The Sea Was Always There

The two main processing methods, vacuum distillation and reverse osmosis , use large quantities of energy. Desalination is normally only undertaken where fresh water from other sources is in short supply or energy is plentiful, as in the excess heat generated by power stations. The brine produced as a by-product contains some toxic materials and is returned to the sea. Many substances enter the sea as a result of human activities.

Combustion products are transported in the air and deposited into the sea by precipitation. Industrial outflows and sewage contribute heavy metals , pesticides , PCBs , disinfectants , household cleaning products and other synthetic chemicals. These become concentrated in the surface film and in marine sediment, especially estuarine mud. The result of all this contamination is largely unknown because of the large number of substances involved and the lack of information on their biological effects.

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They are cumulative toxins and are passed up the food chain. Much floating plastic rubbish does not biodegrade , instead disintegrating over time and eventually breaking down to the molecular level. Rigid plastics may float for years. Turtles and whales have been found with plastic bags and fishing line in their stomachs. Microplastics may sink, threatening filter feeders on the seabed. Most oil pollution in the sea comes from cities and industry. It can clog the feathers of sea birds, reducing their insulating effect and the birds' buoyancy, and be ingested when they preen themselves in an attempt to remove the contaminant.

Marine mammals are less seriously affected but may be chilled through the removal of their insulation, blinded, dehydrated or poisoned. Benthic invertebrates are swamped when the oil sinks, fish are poisoned and the food chain is disrupted. In the short term, oil spills result in wildlife populations being decreased and unbalanced, leisure activities being affected and the livelihoods of people dependant on the sea being devastated.

In the Gulf of Mexico, where oil-eating bacteria are already present, they take only a few days to consume spilt oil. Run-off of fertilisers from agricultural land is a major source of pollution in some areas and the discharge of raw sewage has a similar effect. The extra nutrients provided by these sources can cause excessive plant growth. Nitrogen is often the limiting factor in marine systems, and with added nitrogen, algal blooms and red tides can lower the oxygen level of the water and kill marine animals.

Such events have created dead zones in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The Irish Sea was contaminated by radioactive caesium from the former Sellafield nuclear fuel processing plant [] and nuclear accidents may also cause radioactive material to seep into the sea, as did the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in The dumping of waste including oil, noxious liquids, sewage and garbage at sea is governed by international law.

Beyond the sea

The London Convention is a United Nations agreement to control ocean dumping which had been ratified by 89 countries by 8 June Several nomadic indigenous groups in Maritime Southeast Asia live in boats and derive nearly all they need from the sea. The indigenous peoples of the Arctic such as the Chukchi , Inuit , Inuvialuit and Yup'iit hunt marine mammals including seals and whales, [] and the Torres Strait Islanders of Australia include ownership of the Great Barrier Reef among their possessions.

They live a traditional life on the islands involving hunting, fishing, gardening and trading with neighbouring peoples in Papua and mainland Aboriginal Australians. The sea appears in human culture in contradictory ways, as both powerful but serene and as beautiful but dangerous. The sea and ships have been depicted in art ranging from simple drawings on the walls of huts in Lamu [] to seascapes by Joseph Turner.

Music too has been inspired by the ocean, sometimes by composers who lived or worked near the shore and saw its many different aspects. Sea shanties , songs that were chanted by mariners to help them perform arduous tasks, have been woven into compositions and impressions in music have been created of calm waters, crashing waves and storms at sea. As a symbol, the sea has for centuries played a role in literature , poetry and dreams. Sometimes it is there just as a gentle background but often it introduces such themes as storm, shipwreck, battle, hardship, disaster, the dashing of hopes and death.

But the sea, though changed in a sinister way, will continue to exist: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Sea disambiguation and The Sea disambiguation. Oceanography and Physical oceanography. History of navigation , History of cartography , Maritime history , Ancient maritime history , and Ocean exploration. Fishing , Whaling , Aquaculture , and Seaweed farming. Cruising maritime , Sailing , and Recreational boat fishing. Marine energy and Offshore wind power. Offshore drilling and Deep sea mining.

Nautical portal Water portal. One definition is that a sea is a sub-division of an ocean, which means that it must have oceanic basin crust on its floor. This definition accepts the Caspian as a sea because it was once part of an ancient ocean. Experiments to recreate the conditions of the lower mantle suggest it may contain still more water as well, as much as five times the mass of water present in the world's oceans.

Gradually, they fall in with other waves travelling at similar speed—-where different waves are in phase they reinforce each other, and where out of phase they are reduced. Eventually, a regular pattern of high and low waves or swell is developed that remains constant as it travels out across the ocean. Retrieved 13 March National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 19 April Encyclopedia of the Oceans. The Glossary of the Mapping Sciences.

Maritime Regimes for Regional Cooperation".

The Water Cycle " in Ocean Explorer. Retrieved 10 September Anati, David March International Journal of Salt Lake Research. Retrieved 3 February Archived from the original on 18 April Retrieved 17 April Deep-Sea Research Part I: Retrieved 16 September Explicit use of et al. Retrieved 6 July Retrieved 12 October Retrieved 21 April Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Wind Generated Ocean Waves. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey.

Retrieved 18 April Retrieved 3 October Earth and Space Sciences. Retrieved 21 September Retrieved 4 October Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Bureau of Meteorology of the Australian Government. An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment. Retrieved 8 September Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Physical and Numerical Aspects.

Retrieved 20 April Retrieved 12 September See also the commentary about this explanation in Lagrange, E. The Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 20 September University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 24 September Principles of Physical Geography. The Penguin Dictionary of Physical Geography.

Retrieved 18 September Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level. Archived from the original on 6 July Waterbodies That Don't Flow to the Sea". Water from the Mountains into the Sea.

Why are some places saltier than others?

United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 9 October Carbon Emissions and Acidification". Principles for Clinical Medicine. Ocean biogeochemistry under global change". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. Department of Natural Environmental Studies: Retrieved 26 September Fisheries and Food from the Sea". Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Ocean. Retrieved 22 April Retrieved 11 July Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.

Understanding and Protecting Marine Biodiversity. Retrieved 14 July The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Retrieved 17 September The Polynesians — Prehistory of an Island People. Molecular Biology and Evolution. Archived from the original on 23 July Retrieved 5 March The Phoenicians , p. Retrieved 13 September Retrieved 14 September Retrieved 15 September Oceanographer and pioneer of deep-sea exploration". Retrieved 5 July Retrieved 25 September Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 8 May The Battle of Salamis: The naval battle of Tsushima, the ultimate contest of the — Russo-Japanese War, was one of the most decisive sea battles in history.

An Analysis of the Fighting. A life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham: A Twentieth-century Naval Leader. Don't Tread on Me: A Year History of America at War. Three Rivers Press Crown Forum. The Sinking of the Lusitania. Don't Tread on Me. The Last Best Hope, Volume 2: From a World at War to the Triumph of Freedom — California Center for Military History. Archived from the original on 28 July Calendar of state papers, domestic series, of the reign of Charles II: Retrieved 11 September Retrieved 21 August The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt.

Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Retrieved 25 April Retrieved 24 April Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved 23 April Increasing the contribution of small-scale fisheries to poverty alleviation and food security. Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper.

Archived from the original on 1 February What will we be eating in 20 years' time? Netherlands Business Support Office Dalian , In Steele, John H. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. International Council of Marine Industry Associations. Global Challenges in Recreational Fisheries.

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John Wiley and Sons. Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea. Retrieved 4 July American Journal of Sports Medicine. Retrieved 14 October Archived from the original on 30 June Refresh and try again. The Sea, the Sea Quotes Showing of Time, like the sea, unties all knots. Judgements on people are never final, they emerge from summings up which at once suggest the need of a reconsideration.

Human arrangements are nothing but loose ends and hazy reckoning, whatever art may otherwise pretend in order to console us. We decide to do A instead of B and then the two roads diverge utterly and may lead in the end to heaven and to hell. Only later one sees how much and how awfully the fates differ. Yet what were the reasons for the choice? They may have been forgotten.

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Did one know what one was choosing? Indeed eating is so pleasant one should even try to suppress thought. Of course reading and thinking are important but, my God, food is important too. How fortunate we are to be food-consuming animals. This amplification of the water cycle is a consequence of rising air temperatures due to climate change.

Warm air can hold more moisture, so it can receive more evaporated water from the sea or land surface, and then release more when it rains. Just how fast the water cycle is amplifying is a topic of current research. Ocean salinity, on the other hand, is easier to measure now that we have the global Argo program: Ocean salinity measurements are not only being used to understand past changes in the water cycle and reduce uncertainty in climate models, they are helping to improve seasonal rain forecasts around the world.

Pets in Victorian paintings — Egham, Surrey. The history of pets and family life — Egham, Surrey. Available editions United Kingdom. Salt flows down rivers to the ocean. Helen Phillips , University of Tasmania. Super-heated molten lava about to explode into the water.

NSF and NOAA Over millions of years, the concentration of salts has increased from possibly almost fresh in the primeval sea to where it is now — an average of 35 grams of salt in every kilogram of seawater. Why are some places saltier than others? Ocean salinity as a rain gauge While the total amount of salt in the sea is pretty constant, the distribution of the salt is changing.