that devastated Bikini Atoll.
Benthic Habitat Data
Now its the Chamorro who are threatened. But this time feels different and more volatile the locals say. Still, last Saturday, the flow of life went unimpeded. Scores gathered at Ipao Beach Park to protest plans for a new firing range that they said would discharge 7 million rounds of ammunition a year in sacred ancestral lands. At Capras beach, Chamorro teens fired up a barbecue, waded a jet ski out toward the reef, and passed a bong around.