101 Amazing Nelson Mandela Facts

He expressed hope that the government would agree to negotiations, so that "there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle", and insisted that his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in national and local elections. Mandela proceeded on an African tour, meeting supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya and Algeria, and continuing to Sweden, where he was reunited with Tambo, and London, where he appeared at the Nelson Mandela: Bush , addressed both Houses of Congress and visited eight cities, being particularly popular among the African-American community.

In May , Mandela led a multiracial ANC delegation into preliminary negotiations with a government delegation of 11 Afrikaner men. Mandela impressed them with his discussions of Afrikaner history, and the negotiations led to the Groot Schuur Minute , in which the government lifted the state of emergency. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , but in June she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal.

On 13 April , Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. Mandela argued that there was a " third force " within the state intelligence services fuelling the "slaughter of the people" and openly blamed de Klerk—whom he increasingly distrusted—for the Sebokeng massacre. Although Cyril Ramaphosa led the ANC's delegation, Mandela remained a key figure, and after de Klerk used the closing speech to condemn the ANC's violence, he took to the stage to denounce de Klerk as the "head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime".

Following the Bisho massacre , in which 28 ANC supporters and one soldier were shot dead by the Ciskei Defence Force during a protest march, Mandela realised that mass action was leading to further violence and resumed negotiations in September. He agreed to do so on the conditions that all political prisoners be released, that Zulu traditional weapons be banned, and that Zulu hostels would be fenced off, the latter two measures intended to prevent further Inkatha attacks; de Klerk reluctantly agreed.

The ANC also conceded to safeguarding the jobs of white civil servants; such concessions brought fierce internal criticism. Although criticised by socialist ANC members, he had been encouraged to embrace private enterprise by members of the Chinese and Vietnamese Communist parties at the January World Economic Forum in Switzerland.

With the election set for 27 April , the ANC began campaigning, opening election offices and orchestrating People's Forums across the country at which Mandela could appear, as a popular figure with great status among black South Africans. The party's slogan was "a better life for all", although it was not explained how this development would be funded. Botha, Pik Botha and Constand Viljoen , persuading many to work within the democratic system. With de Klerk, he also convinced Inkatha's Buthelezi to enter the elections rather than launch a war of secession.

The newly elected National Assembly's first act was to formally elect Mandela as South Africa's first black chief executive. His inauguration took place in Pretoria on 10 May , televised to a billion viewers globally. The event was attended by four thousand guests, including world leaders from a wide range of geographic and ideological backgrounds. Under the Interim Constitution, Inkatha and the National Party were entitled to seats in the government by virtue of winning at least 20 seats. In keeping with earlier agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were given the position of Deputy President.

Aged 76, he faced various ailments, and although exhibiting continued energy, he felt isolated and lonely. In December , Mandela published Long Walk to Freedom , an autobiography based around a manuscript he had written in prison, augmented by interviews conducted with American journalist Richard Stengel. They had first met in July when she was still in mourning, but their friendship grew into a partnership, with Machel accompanying him on many of his foreign visits. She turned down Mandela's first marriage proposal, wanting to retain some independence and dividing her time between Mozambique and Johannesburg.

Presiding over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, Mandela saw national reconciliation as the primary task of his presidency. Mandela personally met with senior figures of the apartheid regime, including Hendrik Verwoerd 's widow, Betsie Schoombie , and lawyer Percy Yutar , also laying a wreath by the statue of Afrikaner hero Daniel Theron. Mandela wore a Springbok shirt at the final against New Zealand, and after the Springboks won the match, Mandela presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar , an Afrikaner.

This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans; as de Klerk later put it, "Mandela won the hearts of millions of white rugby fans. Mandela oversaw the formation of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate crimes committed under apartheid by both the government and the ANC, appointing Tutu as its chair.

To prevent the creation of martyrs, the Commission granted individual amnesties in exchange for testimony of crimes committed during the apartheid era. Dedicated in February , it held two years of hearings detailing rapes, torture, bombings, and assassinations, before issuing its final report in October Both de Klerk and Mbeki appealed to have parts of the report suppressed, though only de Klerk's appeal was successful. Mandela's administration inherited a country with a huge disparity in wealth and services between white and black communities.

Of a population of 40 million, around 23 million lacked electricity or adequate sanitation, and 12 million lacked clean water supplies, with 2 million children not in school and a third of the population illiterate. The Land Reform Act 3 of safeguarded the rights of labour tenants living on farms where they grew crops or grazed livestock.

This legislation ensured that such tenants could not be evicted without a court order or if they were over the age of Mandela later admitted that he had personally neglected the issue, in part due to public reticence in discussing issues surrounding sex in South Africa, and that he had instead left the issue for Mbeki to deal with. Further problems were caused by the exodus of thousands of skilled white South Africans from the country, who were escaping the increasing crime rates, higher taxes, and the impact of positive discrimination toward blacks in employment.

This exodus resulted in a brain drain , and Mandela criticised those who left. Mandela expressed the view that "South Africa's future foreign relations [should] be based on our belief that human rights should be the core of international relations". He used the event to criticise the "narrow, chauvinistic interests" of the Israeli government in stalling negotiations to end the Israeli—Palestinian conflict and urged India and Pakistan to negotiate to end the Kashmir conflict , for which he was criticised by both Israel and India. However, under pressure from the PRC, in November he cut recognition of Taiwan, and in May paid an official visit to Beijing.

Mandela attracted controversy for his close relationship with Indonesian president Suharto , whose regime was responsible for mass human rights abuses, although on a July visit to Indonesia he privately urged Suharto to withdraw from the occupation of East Timor. Mandela proposed that they be tried in a third country, which was agreed to by all parties; governed by Scots law , the trial was held at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands in April , and found one of the two men guilty.

Mandela echoed Mbeki's calls for an " African Renaissance ", and was greatly concerned with issues on the continent. The action was not authorised by Mandela himself, who was out of the country at the time, but by Buthelezi, who was serving as acting president during Mandela's absence. The new Constitution of South Africa was agreed upon by parliament in May , enshrining a series of institutions to place checks on political and administrative authority within a constitutional democracy.

He hoped that Ramaphosa would succeed him, believing Mbeki to be too inflexible and intolerant of criticism, but the ANC elected Mbeki regardless. Zuma's candidacy was challenged by Winnie, whose populist rhetoric had gained her a strong following within the party, although Zuma defeated her in a landslide victory vote at the election. Mandela's relationship with Machel had intensified; in February , he publicly stated that he was "in love with a remarkable lady", and under pressure from Tutu, who urged him to set an example for young people, he organised a wedding for his 80th birthday, in July that year.

He gave his farewell speech to Parliament on 29 March when it adjourned prior to the general elections, after which he retired. Retiring in June , Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. Although he set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled The Presidential Years , it was abandoned before publication.

Publicly, Mandela became more vocal in criticising Western powers. He strongly opposed the NATO intervention in Kosovo and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world. Bush wants is Iraqi oil ". In June , aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was "retiring from retirement" and retreating from public life, remarking, "Don't call me, I will call you. He retained some involvement in international affairs.

Bush and first met the then-Senator Barack Obama. When this proved ineffective, he spoke out publicly against Mugabe in , asking him to step down "with residual respect and a modicum of dignity. Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders , in a speech delivered on his 89th birthday. Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July , with the main celebrations held at Qunu, [] and a concert in his honour in Hyde Park , London.

Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor, Zuma, [] although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was upset when his grandson, Mandla Mandela , flew him out to the Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in In , Mandela successfully campaigned for South Africa to host the FIFA World Cup , declaring that there would be "few better gifts for us" in the year marking a decade since the fall of apartheid.

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In February , Mandela was briefly hospitalised with a respiratory infection , attracting international attention, [] [] before being re-admitted for a lung infection and gallstone removal in December After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection , Mandela died on 5 December at the age of 95, at around Mandela's body lay in state from 11 to 13 December at the Union Buildings in Pretoria and a state funeral was held on 15 December in Qunu. Mandela was a practical politician, rather than an intellectual scholar or political theorist.

The historian Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni described Mandela as a "liberal African nationalist—decolonial humanist", [] while political analyst Raymond Suttner cautioned against labelling Mandela a liberal and stated that Mandela displayed a "hybrid socio-political make-up". At the same time he rejected other aspects of their thought, such as the anti-white sentiment of many African nationalists. His political development was strongly influenced by his legal training and practice, in particular his hope to achieve change not through violence but through "legal revolution".

Although he presented himself in an autocratic manner in several speeches, Mandela was a devout believer in democracy and abided by majority decisions even when deeply disagreeing with them. On one side he adhered to ideas about collective leadership, although on the other believed that there were scenarios in which a leader had to be decisive and act without consultation to achieve a particular objective. According to Lodge, Mandela's political thought reflected tensions between his support for liberal democracy and pre-colonial African forms of consensus decision making.

Mandela advocated the ultimate establishment of a classless society, [] with Sampson describing him as being "openly opposed to capitalism , private land-ownership and the power of big money". Ellis also found evidence that Mandela had been an active member of the South African Communist Party during the late s and early s, [] something that was confirmed after his death by both the ANC and the SACP, the latter of which claimed that he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee. The Freedom Charter, which Mandela had helped create, called for the nationalisation of banks, gold mines and land, to ensure equal distribution of wealth.

Mandela was widely considered a charismatic leader , [] described by biographer Mary Benson as "a born mass leader who could not help magnetizing people".

For political scientists Betty Glad and Robert Blanton, Mandela was an "exceptionally intelligent, shrewd, and loyal leader". Mandela was a private person who often concealed his emotions and confided in very few people. He was raised in the Methodist denomination of Christianity; the Methodist Church of Southern Africa claimed that he retained his allegiance to them throughout his life. Mandela was very self-conscious about being a man and regularly made references to manhood.

By the time of his death, within South Africa Mandela was widely considered both "the father of the nation" [] and "the founding father of democracy". Mandela's international fame had emerged during his incarceration in the s, when he became the world's most famous prisoner, a symbol of the anti-apartheid cause, and an icon for millions who embraced the ideal of human equality. Mandela generated controversy throughout his career as an activist and politician, [] having detractors on both the right and the radical left.

Wilderson III —accused him of selling out for agreeing to enter negotiations with the apartheid government and for not implementing the reforms of the Freedom Charter during his Presidency. Over the course of his life, Mandela was given over awards, accolades, prizes, honorary degrees and citizenships in recognition of his political achievements. John and granted him membership in the Order of Merit. In , Johannesburg granted Mandela the Freedom of the City , [] and in a Mandela statue was unveiled at the spot where Mandela was released from prison.

It called on individuals to donate 67 minutes to doing something for others, commemorating the 67 years that Mandela had been a part of the movement. The first biography of Mandela was authored by Mary Benson , based on brief interviews with him that she had conducted in the s. Since the late s, Mandela's image began to appear on a proliferation of items, among them "photographs, paintings, drawings, statues, public murals, buttons, t-shirts, refrigerator magnets, and more", [] items that have been characterised as "Mandela kitsch".

Nelson Mandela - Wikipedia

Long Walk to Freedom and the documentary Mandela , have focused on covering his long life, whereas others, such as the feature film Invictus and the documentary The 16th Man , have focused on specific events in his life. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Mandela disambiguation. Evelyn Ntoko Mase m. Activist Politician Philanthropist Lawyer. No one in my family had ever attended school [ This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education.

That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this particular name I have no idea. We, the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people. We of Umkhonto have always sought to achieve liberation without bloodshed and civil clash. We hope, even at this late hour, that our first actions will awaken everyone to a realization of the dangerous situation to which Nationalist policy is leading.

We hope that we will bring the Government and its supporters to their senses before it is too late, so that both government and its policies can be changed before matters reach the desperate stage of civil war. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to see realised. But if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

The inside of Mandela's prison cell as it was when he was imprisoned in and his open cell window facing the prison yard on Robben Island, now a national and World Heritage Site. Mandela's cell later contained more furniture, including a bed from around Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa. South African general election, Presidency of Nelson Mandela. Gracious but steely, [Mandela] steered a country in turmoil toward a negotiated settlement: He endorsed national reconciliation, an idea he did not merely foster in the abstract, but performed with panache and conviction in reaching out to former adversaries.

He initiated an era of hope that, while not long-lasting, was nevertheless decisive, and he garnered the highest international recognition and affection. Death of Nelson Mandela.

A friend once asked me how I could reconcile my creed of African nationalism with a belief in dialectical materialism. For me, there was no contradiction. I was first and foremost an African nationalist fighting for our emancipation from minority rule and the right to control our own destiny. But at the same time, South Africa and the African continent were part of the larger world.

Our problems, while distinctive and special, were not unique, and a philosophy that placed those problems in an international and historical context of the greater world and the course of history was valuable. I was prepared to use whatever means necessary to speed up the erasure of human prejudice and the end of chauvinistic and violent nationalism. The significance of Mandela can be considered in two related ways. First, he has provided through his personal presence as a benign and honest conviction politician, skilled at exerting power but not obsessed with it to the point of view of excluding principles, a man who struggled to display respect to all Second, in so doing he was able to be a hero and a symbol to an array of otherwise unlikely mates through his ability, like all brilliant nationalist politicians, to speak to very different audiences effectively at once.

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Nelson Mandela. Archived from the original on 5 April Retrieved 17 December South African Communist Party. Archived from the original on 3 March Retrieved 29 June Archived from the original on 6 March Retrieved 7 December Archived from the original on 16 May Retrieved 20 May Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. Archived from the original on 1 February Retrieved 16 December Archived from the original on 22 June Retrieved 28 October Wren 8 December The New York Times.

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