The Best Dang Houston Play Ever, Yall (My Christian Lifescript Book 5)

There was a guest list of over students signing on to let out their inhibitions. The second week, the brothers of Gamma Nu attended their annual Brotherhood retreat. A majority of the brothers served as tour leaders and explained the mechanics of pharmacy school to many interested potential students who were looking to apply. Afterwards, the brothers helped helped to host a barbecue and hold a reception for alumni who attended their annual wine tour. Again, many of the alumni were pleased with the cohesiveness and drive of the brothers to provide an enjoyable experience of food, fun, and fellowship.

Gamma Omicron brothers pose with their rush banner. It was a time of fellowship, Brotherhood, good food, and heartfelt conversations occurred all across the board among the brothers. Both younger and older brothers including alumni were able to attend the retreat, linking the Brotherhood to its roots and further strengthening their bonds to the fullest extent.

For the third week, the brothers hosted a reception for the Gamma Nu alumni who had gone on their annual wine tour. In addition to this busy event being conducted on the same day, a group of 20 brothers successfully led many potential students and parents on a tour of the School of. Gamma Omicron officers began planning for rush before the semester began. We kicked off the semester with an organizational fair for the new P1 students.

At the fair, brothers described the history and purpose of Kappa Psi to potential initiates in both Oklahoma City and Tulsa. Rush week was held during the same week as the Oklahoma State Fair, so we decided to incorporate the State Fair and Carnival as our rush theme. Brothers bonded together while making and putting up decorations in the Colleges of Pharmacy at both Oklahoma City and Tulsa.

Decorations included a homemade litup Ferris wheel, with the pictures of all P1 students set around its circumference, a 3-D Ferris wheel, red and white balloons, and twisted colorful streamers, links of raffle tickets, strings of admittance tickets, flags, banners, and concessions stands. They looked fantastic on both campuses. We also had a good turnout of potential initiates during rush week. Brothers also participated in a variety of social events. Oklahoma City brothers hosted a rush social event for potential initiates with food, bonding, and live music.

We plan to host at least one social event per month to maintain brotherly bonds. Brothers focused on the cornerstone of philanthropy by walking in the Oklahoma City Walk to Cure Diabetes. Future philanthropic plans include volunteering in The Terminator: Gamma Omicron enjoyed Bid Day in early October and initiation later on in the semester. In conjunction with the Red Cross, Gamma Pi held another successful blood and bone marrow drive.

There were 49 productive units of blood, and 13 new members were. It is always great to see the students and faculty donate to save lives. Many brothers plan to shave their heads, and even more have signed up to volunteer at the event. Brothers have also raised money through t-shirt sales and bake sales for this magnificent organization. The chapter has managed to get all of the fraternities on campus and many of the school organizations involved in the fight against childhood cancer.

We formed a team for the St. S, a day dedicated to helping the St. From checking blood glucose and blood pressure, to planting flowers to beautify the city, to analyzing the risk of falling for senior citizens, brothers are making a difference in their local community. By participating in the welcome back barbecue, the chapter was able to reach out to a variety of students and teach them about Fraternity life.

To welcome first-year students to the campus, brothers sponsored an ice cream social. It was great to meet new people and inform them about the Kappa Psi Brotherhood. Gamma Pi also hosted a Zoo Trip to give students a chance to experience the wonders of the St. Everyone enjoyed seeing the animals and taking pictures. The chapter continued to reach out to new students by hosting a third-year dinner to welcome the transfers onto campus, teach people about Kappa Psi, and answer any questions about pledging.

Afterwards, brothers held a craft night on campus to decorate tumblers. It was a great night for socializing and getting to know potential new members. To start off the pledging season, Gamma Pi hosted a recruitment dinner, where actives were able to share their experiences of being in Kappa Psi and meet potential new members. The night was full of great food, touching stories, and delightful conversations.

Before all the craziness of school picked up, Gamma Pi enjoyed some amazing time with one another. Ten brothers attended GCC. They met so many awesome brothers from around the country and cannot wait to get the chapter involved in the next GCC. Gamma Pi also had a float trip, where brothers got together and had fun.

Many graduates attended and caught. It is wonderful to have such a strong grad chapter. Later in the summer, a group of brothers participated in the Color Run in downtown St. Louis to benefit Food Outreach. It was good fun for a great cause. The brothers of Gamma Rho began the new school year supporting our faculty brother, Dr.

This has been an event that we, as a chapter, have participated in for the past couple of years. The college of pharmacy recently welcomed Brother Dr. Jessica Conklin as faculty. She completed her Pharm. She is now an assistant visiting professor and performs most of her clinician duties at the Truman HIV Clinic, where she specializes in metabolic syndrome treatment. She has been a brother for six years. Speaking of graduate brothers, New Mexico Graduate chapter is in the final process of establishment. The first official meeting was held in October to elect officers, while the bylaws are pending approval.

This was the tenth year that Gamma Rho has been an integral part of organizing this event. Professional standards and integrity have always been closely associated with Kappa Psi Fraternity. With this in mind, the brothers at Gamma Sigma decided to focus on these traits by hosting an opportunity for local pharmacists. The curriculum was comprised of the 10 live CE credits mandated by the state, including two that Florida requires specifically on medication error prevention. This was not an easy mission and required many hours of preparation,. Gamma Psi brothers and their extended families make memories together during Grand Council Convention in Florida.

Once kinks were worked out of the logistics, brothers needed to tackle all of the duties that normally come with putting on an event. Proper date, time, and location needed to be squared away; catering service was to be negotiated and ordered; marketing of the curriculum had to be spread throughout several counties surrounding Gainesville, Florida; and still all of the D-day details remained in place to be dealt with. Nevertheless, and despite all the hours and work this project demanded, brothers would not have given it back for anything.

Many pharmacists thanked us for providing this lastminute opportunity to attain CE credits and secure their licensures. We were applauded on the quality of the lecture content and the presentation of our overall program. As for the brothers, we were able to network with pharmacists in the area, make many new friends, and ask questions about areas in the field of pharmacy we did not even know existed. We were even able to speak to Kappa Psi brothers who attended from all over the state, including some who graduated as far back as Many others attended for the excuse. The Arizona heat was ever present during the months of July and August, as our brothers met for micro socials in between internships, work shifts, and rotations.

A handful of us also left town for the summer to travel, visit family or friends, and, of course, attend GCC. The brothers who went to St. Petersburg returned with great stories of Brotherhood and fun times. Steven Dudley personally found GCC to be an absolutely amazing experience, where complete strangers treated each other like the closest of friends. Bonding with brothers across the nation reaffirmed his sense of Kappa Psi pride. As the brothers who went abroad trickled back into town, we held a welcome back fundraiser dinner at a local restaurant, as well as a bar trivia night.

Keeping with our philanthropic tradition, six brothers from our chapter. Rush week featured a few brotherly events, with the ESPN-themed rush party as the highlight of the week. Rush was a success, resulting in a pledge class of 44! To welcome the fall weather change, our chapter hosted a Sunday barbecue and a Cupcake Wars competition. Brother Stephanie Nguyen won the competition with her maple cupcakes topped with maple cream cheese frosting and bacon bits. They were exceptionally tasty after our day barbecuing and playing games of corn hole at the park. Many of the brothers made the trip to St.

Petersburg, Florida, for some inter-chapter camaraderie and a little fun in the sun. The brothers are very proud to see all their hard work pay off. Our Regent, Patrick Tu, was also recognized nationally, as he was awarded one of the coveted Kappa Psi scholarships. In an effort to further sup-. We were edged out in three sets in a very heated literally match against a team of free agents.

Fall rush brought us 12 pledges, all who are determined to help Gamma Phi reach the next level of excellence. Pharmacy Pageant was dominated by Kappa Psi, thanks in large part to our pledges. Young, who took home the crown in what proved to be an epic performance. Special thanks go out to the friends, family, and alumni of Gamma Phi for their very generous donations. We are off to a great start this year.

Chelsea Craig doubled our alumni email list by just simply finding alumni on Facebook. With the help of the Friend Finder feature on Facebook, we were able to locate more than 30 alumni whom we had lost contact. This summer was full of numerous house projects. There are far too many to list here, but some of the big projects included fixing the fridge and freezer, planting flowers, repainting the letters on the front of the house, and making a bonfire pit.

Justin Clark and Brett Jenkins were integral in completing all the house projects this summer. Over this summer, both of them also recruited for fall rush, and their hard work paid off. We currently have eight active members and, thanks to their help, we have 14 pledges! We are thrilled to have so many new members. We continued our upward trend. Most of our active members participated in a 5K that benefited the local pharmacy clinic.

David Robinson has quadrupled the number of fundraisers we are doing this semester. The drive from Northern Michigan to Kentucky was long, but it was well worth it for a weekend of Brotherhood. Upcoming events include the annual formal homecoming dinner, numerous fundraisers, and the WISE Christmas Party scheduled for later in the semester. We are so glad to have the support of so many alumni and the help of great brothers. The brothers kicked off the summer season by attending the 56th Grand Council Convention in beautiful St.

Many brothers were accompanied by their families and spouses, and they used this opportunity to strengthen family and Brotherhood bonds while enjoying some good, safe fun on the shores of Florida. During GCC, we were honored as having the 3rd best chapter in the Fraternity. The weekend was a great balance of social fun and business.

Gamma Psi was proud to once again take home the Man Mile Award. Gamma Psi went back to work on campus. During the first night of class, we hosted the annual Welcome to Atlanta social, where the new class of pharmacy students was invited out to mingle with the upperclassmen. As always, this served as a great opportunity to meet the Class of and evaluate prospective pledges.

This event took place at The Ivey in Atlanta and received a great turnout. In September, the brothers collaborated with Kappa Epsilon to host the annual Kappapalooza event. It was a night to destress, enjoy some great music, and entertain the masses with newly discovered karaoke skills. Gamma Psi set time aside to serve the community. In early September, the brothers cleaned the surrounding. Here, brothers performed blood pressure screenings and educated the public on the importance of maintaining proper nutrition. In addition to serving the community, these events always serve as an opportunity to hone our skills as future pharmacists.

It was a very good turnout; we had a lot of delicious food and good conversation. Our chapter has a few events planned for the rest of the semester. The first is a hike to Mount Pinnacle. We hope that this social event will even more deeply foster bonds between brothers, while we catch some fresh air. The second major event is, of course, rush week, which we usually hold in October. In the meantime, we have a rush committee working on plans for our future pledges. Another big event that we will be having is actually one that we held last spring: The colleges of medicine and nursing were not able to attend this event last time, so we are bringing it back for round two.

We kicked off the semester with are annual cookout for prospective members and returning brothers. The cookout had a great turn out and the food was awesome. For the first time, we had a golf tournament rush event between brothers and pledges at Prairie West Course in Weatherford. Many of the brothers participated and had a great time, as we got to know many of our pledges. We had five pledges this semester and recently initiated a brother who was accepted to the College of Pharmacy. We hosted our annual Hygeia Bowl on September 30, which is a flag foot continued on page A Gamma Chi spruces up the letters in preparation for rush.

Epsilon Beta brothers get to know rushees through a night of Karoke. Epsilon Psi brothers enjoy a game of telephone charades during their first rush event. Proceeds from this event went to the St. We helped out with several philanthropic activities in the Weatherford area and conducted a Toys for Tots toy drive in late November.

Miss, and we look forward to hosting alumni and Beta Rho brothers. The day ended with an amazing fireworks show. After a hard fought battle, the Delta Delta brothers came out victorious, ending a long reign of Delta Theta dominance on the field. The final score was The MVPs of the game were the girls who exhibited exceptional athletic ability as they lead the Delta Delta team to victory.

The neophytes of the Delta Delta chapter were anticipating being on the other side of pledging and showing the incoming P1 class why Kappa Psi is the Fraternity to join for strong leadership, Brotherhood, and scholarship. Several brothers helped with P1 orientation. Our first official rush event was a laser tag social. More than 60 brothers from Delta Delta and. Six current and two graduate brothers attended the 56th GCC. Grant McGuffey, our immediate past regent, received the Frank H. Our chapter received the honor of being ranked the eighth best collegiate chapter and the number one chapter in the Gulf Coast Province.

Brothers brought fresh ideas back to Auburn to kick- off the new year of activities. Our pledge process is underway, with 66 pledges accepting bids at the Auburn campus and 15 pledges accepting bids in Mobile after we conducted our informal and formal rush events. We look forward to our BigLittle Reveal event and getting to know these potential brothers better during this process.

While recruiting the next class is important, we continue to make graduate outreach a priority by hosting the Annual Kappa Psi Alumni Tailgate. Many brothers will be in attendance for the game against Ole. Delta Theta competed and interacted with rushees. It was a great opportunity to showcase the bond we share.

Our next event was informational, where our pledge team and regentelect shared personal experiences of why they chose to join Kappa Psi. Our next event was a barbecue co-hosted with the Houston graduate chapter. Delta Delta alumni and Delta Theta brothers helped to make the event a success. Brothers showed a more intimate side of our Brotherhood when they shared personal testi-. The brothers of Delta Epsilon are proud and excited to welcome 11 new pledges to our chapter this fall.

Our rush activities included Meet the Pharmacy Greeks, an ice cream social. In the upcoming month, we will attend the Pharmacy Carnival and Autumnfest, both which will be held on campus. We are planning volunteer events, such as a soup kitchen and visiting a local high-rise apartment building to do activities with elderly residents. Along with this, we have been working diligently to revamp our chapter and spread the word on campus about the oldest and largest and best pharmaceutical fraternity in the country. Delta Zeta kicked off the semester with rush events at Old Chicago pizzeria, game night at the college, some billiards at the TCB pool hall, and a barbecue at a local park.

We are excited to have 40 new pledges to get to know better this semester. While the summer heat was still in full force, a few of our brothers partici-. Our annual drug card sale went well, and hopefully, students will benefit from their new study tools. Soon, we will be hosting our first-ever yard sale in the middle of campus, where brothers donate items to raise money, and another event we look forward to each semester is the pre-finals fro-yo get together. We are thrilled to welcome our new pledge class and we eagerly await the fall Northern Plains Province conclave in Duluth, Minnesota, in October.

Delta Eta chapter embraces the new school year with lots of new ideas and our new e-board: This forum allowed our brothers to chat with classmates about success in pharmacy school. This community service project featured Kappa Psi brothers and classmates helping to make New Orleans City Park a more beautiful place to visit. This special week gave us an opportunity to give back to our community, enjoy fellowship, and have a great time.

We are currently in the process of selling our NerdRx collection. It is a collection of shirts, sweatpants, hood-. The goal is for all graduate brothers who are interested in participating in the program will be paired with a collegiate brother to whom they will provide guidance as the collegiate brother works towards graduation.

We teamed up with many other organizations in the college of pharmacy to make this week a success. This week included themed days: Recently, our regent, Porscha Showers, conducted her Ambulatory Care rotation in La Valle de Jacmel, Haiti, and our professional development chair, Adina Ewing, traveled all the way to China to learn about the language and Eastern medicine. We will be hosting a forum, where Graduate Brother Dr. Megan Brown and our Howard Brother, Dr. Bethany Bonner, will inform brothers and fellow classmates about residencies and the steps you need to implement in order to be prepared.

We had an eventful summer, which included attending GCC in beautiful St. Twelve brothers from the chapter were able to attend, which made us the largest chapter attending from the Southwest. Those who attended described it as an invaluable experience. This event provided clothes and supplies to students going back to school.

Initially, our contribution consisted of sorting clothes, but doing things the Delta. Brothers personally knocked on doors to hand out flyers and advertise the event, in addition to sorting through clothes. The brothers concluded summer break with a Kappa Psi Pool Party. With the grill smoking, music playing, and the sun beaming, this event was full of laughs and fun. The Carnation Bowl is a flag football game between the two chapters.

Both chapters came armed and ready to play, but ultimately, the game strengthens the bonds and friendships the two neighboring chapters share. The retreat began at the Galleria in Houston, Texas, with a simple team building exercise, a scavenger hunt. All the new officers came prepared with innovative ideas and new goals to ensure that we excel as a chapter and are instrumental in our community and city. For example, the newly elected chaplains passed out snacks and words of inspiration to all the students in the College of Pharmacy during test week, which allowed several students to know and appreciate our chapter.

We wore our respective class lapel pins, ushered in guests, and helped first-year students prepare for their moment. We were the only on-campus organization to participate and be acknowledged at this event. Before exams, a few brothers attended Bless the Backpack, a service that honors students and displays moral and spiritual support for academic endeavors. The opportunity was presented by Lance Henderson as a way to involve the chapter and encourage academic excellence.

The attending brothers were uplifted and focused before test week. Delta Kappa chapter has been busy since late summer. We strengthened our Brotherhood thanks to the hospitality of Brother Sudan Cory Gordon and his family at a summer barbecue at their Virginia Beach home. Parth Vashi also returned from abroad after his volunteer experience in Ghana.

Brothers also helped serve the community by volunteering at the Black L. The brothers of Delta Nu have been busy. During the summer, we sent 10 graduating brothers to residency. In September, we did three rush and pledging events to recruit new members. These events included a field day, where brothers and potential new members played volleyball or bags.

The next event was Whirleyball, which always has a high turnout. Whirleyball is a cross between basketball and lacrosse, while driving bumper cars. The final event involved brothers hosting a coffee hour before first classes. Our social chair planned an event hosted by a financial advisor and we invited brothers from different chapters around Chicago and. Beta Phi brothers smile with their reimbursement check. Delta Delta brothers celebrate the Fourth of July with a picnic. After meeting for lunch, brothers went to the Cubs game and enjoyed seeing the Cubs win.

Some events planned for the fall are the service events that include a health fair near our campus and helping out at the domestic violence shelter. Delta Xi started the year off right by meeting at our campus in Ashburn for a potluck dinner and a reunion with brothers. We also had the pleasure of working together on our annual backto-school Greek Olympics with fellow fraternities and our new P1s for games, food, and socializing.

We were very competitive and performed gallantly in the three-legged race, egg relay race, hula hooping, water balloon toss, and tug of war, and, overall, we had a lot of fun. The brothers sold bake goods during the event to all the hungry pet owners, with all proceeds from the bake sale going to the SPCA.

We will be fundraising for this event by holding a contest among P1s, 2s, and 3s, the winner of which will get a free breakfast. This semester included exciting fundraisers. Other fundraising events include our pharmacy t-shirt sale. Delta Omicron started off the fall semester with several exciting events. This event was a huge success. Many new pharmacy students shared their interests and learned about Kappa Psi from current brothers.

The brothers discussed the benefits of Kappa Psi with interested first-year students when they visited our informational table. Several current brothers are also members of the Luzerne County Pharmacists Association bowling league, which started up again in September. The Kappa Psi bowling team has become a tradition in our chapter. Rush events included bowling and a volleyball tournament. A good time, along with great food, was had by all who attended this event.

His tenure was celebrated with a cake and a card signed by the brothers. Overall, rush was a huge success and we have 14 new pledges! Several Brothers are also involved in tutoring children at the local YMCA at their after-school program. We are looking forward to hosting several pharmacy-related events, including smoking cessation, blood pressure screenings, and bloodglucose level testing on campus and at local retail pharmacies.

We welcomed our members back from summer break by getting together and barbecued for the incoming class of pharmacy students. This event also served to kick-start our. The pinning ceremony for new pledges took place not long after that. Delta Pi is proud to have 40 new pledges. The chapter began the year by holding a bake sale to raise money for our main foundation, Snak Pak 4 Kids. This organization is devoted to feeding hungry kids on the weekend.

Another exciting community service activity that has taken off this year is the American Heart Association Heart Walk in Amarillo, Texas. Kappa Psi Delta Pi. On-campus events are beginning to pick up the pace after a summer that was packed full of rush activities. Our new pledge class, composed of 55 pledges, has been hard at work learning the history of Kappa Psi, and they will be a great addition to our Fraternity.

We broke the ice with our popular annual speed-pledging event, followed by our interview with the brothers, where we used 3-on-3 panels to get to know our brothers better. We held several teambuilding events, such as a road cleanup, kickball games, and bowling—all of which were a great success and they allowed us to become more acquainted with our soon-to-be brothers. We have some unique philanthropy opportunities, where we will have the privilege of volunteering at Feed My Starving Children, a non-profit organization that helps by sending hand-packed meals to malnourished children in over 70 countries worldwide.

Pledging will come to a close with our clue-based Big Brother Reveal, followed by initiation. Staying involved with our local graduate chapter is an important part of our Brotherhood. We will also bring graduates back when we host Alumni Karaoke Night, followed by an attempt to look our worst at our Ugly Sweater Holiday Social. From our close ties, to our involvement in many charitable organizations, all the way to our running club, we have always been a very active chapter.

Walk to Stop Diabetes. We will follow that event with our participation in the Be the Match Walk. The philanthropy director of our chapter, Rachel Comito, has been working hard to provide us with events that open our eyes to the struggles of those around us. This event was no exception. At the nonprofit organization, Feeding South Florida, we worked with other volunteers to sort through towering boxes of donated food and household items.

From canned vegetables to pop tarts, we worked together to create an assembly line and became a Kappa Psi sorting machine. Although this does not seem like the most difficult job to do, its significance should not be overseen. FSF is a food bank that sorts through over 3 million pounds of food each month. Last year alone, they sorted through over 34 million pounds of food. This food is then given to food distribution centers throughout the community to help feed families who are food insecure.

While most of us went to FSF thinking that sorting food seemed a little silly, I think all 14 of my brothers who attended this event came away with a new appreciation for what these centers provide and what they mean to the community. In addition to sorting food, we were pleasantly surprised when we came across tubs of medications.

Upon sorting these items, my brothers realized that many of the medications were expired. We were able to apply our pharmacy knowledge and help to educate the FSF organization on the proper techniques for disposing of these medications. Not only were we able to assist in the process of helping food-insecure families, we were also fortunate enough to share our pharmacy knowledge in order to better their organization. The school year has been eventful, as we got the word out about Kappa Psi to the new P1 class. Many of them have been coming out to a variety of social events planned by our spectacular social chair, Jennifer Dang.

September 28, we had our first philanthropic event, planned by our philanthropic chair, Duc Mai, at the Orchard, where many of the Delta Tau members picked fruits and vegetables to donate to the needy. This event was charitable, but also one of the rare events in which family and friends could join in on the fun. Our married brothers brought their children, and many people brought their friends, making the event that much more outstanding. On October 1, we had our speed-networking event,. We had a great turnout and everyone seemed very passionate about becoming a Kappa Psi brother, which reminded us once more about the prestige involved in being a part of Kappa Psi.

The greatest highlight was the pinning ceremony, on October 3. We are absolutely thrilled for our new pledges and cannot wait for what is in store in the next few months! Delta Upsilon had a very productive summer. We attended meetings, gained fellowship through our annual chapter retreat, and traveled the world helping others on mission trips. We are proud of them and the service they provided. Sam Henningfield and Angelica Costanzo also attended. In August, we took part in fellowship and fun at our annual chapter retreat.

This year, we met in Orlando for the weekend and enjoyed the water, cooking, karaoke, and games. It was great to get together outside of school and build these everlasting bonds. We are excited to announce we have 15 pledges. We are looking forward to helping them grow through fellowship, industry, sobriety, and high ideals. Our executive board got together for a summer retreat to plan for the upcoming year and the fall conclave, which Delta Phi is hosting.

Even though the brothers at Delta Phi have been busy planning, we found time to fraternize. Christopher Lin put on a great event in conjunction with the Epsilon Gamma chapter this summer. Brothers came together in Irvine, California, to enjoy a nice dinner with some fun-filled bowling. Jane Lim also put on a great Poker Night fundraiser for the first time this year.

There was a great turn out, which assured that this event would continue annually. Congratulations to Tiffany Lew, who beat out 15 other players. We started the new school year off with some Kappa Psi ex-Psitment, as we showed the new students what the Fraternity is about during the campus organization fair.

Delta Chi welcomed fall with a bang. There is so much enthusiasm behind building a new era for Delta Chi. Our annual welcome back barbecue PharmB Que proved to be instrumental in exposing the incoming P1s to the Brotherhood. The 56th GCC marked the first time any of our current brothers had attended. The aftermath was phenomenal, as brothers learned so much from other chapters, and there were so many traditions that we wanted to incorporate into our chapter.

We are now more active than ever and have lots of events planned throughout the semester. The spark for our new chapter website has been ignited and it will be up and running soon. We are very proud of them and encourage more of our brothers to get involved in professional organizations. Every semester, rush is a time where the spirit of Kappa Psi radiates as we incorporate new members into our Fraternity. We are excited to welcome 13 pledges this fall. We wish him and all the fourth-year brothers continued success on their rotations. Our chapter started the school year with our annual barbecue at Enger Park in.

It was a nice day to hang out, play bags, eat, and get to know some of the first-year pharmacy students. Everyone had a great time, and it was a fun way to socialize with the brothers of Delta Psi, as well as members of the College of Pharmacy. We also hosted a movie night for the first year students.

We played movies that were required for an assignment in the first-year Pharmaceutical Care class. Much of our time. Rush week is one of the most important times of the year for a collegiate chapter. It is one of the most. This year, Delta Omega revamped our rush process slightly hoping to producing better and stronger life-long results. We started off the week with our informational meeting to explain what Kappa Psi stood for and what our chapter had to offer.

Then, we learned more about each of the prospects during laser tag and bowling. We ended the week with a cookout, where we gave the prospects one last chance to make an. Overall, the events seemed to make a good impression on the prospects, and we awarded 15 bids to potential brothers.

The brothers and rushees bonded over great food, while bringing down the stage with their amazing talents. Yo motha got a wooden eye, every time she blink she get a splinter. Yo mama so fat, instead of usin a beeper, she use a VCR. The dozens is the blues of comedy. It is a ritual that crosses generational, regional and class boundaries. The dozens illustrates the force of the spoken word, and is the ultimate expression of fighting with your wits, not your fists. This oral tradition is another example of the originality and verbal innovation that distinguish. Your mother is so fat, she broke her arm and gravy poured out.

Your sister is so fat, they had to baptize her at Sea World. Your brother is so ugly, when he sits in the sand the cat tries to bury him. Your family is so poor, the last time you had a hot meal was when your house was on fire. Potent vernacular use on the schoolyard and stage notwithstanding, Black English in comedy has often been linked with some of the most crippling and one-dimensional portrayals of African Americans.

Two decades later, the myth that black life is rife with capers and jovial misadventure was still being pandered to on the tube though to a lesser degree.

Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English

Good Times — chronicled happenings in the life of a black working-class family living in a public housing development. In one typical family crisis, J. Friend Willona and brother Michael showed up the following morning: You even get molested in a po-lice station. I dream we was home and everything was awright.

Hi Ma, hi Dad. What choo got dere? I made a picket sign: What we gonna do with this boy? In an opening sequence, two huddled junkies prepare to rob Priest for his dope loot: Did you get the money? We do it my way. The opening scene finds Townsend, who plays an aspiring actor looking for his first gig, rehearsing the part of a gangster in the bathroom mirror as his amused little brother looks on: You kill-ded mah bro-tha.

He was mah only bro-tha. I love-ded dis dude, babee. An you gonna pay, jive sucka. You done messed wit da wrong dude, babee. Dis be ma turf, babee. Ah owns da East Side. Oh, you tough now! But when ma gang finds out. Why you gotta pull a knife, man? Why you gotta pull a knife?

Slips out of character and addresses younger brother: In fact, this is how African American Vernacular English might sound if, as countless black and white columnists, policy makers, and pundits have maintained, it followed no hard-and-fast rules. But he also pokes fun at a more widespread lack of awareness on the part of the larger culture about the nuances of black speech itself. Clifford and Clair Huxtable, well-to-do professionals who spoke proper English and meted out textbook-perfect guidance and affection to their children, were redemptive in many ways.

Once a week, like clockwork, black American families were ushered into that idyllic brownstone where Standard English and hundred-dollar sweaters—rather than jive and food stamps—were the norm. Now there are many such reallife households in black America. But there are many more black households in which neither parent holds an advanced degree—or any degree, for that matter.

And in many of these homes, Black English is the lingua franca. In a very real sense, both are the result of cultural confluence. And black folk are better off for having them both around. For together they speak to both halves of the soul, allowing us to play doctor on the job and the dozens after quitting time. And she was square when compared with the dancing, jazzing culture then emerging from New York and other cities, a culture in which black vernacular was the parlance of the hip.

Americans of all types tend to bad-talk soul talk, even though it is the guts of the black music they so relish, and even though this would be a much duller country without it. It is an absurd contradiction, and as we observed on a drizzling May morning in , one that often goes unnoticed. It was commencement time at Howard University, the Washington, D. African America appeared to have sent delegates from every city block, cul-de-sac, and country lane, and black vernacular could be heard everywhere among the crush of bodies. After the faculty procession, African American broadcast-news pioneer Carole Simpson began her keynote speech, enunciating with broadcast-news diction.

The audience offered scattered Amens. Some of the negativism we bring on ourselves. Most African Americans are like you—hardworking, law-abiding, family-loving, goal-oriented, patriotic people. You suffer— we all suffer—because white Americans think we are all the blacks portrayed in popular culture, which is produced by white people. The second example, significantly enough, was the Oakland Ebonics controversy, which had erupted six months earlier and was finally fading from the headlines: I was in Oakland, California, last week, the birthplace of Ebonics.

The story was distorted when it first came out, but to suggest that black children cannot speak good English makes me crazy. Nobody is happier than I am that Ebonics has been stopped dead in its tracks! After Simpson had finished, members of the Howard University Choir and Orchestra rose and offered their rendition of a spiritual. Their voices were buoyant, and Simpson and the crowd nodded and swayed approvingly: No one, evidently, had caught the contradiction. No one appeared to realize how odd the disdain for Ebonics expressed by the keynote speaker and some—though not all—members of the crowd seemed when paired with the obvious delight in such utterly idiomatic lyrics.

Appreciating sung soul is one thing, but appreciating soul as it is spoken is something else entirely. It might well be said that music that draws heavily on non-Standard English and by this we mean almost all popular music, including jazz, blues, rock and roll, soul, and 76 SPOKEN SOUL rhythm and blues has generally been embraced by the mainstream. Though its lexicon and sensibilities have seeped into mainstream talk for centuries, however, nonstandard English itself has generally been scorned or ridiculed by the dominant culture.

African Americans themselves pay tribute to those and other dialect-slingers precisely because of the abundance of their soul—that gift for articulating the most intimate spiritual and aesthetic selves of African America, with all its drama, irony, and poignancy. In fact, most blacks will acknowledge their own conventionally soulful characteristics such as a fondness for certain foods, and distinction in a variety of musical genres including spirituals, jazz, the blues, and hiphop , even if they denounce the soulful shadows of their most private speech.

Wrapped in bodysuits and capes, Brown would tattoo the stage with magical feet, slinging sweat and exchanging indecipherable calls and responses with his band. I gotta jump back and kiss myself! And it sells, too: Americans of all colors went wild for the audacious, outrageous performer who dripped attitude and unleashed dialect. Crisp broadcast talk has its place. Feeling hip, outta sight, cool, funky, bad, or fly themselves, they prefer Spoken Soul, which, by virtue of the experience that produced it, conveys the intoxicating feel of cool.

The point was not lost on the Rolling Stones. Like other bands that emerged while rock and roll was young, they became famous by borrowing black styles and black talk, and often without attribution. Several of their hits can be loosely traced to black standards of the South; a few are plain knock-offs. You gotta move, you gotta move, child, Oh, when the Lord gets ready, You gotta move. It contains many of the classic characteristics of ring shouts, the praise sessions of slaves who rekindled faith and resisted misery by drawing themselves into animated worship circles.

Ring shouts tended to carry simple messages through simple lyrics. It was their rendering that was adorned. One woman alone introduced each line, but she was soon accompanied by the harmonizing wails of the others. A few bars into the plaintive melody, the footfalls sped up and the clapping went double-time. The resulting sound was layered and throbbing and sepulchral, as if it had wafted up from a sad netherworld: I got to move, we got to move, We got to move, we got to move, Oh, when the Lord, Lord get ready, You got to move.

Oh, My brother move, my brother move, My brother move, my brother move. Oh, when the Lord get ready, You got to move. There are layers of meaning here as well as of sound. You got to move when the spirit says move, the song suggests, as when the Holy Spirit winds you up on Sunday morning. And this is the great equalizer, for as is observed, the rich and high-ups must go before Him when He is ready, just as the poor and low-downs. Lord knows all men were created equal, the lyrics imply. And in the afterlife, you will be equal too.

Spoken Soul can camouflage or elucidate. Its sleight of tongue can hide a message from members of the larger culture, or feed it to them on the sly. It is, necessarily, the language of double entendre: The slaves who uttered those words were not just gazing longingly into the firmament, but picturing a homecoming they intended to experience during their lifetime.

The scene of redemption could have been a free state in the northern United States, or it could have been Canada or the continent of Africa. Many a slave master must have dismissed the ditties and dirges of his bondmen and bondwomen as wishful thinking, as cryptic pleas for 80 SPOKEN SOUL the deliverance of death, or as quaint noise-making, never suspecting that his singing slaves were tacitly resisting psychological bondage, concealing subversive messages, possibly plotting uprisings or escape.

Makers of black music have always defined themselves, with the gloss of Spoken Soul, in terms of who they were to become once they had reached the Other Side. Whether the Other Side was seen as a trouble-free afterlife or an earthly life of liberation, a wistful paradise or a destination well worth holding on for or throwing down for in this world, black folk have always used their music to project themselves into a place where they are in control, where they do not have their humanity gouged out for their having been born black, where they overcome, or get even: These are powerful Christian ideas, and Jackson expresses them with every ounce of her sanctified self.

But not all representations of the Other Side have been as pious. It was the blues: Singers, Toasters, and Rappers 81 Now when I was a young boy, at the age of five, Ma mutha said I was gon be the greatest man alive. I spell M, A child, N That represent man! Complimentary remarks may be delivered in a left-handed fashion. A particular utterance may be an insult in one context and not in another.

What pretends to be informative may intend to be persuasive. Superficially, self-abasing remarks are frequently self-praise. The hearer is thus constrained to attend to all potential meaning carrying symbolic systems in speech events—the total universe of discourse.

The toast is a narrative poem that is recited, often in a theatrical manner, and represents the greatest flowering of Negro verbal talent. Toasts are often long, lasting anywhere from two to ten minutes. They conform to a general but by no means binding framing pattern. This consists of some sort of picturesque or exciting introduction, action alternating with dialogue because the action is some kind of struggle between two people or animals , and a twist ending of some sort, either a quip, an ironic comment, or a brag.

One version of this toast begins: Gonna send you up the river. I got a brother in Sing Sing doing ninety-nine. Shine is the first to notice the water coming in after the boat runs up against an iceberg, but his initial attempts to address the situation are all rebuffed by the captain, overconfident about his vessel and disdainful of this black boiler-room boat-hand.

Eventually, Shine leaps overboard and begins to swim: Shine took off his shirt, took a dive. He took one stroke And the water pushed him like it pushed a motorboat. Take off your shirt and swim like me. Shine swims on, besting a shark in the open sea and making it to shore, where, it is said, he gets himself good and soused by the time the Titanic goes under. Shine possesses the superhuman abilities typical of many toast protagonists.

It was said of Dolomite: Now Dolomite had an uncle called Sudden Death, killed a dozen bad men from the smell of his breath. For black men, who have been physically and psychologically castrated during their North American internment, assertions of manhood—of strength, potency, and bravado—must be larger than life. The badmen of toasts thus represent irreverent heroes of redemptive proportions. Remember, no creation in the Spoken Soul universe emerges from a vacuum. Others offer a more complex scenario. This glossary is forever morphing, constantly reinventing itself, bumping off words that were considered tony just the other day but that have now been mainstreamed and co-opted by Madison Avenue to hawk everything from cereal to soda pop.

Any MC who wishes to maintain street validity had better be able to wield the most contemporary slang. And black urban youngsters follow artists who roam the world implied by the neighborhood language of black urban youngsters. It is a tribute to the resilience of a people who resisted annihilation for centuries, then came out swinging, bebopping, and now hiphopping, that they are able, with each new generation, to reinvent themselves artfully using the same essential mortar.

And if the students in that audience had listened, really listened, to their own music, perhaps they would have discovered not only the lingering growl of Muddy Waters and wail of Mahalia Jackson, but the talk of the spirituals as well. But if the Rolling Stones flattered the language of our black ancestors with constant imitation, why must the direct heirs to that language disparage it on the street?

Why indeed, when the next hip-hop generation busies itself sampling and resampling James Brown, and the parlance of soul still crowns the pop charts? It is rebellious and outside rule-based language. Africanized English has a consistent structure and rules.

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Please do not confuse street slang with Africanized English. The verb can be moved to the front only if the subject of the sentence is a negative quantifier such as nobody or nothing. If the subject is not a negative quantifier—say, John or the boy—the rule does not apply. It is these conventional and systematic ways of using language that we refer to as rules. Every human language and dialect studied to date—whether loved or hated, prestigious or not—has regularities or rules of this type.

Characterizations of the former as careless or lazy, and of the latter as careful or refined, are subjective social and political evaluations that reflect prejudices and preconceptions about the people who usually speak each variety. In contrast, linguists try, as objectively as possible, to understand and reveal the systematic regularities that every language inevitably possesses. That is our goal in this chapter and the next, beginning with the vocabulary and pronunciation of Spoken Soul, and then considering its grammar.

Whereas pronunciation and grammar vary less than vocabulary from one region to Vocabulary and Pronunciation 93 another, they tend to vary more by social class. And because of their impact on verbal expression and literacy, they loom large when we consider the education of African American children. Vocabulary The claim that Ebonics has no dictionary see the first comment at the beginning of this chapter is incorrect. Since there have been two authoritative guides: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner a revised and expanded edition of which will appear in Add to this dozens of scholarly articles and a number of book-length studies, including J.

Since vocabulary, especially slang, is always changing, new studies will always be needed. But we know enough from existing studies to make a number of generalizations. One of the many fascinating features of black vocabulary is how sharply it can divide blacks and whites, and how solidly it can connect blacks from different social classes. In , sociologist Teresa Labov published a study that examined the extent to which adolescents used and understood eighty-nine slang terms. That the black respondents knew the black terms is significant: In , Robert L.

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Good, excellent, great, fine. The day, usually in mid to late June, when African Americans celebrate emancipation from enslavement; originally June 19, , the date enslaved Africans in Texas learned they had been freed. Hair at the nape of the neck, inclined to be the most curly kinky and thus the hardest part of straightened hair to keep from going back. Vocabulary and Pronunciation 95 Tom, Uncle Tom: For women, Aunt Thomasina, Aunt Jane. A very light-complexioned African American.

Of course, bad and yelluh, which have crossed over into general usage, differ in this regard from other words on the list. In , for example, a survey of thirty-five blacks and thirty-five whites revealed that blacks were far more familiar with cut-eye and suck-teeth, words for visual and oral gestures, respectively, that express annoyance or anger at the person to whom they are directed.

Twenty-three of the blacks 94 percent but only four of the whites 11 percent were familiar with cut-eye; twenty-four of the blacks 69 percent were familiar with suck-teeth, but only one of the whites 3 percent was. When the multivolume Dictionary of American Regional English DARE was being prepared in the s, an even larger survey was conducted in which 2, American informants—representing various races, age groups, and education levels—participated. Like suck-teeth, these are translations into English of literal and metaphorical expressions in West African languages e.

When it comes to slang, which overlaps to some extent with the other categories e. There are ghetto realities that most middle-class teenagers simply have no contact with. Some of those terms just not part of my life. Run down some lines he done never heard! As noted by Clarence Major: Black slang is a living, breathing form of expression that changes so quickly no researcher can keep up with it. A word or phrase can come into existence to mean one thing among a limited number of speakers in a particular neighborhood and a block away it might mean something else or be unknown entirely—at least for a while.

Vocabulary and Pronunciation 97 The regional and rapidly changing aspects of slang account for the variations in vocabulary that people notice between East Coast and West Coast not to mention southern and midwestern rap. Both dictionaries, for instance, include player. However, both terms appear in the edition of Black Talk.

Claude Brown confronted the changing nature of slang back in Junkies were very fond of the word and used it literally to describe what was a perpetual condition with them. The word was pictorial and pointed; therefore it caught on quickly in Soulsville across the country. James Baldwin remarked on this in Now, I do not know what white Americans would sound like if there had never been any black people in the United States, but they would not sound the way they sound. Jazz, for example, is a very specific sexual term, as in jazz me, baby, but white people purified it into the Jazz Age.

And in , Hampton University professor Margaret Lee listed more than sixty black expressions that had crossed over into mainstream newspaper use, including chill out; threads; all that; boom-shakalaka; main squeeze; you go, girl; high-five; homeboy; soulmate; and got game. Although many blacks complain about white and mainstream adoption of black slang, new slang terms that provide secrecy and reflect rebelliousness are constantly being created within the black community. Furthermore, as Clarence Major reminds us, the process of diffusion is not just normal, but unavoidable: This evolution from private to public is not only essential to the vitality at the crux of slang, but inevitable.

By this I mean, African-American slang is not only a living language for black speakers but for the whole country, as evidenced by its popularity decade after decade since the beginning of American history. The most recent example of this popularity is rap and hip-hop during the s and s. Spoken soul is distinguished from slang primarily by the fact that the former lends itself easily to conventional English, and the latter is diametrically opposed to adaptations within the realm of conventional English.

Brown was not a linguist, and most of the article in which he wrote this was about slang. But he did realize that the system represented by black pronunciation was a more fundamental part of Vocabulary and Pronunciation 99 Spoken Soul. There are specific phonetic traits. To the soulless ear, the vast majority of these sounds are dismissed as incorrect usage of the English language. To those so blessed as to have had bestowed upon them at birth the lifetime gift of soul, these are the most communicative and meaningful sounds ever to fall upon human ears: In these cases, what linguists call a diphthong a twovowel sequence involving a glide from an ah-like vowel to an ee-like vowel, is produced as a long monophthong a single vowel without the glide to ee.

Like many other pronunciation features of Spoken Soul, this monophthongal pronunciation is characteristic of southern white speech, as shown by the first entry in a popular little glossary entitled How to Speak Southern: The things you see with, and the personal pronoun denoting individuality. It is possible that in these as in other cases e. The fact that it is southern white speech that most resembles black speech is probably not an accident, and some observers have explicitly attributed the features of southern white speech to black influence, most recently linguists Erik R.

Thomas and Guy Bailey: Campbell , Barker , Jackson and Davis , and Cash all report that White children on plantations often adopted features from the slave children who were their playmates. Feagin uses such historical evidence as a basis for postulating that African American influence promulgated r-lessness among whites in the South. It is important to remember that on smaller plantations and farms where the vast majority of slaveholders lived , the owner and his family often worked alongside slaves in the fields.

Moreover, after the Civil War, Whites often fell victim to the system of tenancy so that in many cases Blacks and Whites worked alongside each other as tenant farmers. In at least some cases, blacks who influenced southern white speech in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries might have been transmitting features their ancestors in turn had acquired from English, Irish, and Scots-Irish indentured servants and peasant settlers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, better preserved by them for a variety of historical reasons.

Compare East Indians in Guyana, who acquired deep Guyanese Creole from the newly emancipated Africans when the former group first came to what was then British Guiana as indentured servants in the s. Today, because East Indians are more heavily represented in the peasant farming areas where deep Creole speech thrives, they are statistically more likely to exemplify it than are the more urban descendants of the Africans. But despite mutual influence between blacks and whites, it would be a mistake to assume that black and white pronunciations are identical, even in the South. Thomas and Bailey in fact point to two other features of vowel pronunciation distinguishing blacks and whites, even those from the same area.

One is the pronunciation of the a phonetically [e] in name, state, pay, say, baby, slaves, and similar words and the o phonetically [o] in go, so, no, home, and similar words , as pure monophthongs, or words with little variation or change in sound from beginning to end. Ex-slaves born in the s and s had this feature, in common with older African Americans born Vocabulary and Pronunciation before World War I and Caribbean English Creole speakers.

White Americans born in the s and s did not have this feature, displaying a more diphthongal pronunciation, in which the tongue rises at the end. In a recent study, nearly 70 percent of black Texans began the diphthong of thousand with a nonfront pronunciation, while less than 20 percent of white Texans did. The issue of whether blacks can be distinguished from whites by the sound of their voices alone came to national attention during the O. Simpson murder trial in Los Angeles. In a dramatic moment, the jury and the witness were asked to leave the courtroom, and Mr.

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Cochran angrily explained the basis of his objection: I resent that [as] a racist statement. This statement about whether he sounds black or white is racist and I resent it and that is why I stood and objected. And I think it is totally improper in America [that] at this time. However, as linguist John McWhorter has noted in a recent book: Cochran got away with murder on that one.

Most Americans, and especially black ones, can almost always tell that a person is black even on the phone, and even when the speaker is using standard English sentences. The evidence lies in more than a dozen studies that have been conducted over the past three decades showing that listeners are able to identify accurately the ethnicity of black and white speakers on the basis of tape-recorded samples of their speech, some less than 2.

The overall accuracy of identification is typically between 80 and 90 percent in these studies, and the pronunciation cues in SPOKEN SOUL many cases the speakers are using identical Standard English grammar include differences in vowel quality of the type described above, and other features.

The speech of highly educated black speakers was identified much less accurately in early studies by researchers Richard Tucker and Wallace Lambert around 50 percent , and Roger Shuy 8 to 18 percent. Take, for instance, the fact that blacks place the stress on the first rather than the second syllable, as in POlice and HO-tel, or the fact that blacks especially older ones delete the unstressed initial and medial syllables in words like a bout, be cause, a fraid, and sec re t a ry more often than whites do. Moreover, it is often the pronunciation of consonants that distinguishes the speech of blacks from the speech of other ethnic groups in the United States, quantitatively as well as qualitatively.

The first is that it was widespread in British English in earlier times. These processes are found also in the speech of whites and other ethnic groups, but they tend to occur more often in black vernacular speech, and they sometimes affect r between vowels as in Ca[r]ol , unlike other dialects. What all this talk about consonant deletions and replacements tends to miss is the fact that these processes are highly systematic, and not the careless or haphazard pronunciations that observers often mistake them for.

In order to produce the correct vernacular pronunciations in each case, speakers of Spoken Soul have to attend to whether the corresponding Standard English pronunciations are voiced or voiceless. Voiced or voiceless, you say? The consonants s and z are identical sounds, except that s is voiceless and z is voiced. The consonants s, f, p, t, and k among others are voiceless, and z, v, b, d, and g among others are voiced. Although grammar books tell you that you simply add s or es to the end of a word to form a regular English plural, the rule holds true only for writing.

The unconscious but very regular rule for simplifying consonant clusters by deleting the final consonant at the end of a word applies only if both or all three consonants are voiceless as in test or voiced as in hand. Of course, all good rules have exceptions compare oxen and sheep as English plurals. Spoken Soul is no exception, but even the exceptions are regular. Many colloquial dialects of English have similar rules for consonant cluster simplification, but Spoken Soul applies it more often than most.

The ways in which English th is pronounced in black vernacular therefore reveal in a very systematic way whether it is voiced or voiceless, even more so than English spelling does. Variation in Pronunciation As we have indicated, despite a certain cohesiveness of vocabulary use among blacks as opposed to whites, social class and other factors differentiate vocabulary even among blacks.

This is more true of pronunciation. One of the most careful studies of social-class differences in black pronunciation, conducted in Detroit by linguist Walt Wolfram more than thirty years ago, showed that while upper-middle-class professional blacks simplified their consonant clusters quite often— an average of 51 percent of the time in their recorded speech—lowerworking-class blacks unskilled workers did so even more frequently— an average of 84 percent of the time.

She had no upper-middle-class blacks in her study, but her lowermiddle-class blacks simplified their clusters 72 percent of the time, similar to the 66 percent simplification figure for the lower-middleclass blacks in Detroit whom Wolfram wrote about in But virtually all African Americans use some of the pronunciation features identified in this chapter at least some of the time, especially in their most informal moments.

Interestingly, a replication study in Detroit by linguist Walter Edwards, published in , showed similar correlations, but not always in the same way. Although age was a significant factor in the extent to which blacks used ah instead of [ay] in words like find, it was the oldest rather than the youngest age-groups who did this most often, and this was true also of r deletion after a vowel, as in store. Both concur with our own informal experiences and observations in reminding us that language use in the African American speech community, as in every other, is variable, influenced by such factors as social class, gender, social network, and style.

Note that even for such exceptions, we have to specify the linguistic environment; in Spoken Soul, as in all other language varieties, language is not random but systematic. The effect of linguistic environment we want to close with here is not qualitative, as in these cases, but quantitative. This regular symphonic variation, it should be remembered, occurs far below the level of consciousness.

A syntactic analysis, however, reveals a greatly different system. Syntax, the focus of more modern linguistics, is the area in which the analysis of Black English is most revealing. Dillard Linguistically speaking, the greatest differences between contemporary Black and White English are on the level of grammatical structure. If this is taken to mean, as it often is, that African American vernacular is unsystematic, without rules or regularities, then it is blatantly false, as we will show several times over in this chapter.

Since the s, at least there were occasional studies even earlier , scholars have produced detailed accounts of AAVE pronunciation and grammar. Two of the best-known, dealing with black speech in New York City and Detroit, were conducted in and , respectively. Now, as is true of most languages and dialects, much remains to be discovered and published about the linguistic features or attributes of black vernacular. We must acknowledge from the start that AAVE shares an array of grammatical features with mainstream English and other dialects. In fact, as linguists Stefan Martin and Walt Wolfram point out in a recent article: The distinctiveness of AAVE does not particularly reside in the structure of its sentences.

Plural formation is really an aspect of inflectional morphology—the different forms words take to show grammatical relationships—rather than of sentence structure, but it illustrates the same point. Take, for instance, the elementary rule that says you add s to most nouns to form the plural—that is, to refer to more than one person, place, or thing. AAVE speakers sometimes ditch the plural s, but not often 1 to 10 percent of the time, in studies to date. In the passage above, girls and kids hold fast to the final s. AAVE has other ways of marking plurality, as with dem.

In getting rid of thirdperson s, you might think of AAVE as making the rules of English more regular, or as an advocate for equal opportunity: The multimillionaire television star looked the stranded traveler deep in the eyes and said in her best down-home accent: For Foxy Boston and Tinky Gates, another East Palo Alto teenager we have recorded in multiple interviews, the rate was even higher—97 and 96 percent, respectively. This one day, Nito came over to that girl house.

As in many pidgin and creole languages—produced by fusing and simplifying two or more languages when their speakers come in contact see chapter 8 —the possessor comes immediately before the thing possessed. We pointed out earlier that AAVE speakers rarely toss out the plural s. A group of working-class teenagers in New York, for example, did so be- Grammar tween 57 and 72 percent of the time. For Tinky and Foxy, the rate was 53 and 86 percent, respectively. The verb be is one of the most celebrated features of Spoken Soul. Be comes in two basic flavors: For now we want to focus on the second, invariant be.

There are a few different kinds of invariant be in AAVE. Teresa and them be like. Each piece has its place and its purpose, and reacts predictably with other pieces to create the collage we call conversation. Indeed, we can prove that invariant be is not random, because it minds its grammatical manners. People are stone crazy! Zero copula provides a clear demonstration that the grammar of Spoken Soul is systematic and rule-governed. To begin with, there are some copula forms that cannot be left out. You were a thousand miles away. As with most rules of spoken language, no AAVE speaker has ever been taught these things formally, and few speakers could spell them out for you unless, perhaps, they had learned them in a linguistics course.

But AAVE speakers follow them, almost religiously, in their daily speech. She was up under a tree. Soul speakers from New York to Detroit to Atlanta to Los Angeles are remarkably similar in terms of how often they delete the forms of the copula that can be deleted basically, unstressed is and are. See the chart below, which showed how often zero copula was observed in recordings with different groups of AAVE speakers across the country. For each group, copula deletion was least frequent before a noun, more frequent with a following adjective, and most frequent with a following gon na.

Been is an unstressed form, lacking in the stress that speakers put into BEEN. I been playing cards since I was four. Bomb He been doin it since we was teenagers, and he still doin it. Johnny The differences between been in Black English and has been or have been in Standard English are sometimes discernible in the kinds of verbs and adverbs with which they can be linked. Johnny uses been with knowing in the following sentence, where a speaker of Standard English would use have known: I been knowing her for twenty years.

An example occurs in A. She BEEN tell me that. The contrast is clear in this sentence, in which Philadelphian Johnny Guitar alternates between the two forms: Oh yeah—you mean the fruit seller? I BEEN know that guy. And without being able to talk about Escape, a CBS show that broad- cast adaptions of horror tales by H. Wells, John Collier, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Algernon Blackwood.

Nor can I mention the show wherein an enor- mous, loathsome For puzzlers without a cum laude degree in Twilight Zone trivia, the most difficult clues are bol- stered by references to the TZ issues containing the necessary information. The solution appears on page Francis was just another dummy; two words TZ June '81 7. The royal or editorial This monarch won't return TZ July '81 The heat produced by a slot machine TZ May '81 Liveliness and grace Where the Shadow lies TZ March '82 Can man Johnson Angel of Mercy What Genie inspires TZ May '82 Joe Caswell's end TZ June '81 He led China's Great March, His films are all tinglers 49, You don't!

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Within the bounds of good manners; clothed Liz Montgomery was one TZ October '81 Who laughs last What the zookeeper does for the bears Episode in which three spacemen get their wish TZ May ' Actress Lee, in A Short Drink. TZ October '82 Where to put the Piano TZ January '82 TZ February '82 His name is Simon TZ September '82 One who poxes around 44, Solar Science ficticner William F, Writes notes in TZ; abbrev. The head to revisit TZ November '81 Where to keep the cash In other words The Dummy s man TZ February '82 Your basic information; initials His world was incredible TZ June '82 Earl of Jess-b elle Delivery man, for short A formal promise 74, Alien gourmet TZ January '82 Respectful address, in Tokyo Launched; tvro words Clarke's berserk computer This is wrong This one or one unknown TZ January '82 Pal, in Paris This one is iTiade up of phantoms TZ October '82 She serves drinks 20, feet up TZ July-August '83 A of Pool What Richard Christian is to Richard As in previous years, the contest is limited to previously unpublished writers.

All entries must be original works of fiction, two thousand words or less.

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There is no minimum length. The contest is open only to those who have never haiJ fiction published professionally; all those who have received monetary payment for a piece of published fiction of whatever length but not including poetry and plays are. Entries must be typewritten, with the' writer's name, address, and telephone number on the first page.

All entries to be considered must include a stamped, self-addressed envelope for return of the manuscript. Please note that we cannot acknowledge entries on receipt. Writers may submit one entry only. All non-prize-winning entries will nonetheless be considered for publication in the magazine.

The contest closes September 1, And it can hold you back from really living. With Dianetics, you can rewrite your life script by examining the power your Reactive Mind fias over you. You will learn hciw to gain control of the enemy within, and change your life pattern into a positive, spontaneous adventure in joyful, healthy living. Gain control of your life through Dianetics. Move onto a new plateau of self awareness and really achieve your personal goals.

After all, life's an adventure. Isn't it about time you explored a new frontier? Wherever paperbacks are sold. Date Bridgm PubtieaUona, Inc. TZ45 , North Catalina Street. Donald Sutherland Is one of those chameleonesque actors who can change colors to fit many and various roles. So well that he is very touchy on the subject "I don't want people thinking of me as a flake," he said. Born in New Brunswick, Canada, the son of a Goodyear tire salesman and a mathematics teacher, Donald Sutherland moved to England in to pursue a career in acting. He enrolled in the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts, touring the countryside with provincial repertory companies before establishing himself as a film actor.

Although many believe the tall, soft-spoken actor made his film debut in Robert Aldrich's The Dirty Dozen in , the truth is that Sutherland's first film roles were parts in low-budget horror movies. How is it that a classically trafned actor started his film career in movies like Castle of the Living Dead!

Unlike theater, in which an actor can play a multitude of roles, a young actor who is just starting out is usually typecast by his looks. The only roles I seemed to be offered were homicidal artists. What was Castle of the Living Dead like? All 1 remember is that I played a dual role. Then in you made an Amicus film called Dr. Terror's House of Horrors, which was directed by Freddie Francis. Yes, in those days actors in England worked for the most part in the horror genre because those were the only films being made regularly.

In that one I played a newlywed husband who discovers that his wife is a vampire. Standard stuff, but lots of fun, and at the time Laurie Anderson blends a twilight zone with pop Dozens of readers sent us the above headline around a year ago it's from the Chicago Tribune , but we never ran it in Etc. And what, pray tell, was a "performance artist"? However, it now seems that everyone eise in the world does know who she is, and TZ film chronicler Jim Verniere just phoned to say that a lengthy musical composition of hers will be featured in The Keep, the horror movie previewed in our last issue and rescheduled for release this fall.

I was grateful for any work I could get. In the beginning I think I averaged about fifteen-hundred dollars a year as an actor. Your next foray into the horriDr genre was in a Hammer film written by Richard Matheson called Fanatic [American title: What was it like working with Tallulah Bankhead? I remember my first d. I was in the dressing room when in walked Miss Bankhead without a stitch of clothing. She said, "What's the matter with you? Haven't you ever seen a blonde before? You didn't make another genre film until Don't Look Now in , a film that has since become a cult classic.

Why wasn't it well received when it opened? Paramount killed it, and so did The Exorcist, which had opened at about the same time. Part of the reason Paramount didn't support it is because Warren [Beatty] was not terribly happy with Julie [Christie]. Was that because of the torrid, almost X-rated love scene you and Miss Christie had ir the film?

That's an old boys' intrigue that we won't get into. Given the general failure of sequels and remakes, why did you agree to do an update of Invasion of the Body Snatchers? Because the script was good and the director was a man of vision. Those are the only reasons I ever work in a film. My career has been designed for someone who wants to work with directors. I've always worked with the most interesting directors or the best leading ladies. So far I've been very lucky. The following piece, by Robert M. F'rice, is reprinted from his privately published magazine Crypt of Cthulhu, devoted to the life and works of H.

As fans of horror-: After all, why quibble if Wilmarth can quote verbatim entire letters from memory in "The Whisperer in Darkness"? But at some point we really have to draw the line. We refer, of course, to those which break off in midscream with the narrator's grisly doom. There is nothing untoward about such a device per se, but tfiese narrators seem to be as addicted to writing as we are to reading. They perish pen in hand, their death rattle committed to paper. A few examples will demonstrate how horror shades unvVittingly into humor: I near a poise at the door, as of some immense slippery body lumbering against it.

It shall not find me. What beings at the window! But I will fight — I must, until I can tell you what the creature told me— what it plans to let loose on the world when it has me utterly enslaved. Get your hands—" —Robert Bloch, "The Mannikin. What they really are is fingerprints! Lovecraft, "The Diary of Alonzo Typer. No, because according to the story's "frame," the narrative is all contained in his diary.

And this is the problem with all these story endings. They are part of written documents. And even if someone were writing when some horror came upon him, he would drop quill or Bic long before these narrators do. The silliest of the bunch, and therefore the best example, is the ending of Frank Belknap Long's "The Hounds of Tindalos": They are breaking through! Smoke is pouring from the corners df the wall. Their tongues — ahhh —. There is really quite a simple expedient available to any writer who still wishes to use this hackneyed device.

So far as we can tell, August Derleth is among the few to use it, in a scene from "The 'Shuttered Room": This frightened voice is being heard over the phone. The poor devil is calling for help, but it is too late. Now how much imagination could this have taken? Help, oh, my Gawd! A telephone is not even the only way to present this; there are always tape recorders and dictaphones.

It can't be that difficult to work them into the narrative. From now on, let's hope that horror- fantasy writers will show a little more. What's that coming out of the garbage disposal — eeeeyahh! Interviewer Peter Cannon reports; The New Enjjiand foliage was mag- nificent when, in the fall of , I jour- neyed to Provicence, Rhode Island, to visit Howard Philliics Lovecraft , the greatest American author of horror and fantasy since Edgar Alton Poe, in his day, Lovecraft was perhaps the most popular contributor to Weird Tates, the legendary pulp magazine that published the bulk of his work.

In the best of his brooding, atmospheric fiction, he avoid- ed the ghostly cliches arto succeeded in putting superriatural dread on a truly cosmic scale. His groundbreaking stories, particutarty those of the so-called "Cthulhu Mythoii" cycle, and his own personal generosity and widsom, have inspired a host of younger writers, both during his lifetime and today. The square Georgian house had a monitor rcof, classic doorway with fan carving, smoit-paned windows, arto ail the other earmarks of early nine- teenth-century workmanship, inside were six-paneled doo's, wide floorboards, a curving colonial staircase, white Adam- period mantels, cjnd a rear set of rooms three steps below the general level.

His study, a large southwest chamber, over- looked the fron" garden on one side, while its west windows— before one of wNch he had his desk— faced off from the brow of the hill and commanded a splendid view ol the lower town's out- spread roofs and of the mystical sunsets that flamed beh nd them. Yes, at sunset T often sit at my- desk and gaze dreamily off at the out- spread west— the dark towers of Me- morial Hall just below pointing , the Georgian courthouse belfry, the lofty pinnacles of the downtown section, and that shimmering, spire-crowned mound in the distance.

You've written, "I am Providence, and Providence is myself," and your fondness for your native city shows in such tales as "The Shunned House," "The Call of Cthulhu," and the recent "Haunter of the Dark. HPL after a pause ; 1 have found from experience that Providence is the only place where I can be content. The soil and air are in my blood and cell-struc- ture, and I have come to recognize myself as of the type that cannot live apart from its sources and background —in a word, the essential provincial as opposed to the cosmopolitan.

What is it about the place that you especially like? One comes to iove all the old lanes and the old buildings: That is Old Providence, the towri that gave me birth and in which I have lived all but two of my forty-six years. What sort of life would you have preferred? To have been born in Devon- shire in , just two hundred years before I actually saw t ie light in Provi- dence. I would have lived as a country squire of liberal tastes, visited London occasionally, and been a Tory in politics.

If living at the time of the American war, I would have advo- cated liberal measures with the colo- nies, but stern military measures once they actually repudiated their rightful sovereign. As far as your own stories are concerned, however, you seem to pre- fer New England to the old. One of my very tamest and mildest effusions. There are some who'd disagree! At any rate, the story has a detailed description of Boston's North End.

Does such a quaint, colonial neighbor- hood actually exist? This region used to be a good deal more picturesque than it is now, and the sinister alley described in the story was more or less literally based on a real alley which zigzagged peculiarly up from Commercial Street to Charter Street, not so very far from Copp's Hill. I was tremendously morti- fied in when 1 tried to show the district to one of my guests, and found the whole scene tom down for two blocks around! That is the perennial grief of an archi- tectural antiquarian: You succeed in imbuing your New England locales with a certain air of wonder.

In that sense, I suppose, you're not strictly realistic. Yes, my New England is a dream New England— the familiar scene with certain lights and shadows heightened just enough to merge it with things be- yond the world. That, I fancy, is the problem of everyone working in an artistic medium— to take a known set- ting and restore to it, in vivid fresh- ness, all the accumulated wonder and beauty it has produced in its long continuous history.

You seem to be acutely sensitive to visual beauty. I am above all else scenic and ar- chitectural in my tastes. It might quite justly be said that the only genuine motivating element in my existence is a quest for novel adventures in landscape, panorama, and lighting effects: Does man have a place in this aesthetic picture? HPL shakes his head: The cosmos is simply a perpetual rearrangement of electrons which is constantly seething, as it always has been and always will be.

Our tiny globe and puny thoughts are but one momentary incident in its eternal mutation— so that the life, aims, and thoughts of mankind are of the ut- most triviality and ridiculousness. A rather bleak philosophy! And yet your own enthusiasms are obvious- ly quite strong. What were your earli- est interests? At the age of two I was abso- lutely meter-mad! I could not read, but would repeat any poem of simple sort with unfaltering cadence. You mean things like nursery rhymes? Mother Goose was my principal classic.

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And you finally learned to read— HPL: When you were four years old. I was able to read fluently, and was a tireless student of the dic- tionary, never allowing a. The mellowed tomes of the family library became my complete world. I read everything, understood a little, and imagined more. I lived mostly in a medieval world of imagination. I gather that you lost your father when you were quite young. What memories do you have of him? My image of him is vague, I can just recall his extremely precise and cul- tivated British voice and his immaculate black morning-coat and vest, ascot tie, and wing collars— left all too immacu- late by his early illness and death.

Who took care of you afterward, aside from your mother? My beloved grandfather, Whip- ple Van Buren Phillips, became the center of my entire universe. What was he like? A man of culture and extensive travel. His acquaintance with all the wonders of Europe, which he had seen at first hand, made me feel almost as if I had seen them myself. In the spring of he passed away as the result of an apoplectic stroke, and I was never afterward the same.

His death brought financial di- saster, besides its more serious grief. My mother and I were forced to vacate the beautiful estate at Angell Street, and to enter the less spacious abode at , three blocks eastward. Where shortly afterward, I under- stand, you also lost your maternal grandmother. Her death plunged the household into a gloom from which it never fully recovered.

I began to have nightmares of the most hideous de- scription, peopled with things which I called "night-gaunts. Where do you suppose you got the idea for these creatures? Perhaps from an edition de luxe of Paradise Lost with illustrations by Dore, which I discovered one day in the east parlor. You depict this night-gaunt image vividly in one of your Fungi from Yug- goth sonnets.

Did the mad sorceror referred to in your stories, Abdul Alhazred, have a childhood source as well? And what of your fictional book of spells, the Necronomiconl HPL: The name "Abdul Alhazred" is one which some adult devised for me when I was five years old and eager to be an Arab after reading the Arabian Nights. Years later I thought it would be fun to use it as the name of a forbidden-book author. The name Necronomicon occurred to me in the course of a dream.

What did you do for fun as a child? My leading pleasures were books, pictures, walks in ancient places, museums, writing, music until my violin experience soured me on the latter , and such playing with other children as involved the making-up and acting-out of plots. TZ; So you did get along with other children socially. I was not, like many neurotic and bookish children, essen- tially solitary by nature. I liked to play war and Indian and policeman and railway man and all that, though I could not abide a mere game which in- volved no imagination.

Baseball, foot- ball and all that simply left me cold. My own headaches and nervous irritability and exhaustion- tendency begin as early as my existence itself. But outside of all this— HPL laughs: Yeah, outside of this I was quite okay! How about your schooling? School had to be irregular. In I should have entered Brown Uni- versity, but the broken state of my health rendered the idea absurd.

As an adult, did your health improve? My health improved vastly and rapidly, though without any ascertain- able cause, about Which would put you in your early thirties. But obviously none of this prevented you from doing a good deal of writing all along. In fact, weren't you first published as a teenager? What sort of piece was it?

In August, , I commenced a series of monthly astronomical articles in the Providence Tribune, and began to contribute miscellany to the Paw- tuxet Valley Cleaner, a country paper which my mother's family had taken years before, when they lived at HPL at twenty-five. What was behind this early in- terest in science? Cosmic mystery was always my goal, in one way or another. Then why the switch to writing? I saw that the pen would get me a bigger slice of it than would the more exacting telescope, mathematical for- mula, or laboratory.

What was your first published story? Oh, yes, the serial for that short-lived magazine called Home Brew. How does it strike you now? But a year later you found a more congenial outlet— HPL nods: What's this about your being offered its editorship? Tiie new owner at that time, Henneberger, said it would be "right in my line," and he wanted to know if I would consider moving to Chicago to edit it. I could hardly contemplate moving to ugly, modern, crassly repel- lent Chicago without a shiver.

My wife wouldn't have minded living in Chi- cago at all, but it is colonial atmos- phere which supplies my very breath of life. You mentioned your wife, Sonia Greene, a friend in the amateur press. Why didn't things work out? HPL after a pause: I mistook super- ficial for basic congeniality. Small simi- larities did no: Instead, the reverse process occurred in both cases— aided, no doubt, by financial insecurity.

TZ; And so, after two years, you broke up. The Su- perior Court of Providence County was permitted to exercise its corrective and divisive function, and the old gentleman was ceremoniously re- enthroned in a dour celibate dignity. My household is now presided over by my sole surviving aunt— my only close relative. If you dcn't mind my asking, what is your attitude toward sex? Before you were married, for instance, did you and your fiancee. HPL; In these transitional days the luckiest persons are those of sluggish eroticism who can cast aside the whole muddled business and watch the squirming of the primitive majority from the sidelines with ironic detach- ment.

I never thought premarital expe- rience worth the attendant ignomini- ousness, and doubt very much if I was the loser thereby. During the brief period of your marriage in the mid-twenties, you lived in New York C: How did you view your one home. Could you elaborate a bit? HPL opening an issue of Weird Tales and reading ahud: Has your attitude mellowed any with lime?

Hov' does that period ap- pear to you now? With all the drawbaccs, that era of is not without its idyllic glamor. The long informal siissions at various ren- 24 Twilight Zone dezvous — the complete disregard of the clock — the spirited weekly meetings— the then burning issues and no less burning arguments— the bookshops and the tours of exploration — surely they glow with a golden light in the perspective of eleven long years.

That age was the last of youth for our gen- eration, the last years in which we could feel that curious sense of the im- portance of things, and that vague, heartening spur of adventurous expec- tancy, which distinguish the morning and noon from the altemoon of life. Have your political views changed as well?

You once turned out right- wing essays in your amateur journal The Conservative, but I hear you're now sympathetic to President Roose- velt and his policies. I used to be a hide-bound Tory simply for traditional and antiquarian reasons— and because 1 had never done any real thinking on civics and in- dustry and the future The Depression jolted me out of my lethargy and led me to reexamine the facts of history in the light of unsentimental scientific analysis; and it was not long before I realized what an ass I had been.

The liberals at whom I us'sd to laugh were the ones who were right, for they were living at the present while 1 had been living in the past. They had been using science whilst 1 had been using roman- tic antiquarianism. Well, I was convi;rted at last, and in the spring of took the left-wing side of social and pclitical arguments for the first time in a long life.

So to- day 1 am a New Dealer— perfectly con- scious of the waste ani.! You musn't think much of the Republicans at this pcint. How can one regard seriously a frightened, greedy, nostalgic huddle of tradesmen and lucky idlers who shut their eyes to history and science, steel their emotions against decent human sympathy, cling to sordid and provin- cial ideals exalting sheer acquisitive- ness and condoning artificial hardship for the non-materially shrewd, dwell smugly and sentimentally in a dis- torted dream-cosmos of outmoded phrases and principles and attitudes fjased on the bygone agricultural- handicraft world, and revel in con- sciously or unconsciously mendacious assumptions, such as the notion that real liberty is synonymous with the single detail of unrestricted economic license, utterly contrary to fact and without the slightest foundation in human experience?

Intellectually, the Republican idea deserves the tolerance and respect one gives to the dead. Before our readers take this for a political journal, we'd better get back to your writing career. Who would you say was your biggest influence? Poe has probably influenced me more than any other one person. If I have ever been able to approximate his kind of thrill, it is only because he himself paved the way by creating a whole atmosphere and method which lesser men can follow with relative ease.

Poe is indisputably the one great literary figure of the United States, and is likely to remain so. If I ever acquire any kind of fortune, one of my first extravagances will be some genuine Poe autograph letters. Which tales of his are your favorites? Poe's supreme tale is, to me, "The Fall of the House of Usher. Valdemar" is full of breathless anticipation up to the last hideous cataclysm. Found in a Bottle" and the later parts of "Arthur Gordon Pym" have a strange and po- tent aura of mystery and expectancy, and there are touches in "Metzenger- stein" which few besides Poe could achieve.

In the realm of sheer, somber, prose-poetry, uniting horor and beau- ty, nothing could excel "The Masque of the Red Death," "Silence, a Fable," and "Shadow, a Parable. Dunsany has influenced me more than anyone else except Poe. His rich language, his cosmic point of view, his remote dream-world, and his exquisite sense of the fantastic, all appeal to me more than anything else in modem lit-.

My first encounter with him, in the autumn of , gave an im- mense impetus to my writing— perhaps the greatest it has ever had. How would you rank your own work? I make no claim to membership in the first rank of weird writers — a rank represented by Poe among the dead, and by Arthur Machen, Alger- non Blackwood, Walter de la Mare, Lord Dunsany, and Montague Rhodes James among the living.

How do you rate the contem- porary authors you just mentioned? It is safe to say that Blackwood is the greatest living weirdist despite vast unevenness and a poor prose style. Machen, with an incomparably superior style, comes next. Dunsany— with the greatest style of all— could probably top them all if he would stick to the relatively serious vein manifest in A Dreamer's Tale.

My ideal weird author would be a kind of synthesis of the atmospheric in- tensity of Poe, the cosmic range and luxuriant invention of Dunsany, the bottom-touching implications of Machen, and the breathlessly convinc- ing unrealism of Blackwood. What do you consider the greatest single weird tale? Little is said — everything is suggested. If you don't consider yourself among the top writers, just where do you see your own place? Some of my stuff— and that of other Weird Tales hacks— may be as good as the poorer work of Blackwood and the other big-timers, since all weird writers seem to be singularly uneven.

But nobody in the Weird Tales group has ever approached the best work of the standard fantasists. It is enough for me if I can make a showing amongst the smaller fry represented in the cheap magazines. The trouble with most of my stuff is that it falls between two stools — the vile mag- azine type subconsciously engrafted on my method by Weird Tales association, and the real story.