The Adventures of Sohi: Mystery in the Arctic

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The Sea King's Daughter: Are We There Yet? A Journey around Australia. And Other Animal Fairy Tales. The subject is very fully discussed by his biographer, pp. In the French, for the first time, entered the field of Arctic discovery. Verazzano had frequent opportunities of meeting with the natives, and in the account of the voyage which he gave to Francis, he speaks of thern in the highest terms. It has been thought probable that he first landed on the coast of Georgia- near the present town of Savannah. A further run of fifty leagues along the coa. It is greatly to be regretted that nothing is known of the after life of Verazzano.

That he was a man of great ability is apparent from the energy with which he carried out the above im[ ortant voyage. The disastrous battle of Pavia, which sent Fran- cis a prisoner to Madrid, is a matter of history. In the same year that France made her first attempt in the north, an expedition under Gomez left Spain, with the view of finding a northern and shorter passage to the Moluccas. On the 20th of May, , in the nineteenth year of the reign of the eighth Henry, an expedi- tion " of two faire ships wel manned and victualled, having in them divers cunning men, set forth out of the Thames to seek strange regions.

John, where they found Spanish. I'Vcnch, and Portuguese vessels fishing. From this place the letter is dated, the 3rd August, He maintains that Veraz- zano, whose voyage in the French service we liave before noticed. To prove his assert: The whole of this statement, at least, all that refers to the supposed dreadful death of Ver. It seems extremely probable that Sebastian Cabot and Sir John Pert, did not touch at Porto Rico in , as has been hitherto imagined; but that Rut visited it in , and was the adventurer who caused so much alarm to the Spanish govern- ment.

After an interval of ten years, the French, at the instigation of Philip Chabot, Admiral of France, again set forth on the career of northern discovery. The command of two ships, of sixty tons each, was accepted by Jacques Cartier, to whom the little fishing-town of St. Malo is proud of having given birth. He sailed on the 20th April, , and the account of his voyage in Ramusio, and also in the " Histoire de la Nouvelle France," by L'Escarbot, is very interesting. It is written in the third person, and it does not appear that he was himself the author.

It represents him to have circumnavigated Newfoundland, and to have proceeded for some time in his course up the Bay of St. Lawrence, being the first European that visited it ; but the season being far advanced, he appears to have thought it better to reserve, for another voyage, the further examination of what promised to be a glorious field for exploration.

He returned, therefore, by the straits of Belle Isle to St. Malo, where he arrived on the 5th Septem- ber, Cartier was received, on his return, with the consideration due to the importance of his dis- covery: On the 19th May, , he again sailed, with three ships, si To the channel between it and the opposite coast of Labrador,. Law- rence, which has since been extended to the whole gulf. The French ascended the rivi r as far as the Indivin city of Hochelaga, receiving on all sides expressions of friendly feeling from the aborigines, indeed, so much so, that on arriving at that city, their credulity and admiration were such, that they brought their paralytic old king, Agonhanna, to be touched, and as they believed, cured by the Admiral.

Shortly after, the French were attacked by the scurvy, since so fatally familiar to the seamen, but happily discovered, through the Indians, a cure for it, in a decoction of the leaves and bark of the North American white pine. They also now, for the first time, became acquainted with tobacco ; and their astonishment may well be conceived, at seeing the natives " suck so long, and fill their bodies so full of smoke, that it came out of their mouths and nostrils, even as out of the tunnel of a chimney.

Malo on the 6th July, The scheme originated with "Master Hore, of London, a man of goodly stature, and of great courage, and given to the study of cosmo- graphie ; and among the company were many 'gentlemen of the Inns of Court and of 'han- cerie. A subordinate command only was given to this great French seaman, who wjis ordered to set sail with five vessels, leaving his lordship, the lieutenant- general and viceroy, to follow, when the path should have been cleared of a few of the tlilh- eulties: It is impossible not to be struck with the de- termined resistance which has ever been made by the aborigines of North America to these kid- napping adventures, and likewise the fact, that the indiscretion of one traveller is almost invariably visited, at some future period, on the perhaps unoffending head of the next who may happen to traverse the same ] ath.

After a long interval, Roberval arrived at the scene of action, but a jeahjusy existed between him and Cartier, and at length the desertion of the latter gave the death blow to an enterprise which could only succeed when connnanded by an experienced seaman, and it was subsequently abandoned. In , Roberval, who seems to have been a man of great spirit, and his brother Achille, made another attempt at a settlement ; tliL'ir names may be added to the list of voyagers and travellers wlio have fallen victims to the imprudence of those who had preceded them — they were never heard of more.

In I man of another be added ho have who had if more. At this critical moment there happened to be in London no less a person than oebastian 'abot, a sketch of wiiose life since we last heard of him may not be uninteresting. After his voyage, in conjunction with the faint- hearted Sir Tliomas Pert, in , he appears to liave returned to Spain, where he was created by the oinperor, pilot-major, an office of great importance and responsibility.

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He was also a member of the famous conclave, held at Badajos, in April, , appointed to settle the dispute between the kings of Spain and Portugal as to their respective titles to the Moluccas, to which both monarchs laid claim, each affirming that thev came within the grant of the papal bull to fiimself.

King Edward soon became aware of the value of 'abot. The next step was to secure a fitting com- mander, an object of high ambition to many, and the choice finally fell on Sir Hugh Willonghby, " "Kymcr," v. Finally, when all the arrange- ments were completed, "Jabot drew up a code of instructi ms for the government of the expedition, which reflect the highest credit on his sagacity, good sense, and comprehensive knowledge.

These instructions are entitled, " Ordinances, Instructions, and Advertisements of and for the intended voyage for Cathay, compiled, made, and delivered by tlie Right Worshipful M. Dominions, Islands, and place unknowen, the 9th day of May, in the ycre of our Lord God, 1. To be short, it was a very trium] h after a sort in all respects to the be- holders.

I wiLLorciiinv and ciian i: They then continued their course. When the morning dawned, only the smaller vessel, the Confidentia, was in sight. The author has liad thi:. The ships were recovered, and with the dead bodies in them, were sent to England, but on the passage they "sunk with their dead, and them also that brought them.

Each full exerted at his several task, Froze into statues ; to tlie cordage glued Tlie sailor, and the pilot to tlie helm. But we willinfrly turn from this fearful scene, which has something inexpressibly melancholy in it, to sketch the successful issue of Chancelor's voyage. It will be remem] ered that on the day of the dispersion of the fleet, Wardhuys had been ap] ointed as the place of rendezvous in case of any accident occurring.

Whereinto they entered somewhat farre, and cast anchor. And it is strange to consider how much favour after- wards in that ] lace, this humanitic of his did pur- chase to himself.

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For they, being dismissed, spread by and by a report abroad of the arrival of a strange nation, of a singular gcntlenesse and courtesie ; whereupon the conunon people anv. Their houses are all of timber, very ilangerous for live. And ir after- lid pur- , spread , strange urtesie ; ther, of- rcely. You shall meet in a morning seven or eight hundred sleds coming from, or going thither, some carry corn, some fish. Those which come so far, dwell in tiie north part of the duke's dominions, where the cold is so extreme it will suffer no corn to grow.

Meanwhile, during Chancclor's absence on that voyage in whicli he subsequently lost his life, the Muscovy Company had fitted out a small vessel, called the Searchthrift, which, on the 29th April, 1. Previous to their sailing, the " Right Worshipful Sebastian Cabot," and a inrge party of ladies and gentlemen, paid a visit to the vessel, and examined all the preparations with great interest, and afterwards the " goode olde gen- tleman, Master Cabota," gave a banquet, at which, " for very joy that he had to see the towardness of their discovery, he entered into the dance himselfe amongst the rest of the young and lusty company.

They were likewise nearly capsized by an immense whale, which, lu wever, they managed to affright by shouting. In order to j reserve a strict chronological order, we have now to turn our faces to the north-west. The name of Martin Frobishcr is one of which this country may well be proud ; and yet his con- nexion witii the defeat of the " Invincible Armada" is all that is remembered of him by many.

This exitmpic should encourage the enterprising never to despair. On the 7th of Jnne they weighed from Dcptford, and dropped down to Greenwich, where Elizabeth then held her court. Nothing of any moment occurred until they were off the Shctlands, when one of the ships sprung a leak. On the 11th July land was discovered in OT N. Attempts were made to effect a landing but without success, and in a very severe storm which was experienced, the ]Mnnace, with her crew of four hands, was lo't, and the Gabriel, their other Companion, " mistrusting the matter, privily conveved themselves away," and reached England in safety.

Frobishcr, however, bore up gallantly against these mischances, so riiinous to the hopes of an aspirant for naval fame: This dreary coast is sup- posed to have been part of Labrador. On the day above named, tlr. From tliis melancholy fate they were saved by the promptness, energy, and judgment ot their connnandcr. On the day above named, the manuscript states: V 8', which was the southern extreme of " a great gut bay, or passage, divided as it were by two maine landes. This was a thing of no account in the judgment of the captaiiie at the first sight, and yet n M!

Afterwards, the same goldfiners pro- mised great matters thereof if there were any store to be found, and offered themselves to adventure tor the searching of those parts from whence the same was brought. Wliereupon prejiaration was matle for a new voyage against the yere following, and the cap- tainc more especially directed by commission for the searching more of this golde ore than for the searching any further discovery of the passage.

Very beastly and rudely in respect of civilitie. Tlicy arc destitute of wood ; their fires arc turffe and cowhards. Tlieir houses arc but poorc without, an J sluttish ynough within, and the people, in nature, there- unto agreeable. They liavc great want of leather, and desire our old shoes and apparell, and old ro[ cs before money , for victuals, atid yet tliey are not ignorant of the value of our coine. Their arrival was hailed with the utmost enthu- siasm by all elasses.

A similar delusion, that goUf was to he found in the north, existed in very early times. He was strenjjth- Mied in this belief hy a h-tter written to him at the command of the iliieen, hy one Jaymc Ferrer, an eminent and learned lapidary, who, in the course of his trading; for precious stones and metals, had been in the Levant and in various parts of the Kast: Ill this letter, Ferrer assured 'olunibus that According to his ex M. Arrangements were therefore matlc for another expedition, on a nuich grander scale, wliich embraced likewise a scheme of settlement.

The fifteen vessels of which the expedition con- sisted, assembled at Harwich, on the 27th Miiy. About the miiidlc of August, the ileet.

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Wasli- iiigtou Irving's " Life of Columbus. The most undaunted courage and ready skill shown by the commanders of the several was vessels during their struggle with the elements at the mouth of the strait. For whereas indeed we thought ourselves to be upon the Northeast side of Frobi- shires Straits we were uow carried to the South- westward of the Queen's Foreland, and being deceived by a swift current coming from the North- east, were brought to the Southwestward of our said course, many miles more than we did think possible to come to j ass.

Uttle doubt but that this strait wliicli " Christopher Hall, the cliicf pilot, stood up and declared, in tlic hearing of all the crew, that he had never seen before," was that wliich is now known by Hudson's name. Whether Fro- bishcr's motive for not "dissolving the long doubt of the passage to the rieli eountrey of Cataya,'" was really " the charge and care he had of the flecte," or whether, as the author of Cabot's biography, anxious to build up Pelion upon Ossa the fiune of his hero, declares, "his own eager sympathies with the more sordid objects of pursuit which induced him to turn away from the peri!

But it seems hard to judge so harshly w man whom we have shown, in danger, to have been possessed of such great courage and presence of mind ; and whom, in other respects, history has recorded to have been one of the worthiest of the naval wo"thies of Queen Elizabeth's ; llakluyt, V. The ileet, therefore, turned hack from the glorious padi which was before them ; but their retreat was as unlbrtuuate as tlieir entrance had been.

They became so involved in fogs and violent currents, " which, even in a moment, turned them round about, after the maimer of a whirlpool," that they Mtirely lost all knowledge of their locality, and became dispersed in all directions, individually siif- tering the greatest hardships, and passing through coiiMtless dangers. We may reasonably suppose that so comj lete a failure would cause great dissatisfaction to the supporters of the voyage at home. Rundall, iii his "North West Voyages," p. Strait ; but eastward of the strait was so full of ice, that after some ineffectual attempts to advance, they were obliged to return.

Nevertheless, they found a good depth of sea to the east of the Waigatz, having at one time seventy fathoms water. He obtained from Queen Elizabeth the gift, for evor, of all such "heathen ,nd barbarous countries. He made two unsuccessful attempts to carry out his object ; the first was defeated by the cavilling of the ad- fi4 SIH II. With un- shaken detennination, he ajj;ain sailed with five ships, to take possession of NewtoiuulUuui. Three hiys after the ex edition saileil, the Haletrh, the hugest vessel of the fleet, put back, under the plea tliat u violent sickness had broken out amonji; the crew, but in reality from faint- heartedness on their ] art.

There now, therefore, remained only the Golden Hind, of forty, and the Scpiirrcl often tons burthen. On board the latter Sir Humphrey hoisted his flag, and, driven by the bitter alt'rnative either to starve or return wit'i ruined hopes, shaped his course homeward. On the 9th SejUembcr, they encountered a terrible storm, and the Stpiirrel was ol served to labour tlangcrously.

Heal, Hi iii, and Uale;;a. One it all trace of the brave inaiined and storm-tosse I sh np alone retnrncc 1 to Entrlaiui of that armament which so short a time before had been sent forth to lake possession of a new wo rid. They accordingly jaircliased two barks, the Snnshiiic, of ifty tons l ur lcn, with a crew of twenty-three jicrsons on- board, including four mnsicians; the other, called the iMoonshine, of thirty-five tons, had a comple- ment of nineteen hands.

The shi] s sailed from Dartmouth on the 7th June, loH. Thoy fouiid iiu Imttoin with three hiiiKh'ed iatlioiiis ofliiie. The following day the wind veered to the north- ward; and with the change in the wind, the course of the ship wjus altered. He steered north-west, direct across the strait, or sea, which now hears his name: He ] roceeded up this strait or sound, which varies in width from twenty to thirty leagues, until the end of August, the j assage being entirely unobstructed by ice, and the water, " of the very colour, nature, and juality of the main ocean.

The discovery by Davis of a free open passage to the westward, inspired sanguine hopes of the iihiniate success of the search. He sailed from Dartmouth, on a second voyage, on the 7th May, I. Davis departeil tidin iilbert's Sound with one of these pilferers on-board, and stood across the bay. On the 4th September, in lat. He sailed from Dartmouth on the IDth May, l. Waymouth, "did, I conceive, light Hudson into liis straights. Notwithstanding Davis had reached a much higher latituile than any former navigator, he could find no one willing to send him out again.

The burden of every one's song was, " 'I'his Davis hath been three times emploved ; why hath he not found the passage? T he next exploratory project was for discovering a passage by the north-east, and was made by the Hollanders. The merchants of the United Pro- vinces, after the great political convulsion, in which they had been well nigh overwhelmed, had some- ,.

Tliey requested permission of the States General, who took so great an interest in the enterprize, that they promised a gratuity of twenty -five thousand florins, if they succeeded ; with the privilege of exclusive trade by this new route for eight years. Three ships and a small bark were fitted out. They sailed from the Texel on the 5th June , and arrived at the mouth of the Kola, in Lapland, on the 23rd of the same month. Here the squadron separated, Barentsz directing his course to the northward of Nova Zembla ; and the other vessels under Cornelis Cornelisz Nay, proceeding by the old passage through Waigatz Straits.

Further than this he could not advance, on account of large impenetrable masses of ice, which bai'red the way. The shore was enamelled with herbage and flowers of every colour and agreeable odour. They perse- vered in their course until the 1st of August, when they made the passage by the south strait, and entered the sea of Kara, into which they sailed fifty or sixty leagues, until the 12th, when they were in latitude 7P 10' north.

They arrived home on the 16th September. They fitted out seven ships, not with the view of discovery, but laden with merchandize, as if for the actual purposes of trade. The command was again virtually given to Barentsz, and they sailed from the Texel on the 2nd July, The ships separated after passing North Cape ; some going to the White Sea. Those intended for discovery, arrived, on the 19tli August, at the entrance of Waigatz Strait, which they only cleared on the 3rd Se[ tcmber, owing to the dangerous navigation.

Before them was a fine clear blue sea, of a depth of more than one hundred and ten fathoms, in which great whales were sporting. Everything prognosticated success, when a storm arose from the north-west, and they perceived a large bank of ice drifting down on them. They continued in an unsuccessful endeavour to advance to the north-east, till the middle of the month, the weather increasing in sharpness, and the nights in length. On the i5th, a council was held, and the following resolution passed: A narrative of the three voyages of Barentsz was written l y Girard le Veer, who accompanied him on the second and third, and was published under the title of " Vraie Description des trois Voyages, de mer, faits par le Nord, vers les royaumes de Cathay et de China.

We therefore have resolved to make our route back to Holland with all diligence. They set sail on the 18th jVlay, and sighted Shetland on the 22nd. Here the commanders, Ian Cornelisz Rijp, and Barentsz, differed as to the course to be pursued. Rijp was for keeping to the northward of Nova Zembla, Barentsz for attempting the passage by the old straits. Rijp would not give in, and Barentsz, rather than part company, followed him. On the 19th, they discovered a much larger island in 80" 1 r. The animals seen rein here are white bears, some larger than oxen; deer, who feed on moss, and become so fat, that their flesh is excellent eating ; here are also foxes, white, grey, and some black.

It is named by the Hollanders Spilberg or Spilbergen, signifying sharp pointed mountains. On the 17th July, JBarentsz made the coast of Nova Zembla, pushed his way through numerous obstacles along the west coast, and, on the 26th August, doubled Cape Nassau, the north-east extremity of the island. Here they became involved in fogs and floating ice, which at length closed in upon them, with such violence as to lift the ship entirely out of the water, in an almost perpendicular position, filling them with the greatest apprehension.

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Like gallant men, however, they threw no chance away, but took every precaution within their means, working cheerfully to build a hut, which was at length, after great labour, finished on the 2nd October. Meantime, each day the cold became more intense. Did they hang up their clothes to dry, the side farthest from the fire was hard fi'ozen. They had, however, the pale light of the moon, and the little arctic fox, whose flesh they found very palatable, and a very agreeable addition to their slender larder.

On the 24th January, they were surprised by the re-appearance of the northern limb of the sun, after a darkness of eighty-one days. Barentsz held out that it was quite impossible that this could take place for fifteen days to come ; but the joyful intelligence was confirmed on the 27th ; — he was not aware of the great refractory power of the northern atmosphere. The cold, however, con- tinued unabated until April, when it became milder, and they eagerly began to form plans to escape from their prison.

The ship was immoveable, and the crew therefore earnestly besought to be allowed to fit up the two boats, which Barentsz at length granted. After much labour, they succeeded in digging them from out the snow; and by the 11th June, they were tolerably prepared for their perilous voyage. On the morning of the 14th, they all embarked, and bade farewell to the desolate snores on which they had passed those eight terrible months. They stood to the north, and on the 16th were off the northern extremity of Nova Zembla, where they sustained a great loss: Ba- rentsz, who had been long ailing, now approached his end.

He was observed, on the morning of the 20th, intently studying a chart of the places they had visited, and shortly afterwards he desired that ' " Polar Seas," pp. His wishes were complied with ; and while still gazing on the terrible scene of his shipwrecked hopes, the spirit of their estimable commander passed away. After encountering innumerable privations, the wretched survivors had the good fortune to meet with some Russian loddies, and obtained from them a supply of provisions.

They also learnt the gratifying intelliffence that three Dutch ships were then lying at Kola ; and their joy may be imagined, when, on the 25th August, they arrived there, and found their former companion, Jan Cornelisz Rijp, commander of one of tne vessels. He had been unsuccessful in his northern at- tempt, and had returned to Holland, and was now on his return from a trading voyage. Of the seventeen men cast on Nova Zembla, but twelve returned to their native land.

To keep "a journall of their p'ceedings, to be deliuered to the Companie by the Capt. On the 18th he made Greenland, and two days after Cape Desolation, with its black water " thicke as puddle. He now became involved in thick fogs; and, in addition, continued stormy weather, considerably daunted the spirit of the crew. Liable every moment to be crushed to atoms, and affrighted by the " noyse of a great quantity of ice, very loathsome to be heard," the sailors oecame discontented, and secret conferences took place, at which it was at length determined " to bear up the helme for England.

Thus much we thought needefuU to signifie,asamatter builded vpon reason, and not proceeding vpon feare or cowardise. North-west Fox declares this to be " no such matter," and Sir John Barrow p. Bennet pursued the old course by the North Cape, Wardhuys, and the river Kola, from whence he steered into the northern sea before him, in a N. On the 16th August he made Bear Island, but not being aware that it had been before discovered by Barentsz, he re-named it Cherie Island. Nothing further was done this year, but Alderman Cherie again dispatched the same vessel and commander, for several successive years on fishing voyages.

On the 12th June they entered a bight, in latitude 66" 30', the seamen refusing to proceed further. Here they met with some natives, with whom they were so unfortunate as to come into collision, which ended in a furious onslaught being made on the boats. This forced them to put to sea, and abandoning all further attempts at discovery, they returned home. His Danish majesty the following year again despatched the same ships and com- manders. Meanwhile, Cunningham and Hall being en- gaged in exploring the western coast of Greenland, their former comrade, John Knight, was entrusted by the Muscovy and East India merchants with the command of the Hopewell, a pinnace of forty tons.

He sailed from Gravesend on the 18th April, , and was detained fourteen days at the Orkneys, where he shipped "two lustie fel- lows. The men left in charge of the boat, waited in vain for their return, and dismay seized on them all, when the 28th came and their comrades did not appear.

On the night that succeeded that day, a new calamity happened to them: The carpenter exerted himself to finish a small shallop he had commenced building, which was, when completed, in no better condition than the crazy ship. But feeling the imperative necessity of exerting every means to free themselves fi-om their perilous position, they got under weigh, pre- ferring the impending danger of foundering, to a second visit from the little people, whom, in their fears, they had designated as man-eaters.

After a most perilous voyage of three weeks, in which their ingenuity as well as their courage was sorely tried, they arrived at Fogo, in Newfoundland, completely worn out by fatigue. Here they were most hospitably received, and reached Dartmouth on the 24th December.

His intentions were, to endeavour to find a passage, if possible, directly across the pole itself. To carry out this bold idea, this great navigator sailed on the 1st of May, in command of a small vessel, the name of which is unknown, with a crew of ten men and a boy.