La Littérature latine (HU Langues et civilisations anciennes Latin et Grec) (French Edition)

His Latin prefaces also betray a preoccupation with the French Wars of Religion that pitted his co-religionists against French Catholics, themselves generally supported by the French crown, throughout the s and s. Constructions of Nationhood in Henri Estienne of Spain. This tendency to link scholar- ship and politics finds, perhaps, its clearest expression in the preface to an- other work devoted to a discussion of Latin style, the De Justi Lipsii latini- tate of After evoking the recent presence of Spaniards on the streets of Paris, almost as an occupying force, Estienne attacks the followers of Lip- sius, who had himself become historiographer to the king of Spain in , in the following terms: Quod Gallica liga adversus hunc quoque, verum et legitimum Galliae regem, molita est, Hispanico auxilio freta: Hope has recognised in respect of 46 Estienne , Constructions of Nationhood in Henri Estienne his vernacular writings;51 although sharing a common scholarly language, early modern humanists are viewed as motivated by essentially sectarian and nationalistic concerns that express themselves to the detriment of the classical authors on whom they write.

The notion that scholarly error was a form of moral fault, stridently expressed in his criticisms of other scholars — chief among them the Italians — underpins not just his editorial work but also his criticisms of linguistic innovators in the vernacular, who, like the italianising courtiers of Henry III, are often portrayed as morally degenerate.

Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London. Balsamo, Jean , Les Rencontres des Muses: Cave, Terence , The Cornucopian Text: Problems of Writing in the French Renaissance, Oxford. Eiusdem poematium cuius versus intercalaris, Cavete vobis principes. Ubi multi Aristotelis loci vel emendantur, vel fi- delius redduntur, Basel. Estienne, Henri repr. Estienne, Henri , Hypomneses , ed. De- nise Carabin, Paris. Inventing Renaissance France, Ithaca. Henri Estienne , Henri Estienne: Keller, Marcus , Figurations of France: This article is devoted to his only printed work which was in Latin, the De origine, and to the translation of that text into Castilian Spanish by the cosmographer Alonso de Santa Cruz.

Tarafa began his ecclesiastical career as a beneficiary of the parish of Sant Esteve de Granollers, in A year later, he took holy orders as a priest and in he obtained a benefice in Barce- lona cathedral. From he appears as the cathedral archivist, although it is possible he acquired the position before then. After he was a cathe- dral canon, and in , he became commendatory prior of Santa Maria de Manlleu, an Augustinian monastery near Manresa. Shortly before his death, Tarafa had renounced the Barcelona canonry, probably in favour of his nephew Marc Antoni Tarafa.

National identity and political intentionality the origins of the conflict remain a mystery. In both Barcelona cathedral and in Manlleu he carried out wide-ranging archival reforms, as surviving documents attest. Tarafa died in Rome, a city he had visited several times since the s to attend to chapter business at the Vatican, when he was trying to resolve a dispute with the Barcelona chapter.

He was a historian and heraldist whose work is fundamental for our understanding of the relation between Catalan historiography and Cata- lan political institutions in the second half of the sixteenth century. Despite the fact that most of his work was only in manuscript, it had an extensive circulation. This was not unusual in early modern Catalonia: Nonetheless Tarafa is a figure of considerable importance, and manu- script transmission of his works from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centu- ries was notably abundant. More than twenty of his works have survived not counting fragments and independent excerpts: De origine ac rebus gestis regum Hispaniae liber b , but this suffices to show we are in possession of a considerable corpus by a historian who was read and appreciated in his own country as well as in Europe.

National identity and political intentionality origine, and its translation into Spanish by Alonso de Santa Cruz, in order to highlight the importance of language choice in the construction of identities. From Tarafa took charge of writing the daily account books Exem- plars or Exemplaria at Barcelona cathedral as well as the cathedral manual of alms Speculum Pie Elemosine. The latter manuscript included a small heraldry of the cathedral canons in Tarafa also wrote and dedicated to Bishop Cassador an extensive chronicle of the cathedral, the Historia de vitis pon- tificum ecclesiae Barcinonensis, which was widely disseminated.

y’a comme un(e) Malaise dans les dictionnaires

The His- toria filled a gap in the historiography of the Barcelona chapter and repre- sented an advance on historiography of the cenacle. This is evident from scrutiny of the book itself, from abundant subsequent citations of it in simi- lar chronicles, and from its use as a documentary source. Tarafa intended the work to be circulated beyond the cathedral, and he worked hard to achieve this, supervising manuscript copies to ensure there were no errors in the text.

Evidence of the in- terest the Historia inspired are the two failed attempts to publish it: As a general historian, Tarafa also wrote a subsidiary genealogy, the Linea regum Hispaniarum, and three works that are essential for understanding the de- velopment of sixteenth-century catalan historiography: The Linea regum Hispaniarum is an annotated list of the Spanish mon- archs from the beginning of time through to Charles V.

It cannot have been well known at the time, and interest was confined to small, erudite circles. It probably was written as a study aid to be used by Tarafa for the writing of larger historiographical works such as the Catalan and Latin chronicles and his geographical dictionary.

The Dictionarium was typical of the humanistic geographical treatises which had already been produced in Catalonia a few years before: His own De origine was by a Catalan in Latin with the objective of making the Catalan perspective known beyond national boundaries. National identity and political intentionality Aragonese crowns, and he published it in Europe. The significance of this will be considered towards the end of this paper. That work was originally conceived in three parts, although we only have two from Tubal through to the Roman era perhaps the third up to Charles V was never composed.

As a chronicler of origins, Tarafa followed the successful but largely forged work by Giovanni Nanni, De primis temporibus et quatuor ac viginti regibus primis Hispaniae et eius antiquitate, published in the Commentaria super opera diversorum auctorum de antiquitatibus loquentium in Rome, Eucharius Silber and dedicated to Isabella and Ferdinand, the Catholic Monarchs. This narrative of the first twenty-four peninsular mon- archs by Nanni, a Dominican also known as Annio da Viterbo or Annius of Viterbo was greatly admired from its first appearance by historians throughout the Iberian Peninsula.

The cathedral, to the best of our knowledge, possessed texts of all, or nearly all, of his work. National identity and political intentionality scripts connect the uncle and the nephew. We know for instance that they collaborated in De origine, which was edited by Marc Antoni.

It was not until then that Europeans began copying the works which had not been printed. This may be true although we have no evidence of whether the historian was telling the truth. His words have been interpreted in various ways by modern historians; either as they have been explained here, or as a captatio. This was the last step in a long and fruitless trajectory that began in when the Kingdom of Aragon nominated its official chronicler. Tarafa in principle fulfilled all these requirements. He was familiar with the chronicles, and he knew geography, Catalan, and Latin.

Nevertheless, he was not whom they had in mind, as he had died a few years earlier in Rome. There are other hints as well. National identity and political intentionality cated to Prince Philip who would have been the one to approve the nomina- tion of the official chronicler, had it taken place. De origine ac rebus gestis regum Hispaniae liber was first published in Antwerp in in the imprint of Ioannes Steelsius.

The abovementioned editions of De origine set the stage for the circulation of Tarafa in Europe. In places, as we will see, that version is barely accurate; it is distorted and ma- nipulated, and, in the eyes of posterity, something of a disappointment. Santa Cruz was born in Seville in and died in Madrid in , five years after publishing his translation of Tarafa. He was well regarded at court and among his fellow chroniclers and cartographers. The Latin edition of and the Castilian edition of naturally merit a comparative examination. Vasaeus was published first in in Salamanca, and Tarafa was published a year later in Antwerp.

Starting in , with the Cologne edition, the works of both historians began appearing in parallel fashion. A2v—A4v , another one from the translator to the readers f. In his brief justification to readers, Santa Cruz tells us he trans- lated Tarafa because in Castilian there was no writer who could bring to life the deeds of their ancestors; the antiguallas f. A5r And so that it would not be so short, appearing almost like code, I de- cided to take the trouble to look at all the old histories and add to the life of each king what seemed most notable. I have marked them with a star in the margin.

National identity and political intentionality Apart from these differences, easy to spot when one compares the Latin edition of and the Castilian edition of , there are other more subtle changes which Santa Cruz implemented in order to unload Tarafa of his ci- tations and thus make the work easier to read and less scholarly.

There is no obvious specific criterion for these alterations, which were applied to both classical and modern sources Pomponius Mela, Silius Italicus, Eusebius, Ptolemy, Jeroni Pau, Giovanni Boccaccio, etc. Along the same lines, Santa Cruz mostly eliminates ancient place- names, presumably also to make the text easier to read, with fewer distracti- ons. These modifications which resulted in the elimination of certain authori- ties and place-names were largely a result of the readership to which the Castilian version of De origine was addressed.

The relationship, in the early modern period, between Latin and the vernacular was not merely, in histori- ography and other genres, one of linguistic preference. As a rule, Latin was used for general works aimed at an erudite readership both within and out- side the Iberian Peninsula. By contrast, the vernacular — in the case of Santa Cruz, Castilian — was reserved for a local and perhaps less cultured audience and for works with studied political intentions.

He tried to write a balanced account, and his terminology regarding the Catholic Monarchs clearly reflects his ideology and, of course, the territory he represents. Tarafa was quite clear about his prefer- ence in attributing the foundation of Tarragona to Tubal, as were most of his Catalan contemporaries, who fought to defend the idea that they were the first dwellers on Spanish soil. Andalusia], Biblioteca de Catalunya, ms.

Tarafa did not know it, but that was exactly what his translator wished. What were his intentions in modifying it? National identity and political intentionality , which means that the book could have appeared at the end of the year or in early The Council of Castile asked him to issue a statement dictamen on the Anales, which became famous.

Perhaps he thought the translation would be a quick, parallel way of transmitting his opinions to a non-specialized audience. It is clear that after reading Zurita, Santa Cruz did not have the time to write something similar, but he did have time to translate De origine and make it his. He also could hide behind the name of a historian, Tarafa, who, like Zurita though in different ways was protected by Philip II and was well-known among his contemporaries. Tarafa was a household name unlike other contemporary historians of Hispania such as Vasaeus , he had published abroad and in Latin, and, it would appear that in Catalonia at least, he was considered as close to an official chronicler as could be.

National identity and political intentionality ignored. This may have been what the anonymous friend who dedicated some lines of verse to the translator Santa Cruz had in mind when he wrote: Through Tarafa, who claimed common mythological origins for the en- tire Peninsula and who began with Annio, Santa Cruz counterpoised the method of Zurita, who omitted the earliest times because he considered them risky subject matter, given the lack of documentary foundation.

There is, however, one exception to this. It is clear, then, what Santa Cruz meant to do and what he did. His trans- lation had an obvious political motivation and an ideological background. National identity and political intentionality He took a history that was already written and which ennobled the historical origins of the entire Peninsula it is worth repeating: Besides, Santa Cruz chose the first historian in the Catalan tradition who wrote a history of the two Spains and who, like Zurita, came from the Crown of Aragon.

With his translation of De origine, Santa Cruz manipulated the Catalan point of view and, obviously, the ultimate purpose of the work. As poignant evidence, we have the words of an early seventeenth-century Catalan historian, Pere Gil, who read Tarafa in Castilian: Festa Major , 33— Sanabre, Josep , El archivo de la catedral de Barcelona, Barcelona. Juan de Mata Carriazo, 2 vols. Tarafa, Francesc b, De origine ac rebus gestis regum Hispaniae liber, Antwerp. The Britannia is historical chorography where Roman remains are the major key to understanding the English landscape, and Roman culture remains inwoven in the history of the people, even in its religion, and in its imperialism.

The Britannia is a dy- namic not just a monumental work, it engages with the future as well as the past, the past being used to deconstruct the prejudices and assumptions of the present, or reinforce them. The history of Rome had been a history of ethnic assimilation, and the British had become Romano-British and for this and historico-geographical reasons had evolved as nations of mixed races. The sea was part of the chorography of Britain.

It made Britain a trading nation but also encouraged imperialistic designs. The narratives on Ireland are followed by a classically inspired poetic of islands and territories adja- cent to Britain which serve also as images of an imperial future. Camden had contacts with a large number of British and European intel- lectuals, which makes another interesting story. Where I mention people who influenced Camden, I give brief details on their importance, in almost all instances to be found in the on-line edition of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ODNB , which I found was accessible even through a small rural library in a remote part of Wales, which might suggest that it has a near universal presence.

The details I present are sufficient for the pur- poses of this article but there are further interesting details to be accessed. He was a modernising statesman intent on promoting the commonwealth res publica , while protecting the interests of his monarch. The Britain who has her antiquity restored is modern Britain, the antiquity to which she is restored is at base a Roman antiquity.

There is a paragraph in Wallace T. Camden was the premier historian of the age, and the vitality and importance of his Britannia and Annales endures. He was from second master of Westminster School, then and now one of the premier schools in the country, and headmaster from — He composed a Greek grammar which was in use for many decades. In he was made Clarenceux Herald. Less controversial, a by-product of the Britan- nia, is The Remaines of a Greater Worke concerning Britain, their languages, Names, Sur- names, Empreses, Wise speeches, Poesies and Epitaphes , an entertaining and infor- mative work for the common reader.

In he endowed and had instituted at Oxford a chair in in civil history. I first read the Britannia in the edition. My reason for originally choosing this edition to read was the clarity of the print, and its proximity to the original edition, which would have been my preferred edition, since I came to Camden by way of his precursors Price, Lhuyd, and Twyne. In the centre of the front- piece of the edition is a map of the isle of mainland Britain, with many of its ancient British tribes named, along with London, Chester and York, surrounded by its oceans, which are the German, the British, that is the Channel, the Irish, and the Deucaledonian or Scottish, with eastern Ireland and a fragment of France providing a frame.

Above is seated Britannia, in what was to become her traditional seated pose, but here with spear at rest pointing down and in her grasp a sceptre, an image which originates on coins of Antoninus Pius, found in a numismatic section, new to the edition, where on the first example of this type she is seated on rocks, and in the second on a globe. The original editions, which are available in English Books On Line EEBO , as are all the works published in Britain before , are less easy to read, despite the clarity of the print in the edition. Holland is supposed to have worked in close liaison with Camden.

See Herendeen , 7. I refer to them by H followed by general section heading and page, e. H Brit- ish Ilands I refer to them by the year of the edition, followed by the particular year being reported and page, e. Holland was the first to translate Livy into English. Below are three cartouches, the cen- tral and largest one a depiction of idyllic city life, rus in urbe, the left one a fleet of ships, and the right an impressive church. In this edition at this point Ortelius himself is described as preeminent restorer of old or ancient geog- raphy. Locating the British The Britannia, on which Camden was to shed light, had been inhabited by Britons, whom the Welsh claimed as their ancestors, and as a race apart, unrelated to others, and claimed also as imperialists, who in their time and in their way had been world conquerors like the Romans.

Camden had demon- strated, mainly by linguistics, that the ancient Britons had not been a distinc- tive insular race but one which had demonstrable connections with peoples in continental Europe. He expedited his argument by giving preference to the Classical literary tradition, and gave weight to this tradition by quoting in the edition large chunks of ancient Roman texts, making their testimonies visi- ble to his readers.

They were the evidences for this Roman state of Britain, use Roman coinage to incorporate Roman emperors into the English royal succession in his book, The History of Great Britaine More tangible evidence was offered by archaeology, numismatics and epigraphy, mostly Roman.

They goe attired Irish-like in stript or streaked mantles of divers collours, wearing thicke and long glibbes of haire, living by hunting, fishing, fowling, and stealing. In the warre, their armour is an head-peece or Mo- rion of iron, and an habergeon or coate of maile: H Scotland 39, on Braid Albin or Albanie. Parker had shown oustanding administrative gifts and was to help steer the English reformation. Like many of his contemporaries he was a public benefactor and gave generously to Cambridge Uni- versity and his former college Corpus Christi. See the detailed contribution of David J.

On the Irish however he wrote at ever greater lengths over the six editions. Much happened between and while the successive editions of the Britannia were being published. Britain had become an aggressive naval power, increasingly able to defend itself and reach most parts of the world, either militarily as a royal navy or as privateers, and also as merchants trad- ing in ships that were armed,17 through a proliferating variety of trading companies.

Drake and Cavendish had sailed round the world. The islands themselves were in a permanent state of instability with recur- rent war or rebellion in Ireland, and with England and Scotland riven by factions, generating suspicion and conspiracies, trials for treason with inevi- table condemnation and executions, people destroyed by whispers or by misplaced flamboyance, the great dramas being the destruction of Mary Queen of Scots and the Earl of Essex. The atmosphere of the Annales is often oppressive, the tone Tacitean,28 the language in the high style.

In comparison the Bri- tannia can seem to be an inward looking celebration of the country, but it offered those, who wished to know, a perspective on who they were and who they might become. It was also an open ended work, which pointed to a future, and to which all could contribute. It is he, who in the life of Norris, makes the comparison with the more famous naval command- ers, and reminds us of the importance of the war in Europe.

Essex — , was the favourite of Elizabeth and aspired to be the great military commander of the age, but his ambition for personal glory won in the field of battle was anachronistic, and dangerous. He was undone by his personal instabilities and politicians who knew how to compromise, and intrigue. He has been compelled by his love of his country, the glory of the British name and the advice of his friends to take up this persona. Persona with its implications of con- cealment or representation or self-definition, or as is the case here perhaps, role playing, is an interesting metaphor, as is theatrum.

Chorography, such as Camden wrote, had its origins in seeing things, either by walking the land, graphically through writing and images, or by maps, which Camden had inserted in this last Latin edition. A work of chorography could be a theatrum. One can however go further. In his Annales the incriminations and execution of Mary Queen of Scots is movingly presented as a tragic drama,30 as is that of the Earl of Essex.

I thank Keith Sidwell for pointing me in the direction of the Tudor Latin dictionaries. Her execution is deeply moving, as she reaches out to greatness, and highly theatrical. In Camden , Ann. It is a new form of tomb where the living are enclosed with the dead, meaning that the ashes of Mary, as diva or saint, were holy and immortal.

He had brilliance and imagination without the political awareness that was now required. Camden continues his address to the reader by creating the envi- ronment of the hostile court: His death, for those with eyes to see, meant the death of the old order, and Camden conveys this in the sombre ending to the Annales. That others did not perceive this, led to the Civil War and the death of a king on the scaffold.

Camden had sympathy for Essex, but he must have recognised a kindred spirit in Raleigh who had vision, even if misplaced. Raleigh was an early promoter of a Britsh overseas empire, and harnessed the support of the elder Richard Hakluyt d. Raleigh became an explorer and searched for the mythical El Dorado — and — He was also a conscientious parliamentarian. He was a poet, as was Camden, and the author of three prose classics: He was executed on trumped-up charges of treason by the reactionary regime of James I, by which time he was destined to become a hero for many in the English nation.

Ben Jonson that most Latinate of dramatists, author of Sejanus, was a product of the school, a pupil and enduring friend of Camden. This meant that Camden had to understand and define the genealogies of the nobility, and be present on state occasions, indeed help organise such events. A Life in Context is a most learned and informative book, and a large book on Camden. Many, like me, will find it a revelation on the social context which produced Camden and the Britannia. Herendeen discusses in detail the literary and historiographical nature of the Britannia.

He does how- ever point Camden in what might be called the vernacular direction, he does not quote the Latin of the Britannia, and it seems to me that Camden is a brilliant Latinist, nor does Her- endeen have space to wander among the particularities which contribute to the Britannia. You may not gain a feel of the topographical nature of the Britannia from Herendeen. This means of course that there is scope for others to tread or sail their own path through the Britannia. He was made herald in , and York Herald in What I have achieved, let those say who know how to judge rightly: The version shows a massive shift and increase in his duties as an- tiquarian, the basis of a confident authority.

Hoc tamen dicam, quae ad latentem antiquitatis veritatem eruendam imprimis faciant, a me neutiquam fuisse neglecta; subsidio mihi antiquissimae linguae Britannicae et Anglo-Saxonicae notitiam qualemcunque comparavi. Angliam fere omnem peragravi; versatissimum et peritissimum quemque in sua regione consuli. Scriptores patrios, Graecos, Latinos qui vel semel Britanniae meminerunt, studiose evolvi. Publica regni commentaria, sacra scrinia, et archiva, bibliothecas plures, urbium et Ecclesiarum Tabularia, monumenta, et veteres schedas excussi; eaque quasi testimonia de coelo omni exceptione maiora advocavi, et certe ipsissimis quibus loquuntur verbis, licet barbarie infuscatis, ut Veritati suus integer constet honos, in medium, cum res postulare videretur, produxi.

Thus much give mee leave to say, that I have in no wise neglected such things as are most materiall to search and sift out the Truth. I have attained to some skill of the most ancient British and English- Saxon tongues: I have travailed over all England for the most part; I 40 My translation. I have had conference with learned men in other parts of Christen- dome: I have beene diligent in the Records of this Realme. I have poored upon many an old Rowle, and Evidence: The Anglo-Saxons suceed the Romans as the final race of the three which define the early antiquity of Britain.

The Anglo-Saxons were there from the early editions of the Britannia, but Camden here expresses the need seriously to engage with them. The experts whom he now consults are not those who are expert in the old British language, but those whose versatility derives from moving around their locality, and who consequently are most knowledge- able about it, who would in many cases be the local gentry or professional classes. There is also the germ of the idea that it is this class to whom the land in its particular portions belongs.

Finally the vast range of official source mate- rial, which he has used, is identified by terms which are Roman, but which must have usually come from sources and contexts which were post Norman conquest, mainly in Latin, or French, a Latinate language, some in Anglo- Saxon, like the Romans a legalistic people, whose laws were being made available in bilingual Anglo-Saxon and Latin translations. Most of these public documents but especially the historians, the scrip- tores patrios, belonged to what we call the Middle Ages. The great period of English Latin was when the Normans were the imperial power.

H first page of To the Reader. On the post Conquest empire see Davies Camden was pleased to be able to associate the Normans with Britain, since they had been an amazing imperial power, but they had been cruel oppres- sors of the English. There were medieval ruins in the country and unavoidable memories attached to recent civil wars. Ad hoc opus elimandum, id est, ad antiquissimam Britannorum et An- glorum originem indagandam, et vetustas Britanniae urbes, quarum meminerunt Ptolemaeus, Antoninus, et alii, e tenebris eruendas, omne industriae meae curriculum, hos aliquot annos subcisivis operis elabo- ratum est.

I have been more willing to make mention of this book because it is to be cited and alleaged often times hereafter: At the end of a long digression, Camden remembers that he is a chorographer and resumes that role, de- posita iam persona. In the edition this is ex- panded into a magnificent confident affirmation of the intellectual complex- ity of the Britannia and its destiny.

Quid praestiterim dicant qui recte iudicare norunt, nec illi quidem fac- ile diiudicent. Tempus autem testis incorruptus edocebit, cum invidia quae vivos sectatur conticiscat. H, fourth page of To the Reader. The coyness of the presentation points the finger at Camden, who in writing topographical verse is following the path of his great predecessor John Leland, and at the same time inserting himself into the British Latin poetic tradition, on which he wrote in his Remaines of a Greater Work. He had, under pressure from Burghley, started to gather materials for the Annales in and was to refuse to have the sections describing the years posterior to published in his lifetime, avoiding the criticisms and dangers of publishing accounts which had a di- rect relationship to near contemporary politics.

Errata possint esse plura ex imperitia: Quis enim tam peritus ut caeco hoc Antiquitatis mari cum Tempore colluctatus scopulis non allidatur? Haec tamen interea a te, hu- manissime Lector, tua humanitas, mea industria, patriae communis charitas, et Britannici nominis dignitas mihi exorent, ut quid mei sit iudicii sine aliorum praeiudicio libere proferam, ut eadem via qua alii in his studiis solent insistam, et ut erratis, si ego agnoscam, tu igno- scas. Quae ut ab aequis et bonis magis sperenda quam petenda sentio.

There may be mistakings in regard of my unskilfulnesse, for who is so skilfull that, strugling with Time in the foggie darke sea of Antiquity, may not run upon rockes? If they, or any other whosoever, will advertise me wherein I am 53 Camden The defence takes up nearly thirty close typed pages. If I have not fully explicated any point, upon their better information I will more cleere it, if it proceed from good meaning, and not from a spirit of contradiction and quareling, which doe not befit such as are well bred and affect the truth.

Meanewhile let your kinde courtesie, my industrie, the common love of our common mother our native Country, the ancient honour of the British name obtaine so much upon their entreaty, that I may utter my iudgment without preiudice to others, that I may proceed in that course that others have formerly done in the like argument, and that you would pardon my errours upon my acknowledgement, which may be as well hoped as requested, from good indifferent and reasonable men.

He wants a fellowship of those who are willing to learn. Then comes the dominant sentence ad- dressed to the humanissime lector, to which Holland fails to do justice, though he gives us a clue as to how it might be translated. Caesar famously praised the humanitas of the men of Kent, a maritime peo- ple which meant they communicated with others, they were the British peo- ple closest to Europe.

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Technische Hochschule, , 7 vol. Norrois et islandais ; III. Arthur Giry, Paris, , 1 fasc. Berlin, ; trad. Urkunden, ; t. Literarische Papyri, ; t. III, 1, Text, 1. Hiersemann, , 2 t. Acta Instituti Romani regni Sueciae, s. Brepols, , 2 vol. Monumenta palaeographica Medii aevi, Series hispanica. Salerno, , p.

Vernier, Rouen, , 34 p. Umbrae codicum occidentalium, 3. Collection U, Histoire moderne. Presses universitaires franc-comtoises, , p. Bernard Barbiche, Monique Chatenet, Paris: Christian, , p. Geste, , p. Voir compte rendu par M. Xavier du Boisrouvray, Nonette: Stationery Office, , 21 p. Clarendon Press, , XII p. Gilson, Hilary Jenkinson, R. Pollard, Oxford, , 3 parties et suppl. Basevi Sanders, Southampton, , 3 vol. Textes en latin et anglo-saxon.

Facsimiles of royal and other charters in the British Museum. Warner et Henry J. British Museum, , III p. Essex Education Committee, , 33 p. Essex Record Office Publications, 21 ; 6e impr. Excellente introduction et doc. II, Plates, 43 pl. Phillimore, , x p. Historical Association, , 28 p. Helps for Students of History, Pegasus Press, , XIV[6] p. Bratton, , VIII p. Western Michigan University, , p. Ample introduction et f. Generaldirektion der Staatlichen Archive Bayerns [et al.

Habelt, , p. Documents surtout pontificaux et allemands, en latin, VIe-XVe s. Tabulae in usum scholarum, 5. Do Bentzinger, , p. I, Transcripciones, p. Chacun des deux vol. Universidad de Granada, , 2 vol. Universitat de Barcelona, , 2 vol. Publicaciones y ediciones de la Univ. El Albir, , 2 vol. I, Moyen Age ; t. Clueb, , 2 vol. Firenze, Biblioteca nazionale centrale, Florence: Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence: Testi toscani di carattere pratico, Bologne: I, transcriptions ; t. Steiner, , p. Scuola vaticana di paleografia, diplomatica e archivistica, , p.

Littera antiqua, 6 ; Subsidia studiorum, 1. Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, …, vol. Laveglia, , 1 fasc. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, , p.

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Quaderni della Scuola di archivistica, paleografia e diplomatica, 2. I, Documenti volgari italiani, Turin, , 8 p. Peeters, , 3 vol. Schrift en Schriftdragers in de Nederlanden in de Middeleeuwen, 1. III et transcriptions t. Brepols, , XLV p.

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Canaletto, , [] p. Bouwstoffen en studien voor de geschiedenis en de lexicografie van het Nederlands, 1. Terra, [], [] p. Tabulae in usum scholarum, 9. Stichting Vrienden van het Rijksarchief in Limburg, , p. Estampa, , XIII p. Faculdade de Letras de Coimbra, , f. Les transcriptions promises t. I, Lisbonne, , p.

Staatsarchiv Solothurn, , p. Jahrhunderts aus dem Stadtarchiv Vadiana St. Principalement documents en allemand, avec transcriptions. Editiones Arnamagnaeanae, series A, 7 ; Faksimiler, 2 vol. Julian Brown et T. Brepols, , 4 vol. C 45] Codices e Vaticanis selecti phototypice quam simillime expressi…: North Holland Publishing Co. Olms, , 1 vol. Atlas der Schriftformen des Abendlandes vom Altertum bis zum Ausgang des Jahrhunderts, Berlin, , pl. Tabulae in usum scholarum, 3. Staatsarchiv, , p.

Studienhefte zur Altertumswissenschaft, Notices minimales, sans transcriptions. Brunswick, , 46 p. Cambridge Studies in Palaeography and Codicology. Harrison , Latin bookhands of the later Middle Ages, , Cambridge, , p.

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Charles Samaran, Robert Marichal et al. I, Cambrai ; t. Hiersemann, …, 5 vol. Story-Scientia, , 6 t. Bottega d Erasmo, , 3 t. Giovanni Maria Del Basso, Udine: Arti grafiche friulane, , 2 vol. Watson, Londres, , 2 vol. Brewer, , 2 vol. British Library, , 2 vol. Beat Matthias von Scarpatetti et al. Urs Graf, , 3 t. Vaticana, , 2 vol. Recueils divers par pays et langues Principalement livres en vernaculaire.

Ernesto Monaci, Rome, , 65 pl. Scritture e libri del Medioevo, 8. Jahrhunderts aus Handschriften des K. British Library, , 80 p. Early English manuscripts in facsimile, Copenhague: Story-Scientia, , 29 p. Avec un fascicule introductif: Rules — Instructions, , 35 p. Islenzk handrit, series in-folio, 2 [x] Avec transcriptions. Studentlitteratur, , p. Roto-Sadag, , 14 vol. Trotz, Utrecht, , [XL][67] p.

Raccolta di studi e testi, , p. Libreria universitaria, , p. Bilans et perspectives depuis [Ordre chronologique de publication: Urs Graf Verlag, Associazione italiana dei paleografi e diplomatisti , p. I, Florence, , p. Brill, Litterae textuales , p. Scriptorium, 18, , p. Livio Sichirollo, Urbino, Studi urbinati, 41, n. B, , Storia, filosofia e letteratura, t. II , 4e partie, I: Armando Petrucci et Alessandro Pratesi, Rome: Cento anni di cammino: Luigi De Rosa, t.

Laterza, Biblioteca di cultura moderna, , p. Biblioteca del libro, Paolo Chiesa et Lucia Pinelli, Spoleto: Centro italiano di studi sull alto Medioevo, , X p. Fondazione Ezio Franceschini, Firenze, Quaderni di cultura mediolatina, 5. Soler, , p. Klostermann, Frankfurter Bibliotheksschriften, 12 , p.

Seminari internacional d estudis sobre la cultura escrita, Univ. Colloques internationaux du CNRS, sciences humaines, 4. I, Florence, , t. Franz Unterkircher, Graz, Studien zur Bibliotheksgeschichte, 4 , p. IV, Miniatures, scripts, collections, Amsterdam, Litterae textuales, 4 , p. I Storia e letteratura. Hiersemann, …, 6 vol. Vocabularul cartii manuscrise, dir. Editura Academiei Romane, , p.

Klostermann, , p. Voir les discussions de: Latin Paleography Network, , p. Boydell Press, , p. Brill, , 95 p. Scripturae monumenta et studia, 3. Studium Parmense, [], p. Story-Scientia, , p.

y’a comme un(e) Malaise dans les dictionnaires | Langue sauce piquante

Les publications de Scriptorium, 7. Suite de la discussion autour de Mallon et Gilissen. Koninklijke Academie van Beeldende Kunsten, , 52 p. Gela, , p. Vecchiarelli, Dal codice al libro. Viella, I libri di Viella, 10 , p. The Lyell lectures delivered in the University of Oxford , Aldershot: Ashgate, , XIX p. Essai bizarre de graphologie historique. Advances in psychology, Derrick de Kerckhove, Charles J. Springer, [], XVI p. Brepols, , VIII p. Kluwer, [], XIII p. PUF, , X p. Perrousseaux, , p. Elsevier, Studies in writing, 20 , XII p. Jacob, , p.

Colloques internationaux du CNRS, World Scientific Publishing Co. Downton et Sebastiano Impedovo, Singapour: Facolta di Conservazione dei Beni Culturali Parma , , 37 p. Utrecht, , p. Paleografia e codicologia greca: Littera antiqua, 7 ; Subsidia studiorum, 2. Gonnelli, , X p. Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, , p. Carocci, , p. Paul Canart et al. Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, , 5 p. Avec notices et quelques transcriptions. Berlin, [x] ; adapt. Hakkert, , 70 p. Hiersemann, , 2 vol.

Pat Easterling et Carol Handley, Londres: Ares, ; Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, Dated Greek minuscule mss. Brepols, , XXII p. Monumenta paleographica Medii Aevi. Liviana, , VIII p. Studi bizantini e neogreci, 5. Scritture e libri del Medioevo, Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana, , p. Exempla scripturarum, Quaderni, 1. Clarendon Press, , XIX p. Urkunden et II Tafeln, 2. Institute of Classical Studies. Medieval Academy of America, , 2 vol. Medieval Academy of America, Scuola vaticana di paleografia, diplomatica e archivistica, , 2 vol. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, , 2 vol. Studi e testi, Thorbecke, Historische Hilfswissenschaften, 4 , p.

Serra, , p. Compte rendu par Jean A. Je me sens si las parfois. Besoin de cases neuves? ORY Pascal et al. La paire en question…. Je ne sais pas pourquoi, les Mazenod me font toujours penser aux sorties de restau-U. Au fait…Gare au crocooooo! Un mot de plus et je vous balance dans le canal! Promis, on ne se boyautera pas. Comme quoi, hein …! Dictionary Jaques sans C!

Pour qui, le Golden Lion? Lui, a vraiment du du talent. Nouveau niveau de provocation de Marc: Err atum allez zou, mettons la gomme! Comme hispanophone, je reste sur ma faim toujours. Aura t-il sa place sur ce billet? On ne peut pas nier que cette prise de bec est des plus savoureuse…. Merci pour cette une du Spiegar, sans fausse note! Dans Chantecler , oeuf course…. And you know what, harald?

Sinon, taon pis… ah zut, on se croyait sur le fil aux vaches! Ainsi, dans le passage de la rencontre entre le butler et le Malais:. Pour rien au monde je ne quitterais cette baraque! Venez que vous fassiez connaissance. Quelque chose de pourri au royaume de LSP? Madone qui semble bien devoir relever des plagiaires et autres menteurs de first category! Vous pouvez la mettre en favoris avec ce permalien. Voulez-vous en savoir un peu plus sur Le Poignard malais?

Malai s , Samira aussi. En dansant la javanaise, encore mieux. Anastase, Il y aurait donc des Maltais malais? Les Suissesses portent des montres suisses. MiniPhasme, desease might as well be a misspelt decease trad. Hey, I got a social disease. Coup de menton… …il en restera toujours quelque chose.

Shirley et Dino Malaise dans le dictionary? Pas de coccinelle noire? En plein dans le meal! Et deux autres, bien de chez-nous: Pan sur le bec! Vous le voyez venir avec ses gros sabots, leveto? Je ne connaissais pas votre duo: Chassez le glop, il revient au galop! Love me, tender Ist das nicht le marteau!