Qualitative Strategiebewertungsmethoden: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen (German Edition)

Abschlussbericht zum Arbeitspaket 4. One aim of this project R was the analysis of the methods for the calculation of exemption values and the development of software for the calculation following the EU Principles and Methods of Radiation Protection 65 RP In this document, the development and underlying model is described. A comparison of the newly calculated values with the tabulated values of RP 65 shows a very good agreement. During the development a lot of deficiencies of the RP 65 documentation became evi-dent, precluding the expansion of the program for the calculation of new exemption values.

Especially the methods for the calculation of nuclide specific parameters could not be reproduced partly. A reliable and durable design of electronic and electrical components of a vehicle is without an adequate verification method inconceivable. Until now the supplier were responsible to verify their components on test benches. This has been found as not robust enough to deliver high quality to our customer.

Due to complex relation between the subsystems and various failure modes a new verification method has been developed. To overcome quality issues a project has been initiated to combine road load conditions, full environmental conditions with driverless actuation. Central part of the project is a small handling robot positioned in the car instead of the driver simulating the customer behaviors by actuating all electrical switches, while the vehicle is in an environmental test chamber temperature, humidity and sunload and on a 4-poster road simulator.

With an automated procedure the road loads and environmental conditions are combined with the actuation of all electrical components. With this method more complex tasks can be realized. It is now possible to simulate real world customer usage within a short time frame. Bisher wurden diese Komponenten beim Lieferanten als Einzelteil und spaeter im Entwicklungsprozess dann im Fahrzeug waehrend der Dauerlauferprobung getestet. Aufgrund der komplexen Zusammenhaenge aller Teilsysteme und der Vielfalt von Versagensarten wurde bei Ford ein neues Testverfahren, ein sog.

Key Life Test, entwickelt. Die Basis hierfuer bildet ein klimatisierter Testroboter, der. Studies on the safety of the transport of radioactive materials. Calculation of the limiting activity values - Q-model. Berechnung von Aktivitaetsgrenzwerten - Q-Modell. With this program not only the already known nuclides listed in the IAEA Transport Regulations SSR-6 should be recalculated, but one should also be able to calculate new radionuclides. Within the development of the calculation program many lacks of the documentation and problematic issues of the used so called Q system where found and are discussed in this report.

At the end some points for a possible improvement of the Q system are presented. Development of probabilistic methods for safety assessment of nuclear power plants; Weiterentwicklung probabilistischer Methoden zur Sicherheitsbeurteilung von Kernkraftwerken. We have worked out a comprehensive analytical concept for CCF event evaluation which is based on the international experience on the analysis of dependent failures and our own experiences from evaluating plant operation.

The concept was discussed with utilities in Germany and from abroad. Because of this attribute the concept is due to be used in the operational reviewing process by plant staff. We have an ongoing discussion with utilities on how to integrate this concept in practical plant site use. In addition we have recommended to adapt the main features of this concept in the PSA guideline. Evaluations in different industries reveal a strong impact of organisational and management factors on the course of severe accidents.

Because these factors cannot explicitly be measured they are not treated in a PSA today. Comprehensive development work is under way to gain an improved insight into the influence of these risk relevant factors. These activities are specifically aimed at root cause analyses of accidents, e. NPP staff should be integrated in this analysis process. Living PSA application can play an important role in this development process. Es ist daher von Kraftwerksbetreibern vorgesehen, dieses Konzept im Kraftwerksbetrieb bei der.

Modification of the method of Figgie for determination of joint line shifting in total knee arthroplasty; Modifizierung der Messmethode nach Figgie zur Bestimmung der Gelenklinienverschiebung in der Knieendoprothetik. An important factor for a good result after total knee arthroplasty is the position of the patella in relation to the tibiofemoral joint line. The position of the patella itself is not influenced by arthroplasty, therefore any changes in the position of the tibiofemoral joint line are of special interest.

The Figgie method to describe patella height delivers only absolute measurements, which makes it difficult to compare different radiographs. With this modification, problems such as tibial inlays of different heights which have to be taken into account in the measurements, the slope of the tibial component or difficult assessment of the tibial joint surface in osteoarthritic knees do not arise. The modified method also shows cranialisation of the tibiofemoral joint line, but in a realistic way. Both methods show a minimal interobserver variability. Da die Stellung der Patella durch den operativen Eingriff primaer nicht beeinflusst wird, liegt besonderes Augenmerk auf den Veraenderungen der Gelenklinie des Tibiofemoralgelenks.

Die Messmethode zur Bestimmung der Patellahoehe nach Figgie liefert dafuer nur absolute Werte, was eine Vergleichbarkeit von. Recommendations on procedures for renal function imaging; Anleitung zur Durchfuehrung der Nierenfunktionsszintigraphie. The present recommendations are based on the technical protocols of the Clinic of Nuclear Medicine at the Kantonsspital St. Gallen and do not claim to be complete or the Gold Standard.

The procedures described are not subject to discussion, but the authors attempt to give practical guidelines as orientation for users in their daily routine. Focal points are preparation and performance of the diuretic renography with furosemide to evaluate urinary outflow obstructions and scintigraphic studies under captopril for detection of renovascular hypertension.

Further subjects are the quantitative clearance measurement according to the single-sample method and, of course, the calculation of the split clearance. All of these subjects are described mainly under practical aspects, looking in particular at frequent pitfalls or wrong interpretations, but also taking into account quality assurance and data analysis.

Selected cases are presented to document the importance of renal function imaging in practice. Die vorliegende Anleitung basiert auf den Untersuchungsprotokollen der Klinik fuer Nuklearmedizin des Kantonsspitals St. Gallen und erhebt weder Anspruch auf Vollstaendigkeit noch darauf, als Goldstandard zu gelten.

Die beschriebenen Vorgehensweisen werden nicht diskutiert, sondern die Autoren versuchen, pragmatische Leitlinien zu vermitteln, an denen sich der Anwender in der taeglichen Routine orientieren kann. Schwerpunkte bilden die Vorbereitung und Durchfuehrung der so genannten Lasix-Szintigraphie zur Beurteilung der renalen Abflussverhaeltnisse und die Captopril-Szintigraphie bei der Frage. Methods for quality assurance in manufacturing; Instandhaltungs-Planung. Methoden zur Qualitaetssicherung in der Fertigung. Servicing is the generic term for inspection, maintenance and repair. Service planning is an investment in the future which will become more important with growing automisation of production plants.

Planned servicing reduces risks and protects against accidents, excessive downtime, and damage to movable property and buildings. It contains examples of planning which may serve the reader as a guide and stimulus for his or her own work. Planned servicing contributes to prolonging service life, increasing the value and ensuring maximum operability of an installation. Service planning includes the elaboration of schedules, codable operating sheets, material lists, test certificates, error reports, damage reports, and analyses of weak points.

Operators of production plants can procure these planning tools also in the form of software. Coding of different types of maintenance work, damaged parts and damage patterns terminology of defects makes it possible to call for maintenance tenders from other companies. Geplante Instandhaltung ist eine Investition fuer die Zukunft; sie wird mit der weiteren Automatisierung der Produktionsanlagen an Bedeutung gewinnen.

Die geplante Instandhaltung reduziert das Risiko und schafft Sicherheit vor Unfaellen. Energy and the future: Sustainable methods of energy use from passive architecture to fusion. Lectures; Energie und Zukunft: Zukunftsweisende Methoden der Energienutzung vom Passivhaus bis zur Fusion. In the run-up to the Kyoto conference, there is far-reaching agreement that the world energy industry needs to be reconstructed by the middle of the next century if a climate catastrophe is to be avoided. But how this goal can be reached is controversial. The risks involved are described in contributions concerned with German energy policy, the insurance sector, and scenarios for mitigating carbon dioxides on the basis of the Ikarus model.

Two papers describe the state of the art of fusion research. In the conventional energy sector, high-efficiency absorption-type refrigerators and thermal engines, and fuel conservation through low-cost passive architecture are dealt with inter alia. Other lectures report on the state of solar energy utilization and process chains in the hydrogen-based economy.

Five papers are individually listed in the Energy database. Der Weg dahin ist umstritten. Zwei Beitraege berichten ueber den Stand der Fusionsforschung. Im konventionellen Bereich geht es u. Andere Vortraege berichten ueber den Stand der Nutzung der Sonnenenergie und Prozessketten in der Wasserstoffwirtschaft. Fuer die Datenbank Energy wurden fuenf. Quantification of the magnetization-transfer contrast effect: Ergeben sich Zusatzinformationen fuer die Differenzierung benigner und maligner Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparates?

Der Unterschied war statistisch nicht signifikant. Die Berechnung des MT-Quotienten ist nicht geeignet, um gutartige von boesartigen Erkrankungen des Stuetz- und Bewegungsapparates zu unterscheiden. Four-dimensional data assimilation as a method for coupling two meteorological model systems of different scales; Vierdimensionale Datenassimilation als Methode zur Kopplung zweier verschiedenskaliger meteorologischer Modellsysteme. A method of coupling two meteorological models of different scales must meet certain requirements: First, even a big difference in resolution between the two models must not produce disturbances in the smaller-scale model.

This means that most nesting approaches are unfit for the purpose. The method presented here is not limited to meteorological models. It can be enhanced without much difficulty to dispersion models taking account of chemical atmospheric reactions, as e. Allen voran darf vor allem ein auch grosser Unterschied in der Aufloesung der beiden verschiedenskaligen Modelle keine kuenstlichen Stoerungen im kleinerskaligen Modell produzieren.

Somit scheiden die sonst ueblichen Nestingansaetze fuer diesen Fall aus. Das Verfahren ist derart konzipiert, dass es sich nicht auf rein meteorologische Modelle beschraenkt. Rapid method to predict the storage stability of middle distillates; Schnelltest zur Vorhersage der Lagerstabilitaet von Mitteldestillaten. In the literature, various quick tests to predict the ageing stability of middle distillates are described. Hardy, - the determination of phenalene and phenalenone as well as non-basic nitrogenous aromatics. ASTM D was used as a reference test storage at 43 C over a period of 12 weeks, with air contact.

The results obtained showed that none of the methods mentioned above are suitable as a reliable quick test, because the regression analysis shows no acceptable correlation between the data obtained and the insolubles derived from the reference test. The hypothesis of Pedley et al. The spectrophotometric method gives the best result, considering the total nitrogen content. Methods of measuring floor resistance; Messverfahren zur Bestimmung des Ableitwiderstandes von Fussboeden.

Persons who are insulated from earth can easily acquire and retain an electrostatic charge. If an electrostatically charged person touches a conducting object e. In several standards methods for checking floor resistance are described. In verschiedenen Normen sind Messerfahren fuer die Ueberpruefung des Ableitwiderstandes von verlegten Fussboeden angegeben. Coupled calculation of external heat transfer and material temperatures of convection-cooled turbine blades.

Final report; Gekoppelte Berechnung des aeusseren Waermeuebergangs und der Materialtemperaturen konvektionsgekuehlter Turbinenschaufeln. In this work a hybrid program system consisting of a 3D finite-volume Navier-Stokes flow solver and a 3D finite-element heat conduction solver has been developed. The grids of both the finite element and the finite volume computational domain may be completely independent. The coupled program fully resolves the thermal interaction between heat transfer and the resulting material temperatures.

The developed coupling algorithm is numerically stable, conservative and works without the need to define ambient temperatures in the flowfield. It is found that the coupled calculation of convective cooling in a realistic guide vane leads locally to 45 K higher and K lower blade temperatures than the uncoupled calculation. This shows that accounting for the thermal interaction between the flow and the structure offers both potential to save cooling air and a lower margin of safety when designing cooling systems close to the thermal limits of the blade material.

Dabei besteht die Moeglichkeit, voellig unabhaengige Rechennetze fuer Stroemung und Struktur zu verwenden. Mit dem gekoppelten Verfahren kann die Wechselwirkung zwischen resultierenden Materialtemperaturen und dem davon rueck-beeinflussten Waermeuebergang beruecksichtigt werden. Weiterhin ist der hier entwickelte, stabile und konservative Kopplungsalgorithmus nicht. Earth Energy Designer, a software for calculating borehole heat exchangers; Earth Energy Designer, eine Software zur Berechnung von Erdwaermesondenanlagen.

Sanner, B [Giessen Univ. The code, which was developed in collaboration between Lund Institute of Technology Sweden and Giessen University Germany , allows fast and reliable sizing of borehole heat exchangers. The temperature in the heat carrier fluid during the seasons can be calculated for various configurations. This paper shows the idea and structure of EED with practical examples. Das in Kooperation der Universitaeten Lund Schweden und Giessen Deutschland geschaffene Programm ermoeglicht eine schnelle und doch zuverlaessige Auslegung von Erdwaermesonderanlagen, indem die fuer verschiedene Konfigurationen zu erwartenden Temperaturen des Waermetraegermediums im Jahresverlauf berechnet werden koennen.

Development and application of a parallel finite volume method for flow simulation on unstructured grids with local refinement; Entwicklung und Anwendung eines parallelen Finite-Volumen-Verfahrens zur Stroemungssimulation auf unstrukturierten Gittern mit lokaler Verfeinerung. A finite vomume method for calculation of steady and unsteady flow on unstructured grids is parallelized by local spatial and time decomposition.

In the first case, a parallel variant of the conjugated gradient method with multiple local preconditioning is formulated and analyzed. The method is tested for simple applications e. The second part of the publication describes a direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow around a sphere at a Reynolds number of based on flow velocity and sphere diameter. Current and Reynolds-averaged flow fields are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on coordinate-independent representation of the anisotropy ratios of the Reynolds tensor and dissipation tensor.

Fuer die raeumliche Zerlegung wird eine parallele Variante der konjugierten Gradienten Methode mit mehrfacher, lokaler Vorkonditionierung formuliert und analysiert. Anhand einfacher Anwendungsbeispiele Zylinderumstroemung, deckelgetriebene Nischenstroemung wird das entwickelte Gesamtverfahren getestet und seine Effizienz bestimmt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschreibt eine direkte numerische Simulation der turbulenten Kugelumstroemung bei einer Reynolds-Zahl von 5 basierend auf Anstroemgeschwindigkeit und Kugeldurchmesser.

In der Ergebnisauswertung werden augenblickliche und Reynolds-gemittelte Stroemungsfelder diskutiert und besonderer Wert auf eine koordinatenunabhaengige Darstellung der Anisotropieverhaeltnisse des Reynolds-Tensors und des Dissipationstensors gelegt. Development of a photometric measuring method for soot analysis in flames.

Final report; Entwicklung eines photometrischen Messverfahrens zur Russanalyse in Flammen. The present photometric measuring method for soot analysis in flames meets the following specifications: Detektion frueher pathologischer Veraenderungen. Bildgebende Verfahren erlauben einen genaueren Einblick in die Pathophysiologie der Lungenfunktion auf regionaler Ebene. Vorteile der MRT sind die fehlende Strahlenbelastung, welche die schonende Akquisition dynamischer Daten ermoeglicht sowie die Vielfalt der verfuegbaren Kontraste und damit zugaenglichen Parameter der Lungenfunktion.

Fuer die uebrigen Verfahren gibt es lediglich Machbarkeitsstudien und Fallserien mit unterschiedlichem Umfang. Hyperpolarisierte Gase sind technisch bedingt nur eingeschraenkt in der Klinik anwendbar. Finite element method for computational fluid dynamics with any type of elements; Finite Element Methode zur numerischen Stroemungsberechnung mit beliebigen Elementen.

The unsteady, turbulent flow is to be calculated in a complex geometry. For this purpose a stabilized finite element formulation in which the same functions for velocity and pressure are used is developed. Thus the process remains independent of the type of elements. This simplifies the application. Above all, it is easier to deal with the boundary conditions. The independency from the elements is also achieved by the extended uzawa-algorithm which uses quadratic functions for velocity and an element-constant pressure.

This method is also programmed. In order to produce the unstructured grids, an algorithm is implemented which produces meshes consisting of triangular and tetrahedral elements with flow-dependent adaptation. With standard geometries both calculation methods are compared with results. Finally the flow in a draft tube of a Kaplan turbine is calculated and compared with results from model tests.

Dazu wird eine Stabilisierte Finite Element Formulierung entwickelt, bei der die gleichen Ansatzfunktionen fuer Geschwindigkeiten und Druck verwendet werden. Das Verfahren wird damit unabhaengig von der Form der Elemente. Dies vereinfacht die Anwendung. Vor allem wird der Umgang mit den Randbedingungen erleichert. Die Elementunabhaengigkeit erreicht man auch mit dem erweiterten Uzawa-Algorithmus, welcher quadratische Ansatzfunktionen fuer die Geschwindigkeiten und elementweisen konstanten Druck verwendet.

Dieses Verfahren wird ebenso implementiert. Zur Erstellung der unstrukturierten Gitter wird ein Algorithmus erzeugt, der Netze aus Dreiecks- und Tetraederelementen erstellt, welche stroemungsabhaengige Groessen besitzen koennen. Anhand einiger Standardgeometrien werden die beiden Berechnungsmethoden mit Ergebnissen aus der Literatur verglichen. Als praxisrelevantes Beispiel wird abschliessend die Stroemung in einem Saugrohr einer Kaplanturbine berechnet. The method of the photoelectron spectroscopy for the observation of ultrafst processes in metals; Die Methode der Photoelektronenspektroskopie zur Beobachtung ultraschneller Prozesse in Metallen.

An essential thematic main topic of this experimental-physical thesis is the observation of the thermalization of hot electrons of a metal film, which were excited and heated by an ultrashort laser pulse. Applied for this was a modification of the method of the photoelectron spectroscopy, at which it is by an optical-pump examination technique possible, to study the dynamics of the electron energy distribution in the metal with high time resolution. The laser pulses required for the surpassing of the metal escape work in the ultraviolet spectral range are by that produced, that pulses of a Ti: For the success of this measurement method with high time resolution high requirements both on the quality of the exciting laser pulses and the ultrahigh-vacuum apparature of the photoelectron spectrometer are indispensable.

The essential details of these special requirements are extensively discussed in this thesis. The excitation of the metal sample by intense and ultrashort laser pulses of different wavelength led after evaluation of the photoemission spectra and after analysis of the structural character of the metal surface to an extension of already existing knowledge concerning the photoemission at simultaneous absorption of two or several photons.

Verwendet wurde dazu eine Abwandlung der Methode der Photoelektronenspektroskopie, bei der es durch eine optische Pump-Abfrage-Technik moeglich ist, die Dynamik der Elektronenenergieverteilung im Metall mit hoher Zeitaufloesung zu untersuchen. Die zur Ueberwindung der metallischen Austrittsarbeit erforderlichen Laserimpulse im ultravioletten Spektralbereich werden.

A method for the development of reliable vehicle powernets; Powernet Profiling. Eine Methode zur Entwicklung sicherer Energiebordnetze. Mathar, Sebastian; Lammermann, Matthias [Inst. This publication shows the influences of innovative mild-hybrid functions on the design of neuralgic powernet components.

It is pointed out which special demands need to be fulfilled by the energy storage devices and the alternator when introducing novel powernet measures. The consequences on the electrical vehicle powernet are derived and it is shown, which countermeasures can be taken in order to avoid negative influences on the customer as far as possible.

This paper demonstrates, how Powernet Profiling can be used for these purposes as an integral method for the development and design of safe vehicle powernets. Comparison of different methods of assessing the tar content of gases from wood gasification; Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur Bestimmung des Teergehalts in Gasen aus der Holzvergasung. The authors present a method developed at the Institute of Chemical Engineering and Steam Boiler Technology IVD of Stuttgart University for quasi-continuous online measurement of tar concentrations in gases from biomass gasification.

The method is compared with other methods in terms of time requirements, accuracy, and cost: Gravimetry, wet chemical analysis, solid phase amino-adsorption SPA , and online process gas chromatography. The measurements were carried out on the fluidized-bed combustion system of the IVD. The measured tar concentrations differed widely, i. Vergast wurde Holz bei C und einer Luftzahl von 0. Der mit den verschiedenen Verfahren ermittelte Teergehalt unterscheidet sich zum Teil erheblich.

Es ergaben sich Werte zwischen 0. Probabilistic exposure assessment in environmental medicine and customer protection. Probabilistic exposure assessment for assessing the health effects of environmental pollution; Probabilistische Expositionsabschaetzung in Umweltmedizin und Verbraucherschutz. Probabilistische Expositionsabschaetzung zur Beurteilung der gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen von Umweltbelastungen. Risikoabschaetzungen ueber die moeglichen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen von Umweltbelastungen sind moeglichst exakte Abschaetzungen der Schadstoffexposition der Betroffenen unerlaesslich.

Zur Durchfuehrung solcher Expositionsabschaetzungen koennen zwei grundlegend unterschiedliche Ansaetze verfolgt werden: Die traditionelle deterministische Methode der Expositionsabschaetzung geht von Messwerten einzelner Belastungsparameter z. Schadstoff-Konzentration in der Luft, im Boden etc.

Zur Beschreibung der Exposition und damit zur Ableitung des zu erwartenden Risikos wird fuer die in die Berechnung einfliessenden Groessen haeufig jeweils das Dieses als Punktschaetzung fuer den sog. Der probabilistische Ansatz verwendet demgegenueber fuer alle verfuegbaren Parameter deren statistische Verteilungen und verknuepft sie miteinander. Beim Monte Carlo-Verfahren werden entsprechend der Verteilungsfunktionen der eingehenden Parameter Stichproben 'gezogen' und miteinander verknuepft. Mit zunehmendem Stichprobenumfang konvergieren die Simulationsergebnisse schliesslich gegen die gesuchte Expositionsverteilung.

Gerade in den fuer die gesundheitliche Bewertung besonders relevanten Randbereichen der Verteilungen liegen zuweilen nur wenige Daten vor. Dies fuehrt zu Ungenauigkeiten in der Expositionsabschaetzung, da deren Qualitaet wesentlich von der Qualitaet, Quantitaet und Repraesentativitaet der vorhandenen Messwerte abhaengt, aus denen die Ausgangsverteilungen bestimmt werden.

Dennoch ist bei ausreichender Datenbasis der probabilistische Ansatz der Verwendung von Punktschaetzern zur Expositionsabschaetzung deutlich ueberlegen und sollte daher zunehmend auch Eingang in die Praxis der Risikoabschaetzung. Development of a transient photocurrent response method for non-destructive analysis of defects in solar cells; Entwicklung einer Transient Photocurrent Response- Methode zur zerstoerungsfreien Untersuchung von Stoerstellen in Solarzellen.

During this TPCR measuring method the transient photocurrent signal, generated by a repeating, rectangular, monochromatic irradiation, is recorded in dependence on the darkness between the irradiation pulses and on the temperature of the cells. Bei diesem TPCR-Messverfahren wird das durch eine repetierende, rechteckfoermige, monochromatische Bestrahlung erzeugte transiente Photostrom-Signal in Abhaengigkeit von der Dunkelzeit zwischen den Bestrahlungspulsen und von der Tempeatur der Zelle aufgenommen.

Zur Anwendung universeller Methoden in der Afrikaforschung Konferenzbericht. Full Text Available Drawing from a combination of specific, empirical research projects with different theoretical backgrounds, a workshop discussed one methodological aspect often somewhat overlooked in African Studies: Participants addressed several questions, along with presenting overviews of how different disciplines within African Studies approach comparison in their research and naming specific challenges within individual research projects.

The questions examined included: Why is explicit comparative research so rare in African Studies? Is comparative research more difficult in the African context than in other regions? Does it benefit our research? Should scholars strive to generalise beyond individual cases? Do studies in our field require an explicit comparative design, or will implicit comparison suffice? Cross-discipline communication should help us to move forward in this methodological debate, though in the end the subject matter and specific research question will lead to the appropriate comparative approach, not the other way round.

Warum ist die explizit vergleichende Methode in der Afrikaforschung so selten? Ist vergleichende Forschung im Kontext Afrikas schwieriger anwendbar als in der Forschung zu anderen Regionen? Verbessert sie unsere Forschungsresultate? Ist in der Afrikaforschung eine. Source oriented modeling of the nitrat pollution of surface waters - application of the immission method for the reporting according to the EC nitrat guideline; Verursacherbezogene Modellierung der Nitratbelastung der Oberflaechengewaesser - Anwendung des Immissionsverfahrens zur Berichterstattung zur EU-Nitratrichtlinie.

Germany ; Bach, M. Germany ; Pagenkopf, W. If variations in the nitrate concentrations caused by variation of runoff are neglected unique trends of the nitrate pollution from agriculture can not be detected since the mid of 80's. More detailed analysis were carried out for 15 EU monitoring stations. The average winter concentration of nitrate is for the half of these stations constant and a low reduction can be observed for the other half. A similar result shows the average winter concentrations at low flow conditions.

The separation of the nitrogen sources into diffuse and point sources using the immission approach shows for both a small decrease for the period in comparison with the previous period. The immission method shows similar results as the emission model. The nitrogen surplus area related balance in the agricultural soils were estimated for Germany and for the German countries to show the causes of the nitrogen problem in agriculture.

Contrary the N-surplus in the old German countries is characterised by a slow decrease over the whole time period since The influence of the order for the. Quasi Monte Carlo methods for optimization models of the energy industry with pricing and load processes; Quasi-Monte Carlo Methoden fuer Optimierungsmodelle der Energiewirtschaft mit Preis- und Last-Prozessen. We discuss progress in quasi Monte Carlo methods for numerical calculation integrals or expected values and justify why these methods are more efficient than the classic Monte Carlo methods.

Quasi Monte Carlo methods are found to be particularly efficient if the integrands have a low effective dimension. That's why We also discuss the concept of effective dimension and prove on the example of a stochastic Optimization model of the energy industry that such models can posses a low effective dimension. Modern quasi Monte Carlo methods are therefore for such models very promising. Erwartungswerten und begruenden warum diese Methoden effizienter sind als die klassischen Monte Carlo Methoden.

Quasi-Monte Carlo Methoden erweisen sich als besonders effizient, falls die Integranden eine geringe effektive Dimension besitzen. Deshalb diskutieren wir auch den Begriff effektive Dimension und weisen am Beispiel eines stochastischen Optimierungsmodell aus der Energiewirtschaft nach, dass solche Modelle eine niedrige effektive Dimension besitzen koennen.

New method for the automatic control of decentralized system-tie frequency converters; Neues Verfahren zur Regelung von dezentralen Netzkupplungsumrichtern. Xie Jian [Ulm Univ. The calculation of the optimum rectifier voltage for minimum losses is based on the line impedances be-tween the substation and the neighbouring substations. A new method for the online determination of these impedances is proposed.

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The test results obtained support the viability of this approach. Die Transition zur pflegenden Tochter. Grundlage der Publikation ist die Dissertation der Autorin. Full Text Available [english] In some applications statisticians are confronted with values which are reported to be below a limit of detection or quantitation.

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Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime. Get to Know Us. Postoperativ wurden diese Diagnosen histologisch bestaetigt. Eine sichere Dignitaetsbestimmung glatter Muskelzelltumoren ist radiologisch nicht moeglich. Daher muss der Befund operativ geklaert werden. Die histopathologische Zuordnung, bedingt durch die Mitoserate kann allerdings schwierig sein. Eine gewissenhafte Nachsorge muss daher erfolgen.

Radiological diagnostics of malignant tumors of the musculoskeletal system in childhood and adolescence; Radiologische Diagnostik maligner Tumoren des Muskuloskelettalsystems im Kindes- und Adoleszentenalter. Dose management for X-ray and CT. Systematic comparison of exposition values from two institutes to diagnostic reference levels and use of results for optimisation of exposition; Dosismanagement fuer konventionelles Roentgen und CT.

Systematischer Vergleich der Expositionswerte zweier radiologischer Institute mit den diagnostischen Referenzwerten und Verwendung der Ergebnisse zur Optimierung der Strahlenexposition bei diagnostischen Untersuchungen. In 2 institutions exposure values were evaluated and compared with the updated diagnostic reference levels DRL and possibilities for decreasing the dose assessed.

Mean exposure values obtained during a 3-month period were calculated for all modalities X-ray: Then 10 examinations of all modalities and types were accompanied by a medical physicist and optimized stepwise if necessary. The mean values of X-ray examinations were above DRL. All accompanied examinations were beyond DRL except lateral lumbar spine LSP and lateral thoracic X-ray, which were elevated due to statistical outliers from morbidly obese patients or patients with metallic implants. For a-p LSP tube voltage was increased. Systematic analysis of our internal exposure values on the occasion of adaptation of DRL is crucial for prompt detection of exceeded values independently from assessment by the responsible authority and initiation of proper measures for decreasing exposure dose.

Hereby active dose management is attained. The dictionary of radiology is based on practical experience in diagnostic radiology. Following a brief clinical introduction, radiological methods including nuclear medicine and the increasingly important field of sonography are presented in alphabetic order, each term with a short definition. The most favourable order of application is determined by the diagnostic value, technical requirements and discomfort of the various methods. Preparative measures, the duration of the examinations, and problems of radiation hygiene are discussed.

Illustrative drawings supplement the text. The fields of application given for the various methods are based on the latest state of knowledge. The book has a brief appendix in which the fundamental physical and technical context are explained, also in alphabetic order. Detailed cross-references establish a connection between diseases and diagnostic methods, thus facilitating access to the desired information. Studies on agglomeration of colloidal suspensions in an alternating electric field; Untersuchungen zur Agglomeration kolloidaler Suspensionen im elektrischen Wechselfeld.

Karlsruhe Germany ; Loeffler, F. The electrocoagulation technique is applied for emulsion cracking of water-in-oil systems desalination and dewatering of petroleum, petroleum cracking and, in some cases, also for cracking oil-in-water systems. Removal of colloidal solids from aqueous solution during electrochemical waste water treatment is often carried out with the aid of dissolving aluminium or iron electrodes. The authors describe experiments in which the flow of an electric current, which would cause the electrodes to dissolve, was to be prevented.

An alternating field was to induce oscillation of the particles, i. In manchen Bereichen ist deren Agglomeration bzw. Unter dem Begriff der Elektrokoagulation versteht man im allgemeinen das Phaenomen, dass in einem elektrischen Feld Tropfen oder Partikel in einer dispersen Phase eine hoehere kinetische Energie besitzen, und dadurch die Wahrscheinlichkeit zur Ueberwindung von Abstossungskraeften und zur Bildung groesserer Aggregate steigt. Zur Entfernung kolloidaler Feststoffe aus waessrigen Loesungen bei der elektrochemischen Aufarbeitung von Abwasser wird haeufig mit sich aufloesenden Aluminium- oder Eisenelektroden gearbeitet.

In den im folgenden dargestellten Untersuchungen sollte ein Stromfluss durch die. Toxicology of ozone on the basis of animal and clinical experimental studies; Toxikologie von Ozon auf der Grundlage tier- und klinisch-experimenteller Untersuchungen. This synopsis focuses on the toxic effects of ozone in humans and animals following inhalation.

It is limited to studies that deal exclusively with ozone. These studies are reviewed with respect to action mechanisms underlying ozone-specific toxicity and, where present, dose-effect relationships. Both aspects today are indispensable for any risk assessment. As there have been very many studies on this issue and the number of publications increases every year, the present paper only quotes a few review articles and does not mention original papers unless they are of recent date or offer new information.

Nur Untersuchungen mit Ozon alleine werden miteinbezogen. Sie werden hauptsaechlich im Zusammenhang mit dem Wirkungsmechanismus der Ozon-bedingten Toxizitaet und, soweit vorhanden, Konzentrations-Wirkungsbeziehungen behandelt. Beide Aspekte sind heute fuer eine Risikoabschaetzung unerlaesslich. Da sehr viele Untersuchungen vorliegen und die Zahl der Veroeffentlichungen jaehrlich ansteigt, sollen hier nur einige neuere Uebersichtsarbeiten zitiert werden und Originalarbeiten nur dann erwaehnt werden, wenn sie neueren Datums sind bzw.

Videofluoroscopy of the pharynx and esophagus in patients with globus pharyngis. Comparison with static radiography; Die radiologische Abklaerung des Globus pharyngis. Vergleich der diagnostischen Wertigkeit von konventionellem Roentgen mit der Videokinematographie. The symptom is associated with a multitude of pharyngoesophageal abnormalities. Our study compares the diagnostic yield of videofluoroscopy to that of static radiography in patients suffering from globus pharnygis.

A total of consecutive patients complaining of a lump in the throat, but without evidence of dysphagia, were studied in a standardized fashion with both methods. The combination of the two methods yielded significantly more abnormalities in the pharynx and esophagus than videofluoroscopy or static radiography alone. Esophageal motor disorders, pharyngoesophageal sphincter dysfunction and pharyngeal residue of contrast material proved to be the most common abnormalities. In conclusion, videofluoroscopy combined with static radiography is mandatory in the radiological assessment of patients suffering from the globus sensation.

Wir haben konsekutive Patienten mit Globusgefuehl, jedoch ohne Dysphagie mit beiden Methoden nach einem standardisierten Protokoll untersucht. Durch die Kombination beider Methoden konnten signifikant mehr morphologische und funktionelle Stoerungen des Pharynx sowie Oesophagus aufgezeigt werden, als mit der alleinigen konventionellen Technik oder der alleinigen Videokinematographie. Die haeufigsten pathologischen Veraenderungen in unserem Kollektiv waren Oesophagusmotilitaetsstoerungen, eine Dyskinesie des pharyngooesophagealen Sphinkters sowie eine abnorme pharyngeale Kontrastmittelretention.

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Diagnostic imaging in polytrauma: Conventional radiography consisted of chest and cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine in two views as well as pelvis. Three combinations of organ specific CT were chosen: CT examination of 1 head and cervical spine, 2 head, cervical spine and chest, 3 head, cervical spine and abdomen. The ratio of radiation dose between whole-body MSCT and radiography was This ratio was reduced to 3: Whole-body MSCT in polytrauma compared to conventional radiography with organ-specific CT induces a threefold increased dose in unfavorable situations and no increased dose in favorable situations.

Nevertheless, routine use of whole-body MSCT should be critically evaluated and should be adapted to the clinical benefit. Fuer die organspezifischen CT- Untersuchungen wurden 3 Kombinationen ausgewaehlt: Evaluation of image quality of paper prints in routine CT investigations. The image quality of paper prints from CT scans of daily routine investigations was analysed by three observer three observers according to a five-point ranking scale for contrast, grey level, spatial resolution, and subjective confidence in correct evaluation.

Each study was rated ''acceptable'' or ''not acceptable for documentation''. In ratings the mean grade for contrast was 2. Subjective confidence in correct evaluation was rated as ''certain'' in Image quality of paper prints does not reach the quality of laser films concerning its contrast, grey levels, and spatial resolution. Nevertheless, paper prints are acceptable for documentation of findings in most CT investigations.

A high confidence in correct evaluation was found. Limitations are found in documentation of small coin lesions of the lung and ischemic lesions of the neurocranium. Abschliessend wurde entschieden, ob der Papierausdruck fuer die Befunddokumentation ausreiche. Investigations of co-combustion of plastics in a coal dust furnace; Untersuchungen zur Mitverbrennung von Kunststoffen in einer Kohlestaubfeuerung.

The central question of the research work was the ignition and burnout of the particles in dependence of the residence time in the hot part of the furnace. Particle sizes were varied with the aim to define the largest possible particle size in order to minimize the cost of fuel preparation by grinding. On the other hand, tests were made with pure materials and synthetic mixtures of these in order to characterize the influence of different types of plastic.

The investigations showed that plastics are suited as fuels for coal dust furnaces, and that the cost of fuel preparation can be reduced to an acceptable level. With polyethylene, which is difficult to ignite, an upper particle size limit of 1.

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In industrial applications with a different burner arrangement, even better results may be expected. Variiert wurden hierzu zum einen die Partikelgroessen mit dem Ziel, den Aufbereitungsaufwand durch Zerkleinerung zu minimieren. Zur Charakterisierung der Einfluesse verschiedener Kunststoffarten wurden die Versuche mit unterschiedlichen Reinkunststoffen und synthetischen Mischungen durchgefuehrt. Die Versuche zeigen, dass sich Kunststoffe mit vertretbarem Mahlaufwand in der Staubfeuerung einsetzen lassen. Am Beispiel des Polyethylen, eines der thermogravimetrischen Analyse nach relativ.

MRI of the hyaline knee joint cartilage. Animal experimental and clinical studies; MRT des hyalinen Kniegelenkknorpels. Tierexperimentelle und klinische Untersuchungen. Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik; Prescher, A. Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik; Buehne, M. Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik; Scherer, K.

Klinik fuer Radiologische Diagnostik. The value of MR imaging for the detection of hyaline cartilage lesions using 2-D spin-echo and 3-D gradient-echo imaging was evaluated in an animal experiment in 10 dogs and in a clinical study in 30 patients. MR imaging findings were compared with histopathological and arthroscopy findings, respectively.

Investigations for assessing the health hazards of dichloromethane exposure. Final report; Untersuchungen zur Abschaetzung des gesundheitlichen Risikos infolge Dichlormethanexposition.

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Existing PBPK models proved to be an insufficient description in cases of an accidental scenario, a short exposure to very high concentration of DCM. The moderate CO hypoxia following DCM exposure is determined not only by the carboxyhemoglobinemia but also by an inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity. Cardiovascular dysfunctions, mainly arrhythmias, are detectable after exposure to relatively high DCM concentration as well as under pathophysiological conditions which per se influenced the cardiovascular system.

Vergiftungsfaelle mit weitaus hoeheren COHb-Spiegeln wurden aber beschrieben. Die Resultate zeigen, dass es bei. Geochemical investigations into the retention of reactive carbon compounds for toxic heavy metals. Final report; Geochemische Untersuchungen zur Retention von reaktiven Kohlenstoffverbindungen fuer toxische Schwermetalle.

The composition, reactivity and stability of reactive organic carbon compounds adsorbed on geogenic matrices was investigated. The surface deposits of NOM and its dependence on geochemical parameters was investigated in selected geomatrices. The retention of toxic heavy metals on these surface deposits of NOM was investigated in consideration of the presence of hydroxy species and inorganic ligands. The investigations of the reactivity of the NOM species requires analyses of these compounds and of the heavy metals in the ultratracer region.

This was possible by means of radiochemical methods that were further developed in the context of this project. Radioactive labeling of identified reactive carbon compounds, e. The special labelling techniques were a precondition for distribution measurements in the near-natural, low concentration range. An ausgewaehlten Geomatrizes wurde die Ausbildung von Oberflaechendepositen des NOM und deren Abhaengigkeit gegenueber geochemischen Parametern untersucht.

Possibilities for exposure reduction in computed tomography examination of acute chest pain; Moeglichkeiten der Dosisreduktion bei CT- Untersuchungen des akuten Thoraxschmerzes. Electrocardiogram-gated ECG computed tomography CT investigations can be accompanied by high amounts of radiation exposure. This is particularly true for the investigation of patients with unclear and acute chest pain. The common approach in patients with acute chest pain is standard spiral CT of the chest.

The chest pain or triple-rule-out CT protocol is a relatively new ECG-gated protocol of the entire chest. This article reviews and discusses different techniques for the CT investigation of patients with acute chest pain. By applying the appropriate scan technique, the radiation exposure for an ECG-gated protocol must not necessarily be higher than a standard chest CT scan Aortic pathologies are far better depicted by ECG-gated scan protocols and depending on the heart rate coronary artery disease can also be detected at the same time.

The use of ECG-triggered scans will not support the diagnostics of the pulmonary arteries. However, in unspecific chest pain an ECG-triggered scan protocol can provide information on the differential diagnosis. Dies gilt im besonderen Masse fuer die Untersuchung des gesamten Thorax bei Patienten mit unklarem akutem Thoraxschmerz.

Im vorliegenden Artikel werden verschiedene Techniken zur CT-Untersuchung von Patienten mit akutem Thoraxschmerz vorgestellt und besprochen. Electron microscopy and phase analysis of biofilms of bacterial cultures from hydrogeothermal water; Elektronenmikroskopische und phasenanalytische Untersuchungen an Biofilm von Bakterienkulturen aus geothermisch genutzten Tiefenwaessern.

In the context of a BMBF-funded project - , concentrations and behaviour of microorganisms in hydrogeothermal water in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern were investigated. About 50 bacterial strains were isolated and characterized with respect to their cell morphology and relevant physiological properties. A relationship was found between bacterial cells and precipitation products. However, the methods of investigation could not differentiate between biogenic biochemical and chemical precipitation products, although the bacterial activity seems to be correlated with the precipitation of organic material.

Mit den durchgefuehrten Untersuchungen konnte eine unmittelbare Beziehung zwischen Bakterienzellen und Faellungsprodukten nachgewiesen werden. Anhand der verwendeten Untersuchungsmethoden ist jedoch eine eindeutige Differenzierung zwischen biogenen biochemischen und rein chemischen Faellungsprodukten nicht moeglich. Offenbar bestehen aber eindeutige Beziehungen zwischen Bakterientaetigkeit und der Ausfaellung organischen Materials. Mineralogical investigations of the role of the clay fraction in geothermal energy use; Mineralogische Untersuchungen zur Rolle der Tonfraktion bei der Gewinnung geothermischer Energie.

Authigenic clay minerals strongly influence the quality of geothermal reservoir systems. Their precipitation may drastically change the properties of reservoir sandstones. They interact more strongly with non-equilibrium fluids than most other mineral phases. The most abundant clay minerals in geothermal wells of Northeastern Germany are kaolinite, illite and mixed-layer minerals. Experiments are being carried out to study the dissolution rates of these minerals in NaCl brines at different pH-values. Experimente zur Stabilitaet von Tonmineralen in geothermischen Systemen durchgefuehrt.

Die Untersuchungen beziehen sich auf Gesteine und Solen, wie sie durch die nordostdeutschen Geothermiebohrungen Neustadt-Glewe, Rheinsberg und Neubrandenburg aufgeschlossen sind. Die Untersuchten Gesteinsproben enstammen der oberen Trias und dem Jura. Die vergleichbaren stratigraphischen Einheiten sind in den Bohrungen in unterschiedlicher Teufe und Maechtigkeit anzutreffen: Investigation of the warm prestress effect by X-ray and microfractographic measurements; Roentgenografische und mikrofraktografische Untersuchungen zum Warmvorbeanspruchungs WPS - Effekt.

The work reported was to investigate the changes caused at the crack tip of a specimen with incipient crack and to assess their effects with regard to component fracture. The steels selected for testing are the pressure vessel steels 10MnMoNi and 17MoV, and the experiments were made with CT specimens. The conclusion drawn from the results obtained is that the WPS effect is due to a stronger energy dissipation in the prestressed area ahead of the crack tip, assisted by intrinsic stress-induced crack closing.

Die Versuche wurden an CTProben durchgefuehrt. Die Autoren kommen zum Schluss, dass der WPS-Effekt mit einer staerkeren Energiedissipation in der vorgeschaedigten Prozesszone vor der Rissspitze, unterstuetzt durch eigenspannungsbedingtes Rissschliessen, erklaert werden kann. Functional magnetic resonance imaging uses the blood oxygen level-dependent effect BOLD MRI for noninvasive display of cerebral correlatives of cognitive function.

The importance for the understanding of physiological and pathological processes is demonstrated by investigations of working memory in schizophrenics and healthy controls. Working memory is involved in processing rather than storage of information and therefore is linked to complex processes such as learning and problem solving. In schizophrenic psychosis, these functions are clearly restricted.

Training effects in the working memory task follow an inverse U-shape function, suggesting that cerebral activation reaches a peak before economics of the brain find a more efficient method and activation decreases. Die Bedeutung dieses Verfahrens fuer das Verstaendnis physiologischer und pathologischer Prozesse wird anhand von Untersuchungen zum Arbeitsgedaechtnis bei Schizophrenen und gesunden Kontrollpersonen verdeutlicht. Das Arbeitsgedaechtnis dient weniger der Speicherung, sondern vielmehr der Verarbeitung von Informationen und ist deshalb in komplexe Prozesse wie Lernen und Problemloesen eingebunden.

Im Rahmen schizophrener Psychosen kommt es zu einer deutlichen Einschraenkung dieser Funktionen. Erwartungsgemaess zeigen sich unter Durchfuehrung eines Arbeitsgedaechtnisparadigmas Unterschiede in der zerebralen Aktivitaet, die jedoch bei den Erkrankten unter Therapie prinzipiell reversibel sind. Von Interesse sind auch Trainingseffekte bei Gesunden, wobei eine verminderte Aktivierung nach Training auf eine ''Oekonomisierung'' schliessen laesst. The typical MRI features of the most common pancreatic diseases, such as pancreatitis and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, have been established.

However, even in these common pancreatic disorders, MRI correlation with the underlying pathology is limited for clinical reasons. This book attempts to give a survey of the present status of radiological tumour therapy with some emphasis on the clinical aspect of neoplasms. The physical and radiobiological fundamentals important for practical radiotherapy are discussed in great detail. Eines der Kombikraftwerkskonzepte auf Kohlebasis stellt die Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung dar, die gegenueber den anderen Konzepten das hoechste Wirkungsgradpotential aufweist.

Das Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens war die Gewinnung gesicherter Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich des Feuerungsverhaltens von Kohle in einer Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung. Es wurden an einem Druckflugstromreaktor detaillierte Untersuchungen zur Brennstoffumsetzung und zum Partikelverhalten, zur Schadstoffbildung und zum Werkstoffverhalten unter Bedingungen der Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung durchgefuehrt. Im Laufe des Forschungsvorhabens wurden einige neue Messtechniken eingesetzt und teilweise auch angeschafft, wie zum Beispiel ein Zwei- Farb-Pyrometer zur simultanen Erfassung von Partikeloberflaechentemperatur und Partikeldurchmesser von brennenden Brennstoffpartikeln.

Parallel zu den experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde an der Erarbeitung neuer Berechnungsmodelle gearbeitet, um eine spaetere Feuerraumsimulation fuer ein verbessertes Scale-Up zu ermoeglichen. Die am Druckflugstromreaktor gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der erhoehte Systemdruck sich auf sehr viele Verbrennungsmechanismen stark auswirkt, so konnte eine schnellere Brennstoffumsetzung und gleichzeitig verminderte Stickoxid- und Alkaligasemission nachgewiesen werden.

Die Werkstoffuntersuchungen zeigten, dass die aufgrund der sehr hohen Verbrennungstemperaturen benoetigten Keramikwerkstoffe sehr empfindlich gegenueber Verschlackung und schnellen Temperaturwechseln sind, weshalb hinsichtlich der benoetigten Standzeiten in einer zu realisierenden Druckbrennkammer noch erheblicher Entwicklungsbedarf besteht. Numerical investigations on the influence of wind shear and turbulence on aircraft trailing vortices; Numerische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Windscherung und Turbulenz auf Flugzeugwirbelschleppen. In several aspects, the behaviour of aircraft wake vortices under situations of vertical wind shear is significantly different from non-shear scenarios and its operational real-time forcast is challenging.

By means of numerical investigations of idealized scenarios, the influence of wind shear on the lateral and vertical transport of vortices is analysed both, phenomenologically as well as in the scope of a sensitivity study. The results allow for the verification of controversial views and the benchmark of modelling approaches. Case studies of turbulent shear flows focus on the persistence of vortices. A detailed analysis of the flow fields evidence that unequal vortex decay rates can be attributed to the asymmetric distribution of secondary vorticity structures.

The results moreover suggest that extended vortex lifespans can be expected under situations of wind shear. The unusual vortex behaviour observed by means of a LIDAR measurement is reproduced by realistic simulations and permits to reveal potential causes. Mittels numerischer Untersuchungen idealisierter Szenarien wird zunaechst der Einfluss von Windscherung auf den lateralen und vertikalen Wirbeltransport sowohl phaenomenologisch als auch quantitativ im Rahmen einer Sensitivitaetsstudie analysiert. Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden auseinandergehende Erklaerungsansaetze geprueft und Modellierungsansaetze bewertet.

Fallstudien turbulenter Scherstroemungen zur Wirbelpersistenz stellen einen weiteren Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit dar. Durch die ausfuehrliche Analyse der Stroemungsfelder wird der Nachweis erbracht, dass sich unterschiedliche Zerfallsraten der Wirbel auf die asymmetrische Verteilung von sekundaeren Vorticity-Strukturen zurueckfuehren. Studies on the microbial sulphur cycle in acid ponds in the Niederlausitz mining region in Brandenburg; Untersuchungen zum mikrobiellen Schwefelkreislauf in sauren Tagebau-Restseen der Niederlausitz Brandenburg. The water quality of the acid ponds in the Niederlausitz brown coal mining region is characterised by pH values below 3 and high concentrations of dissolved iron up to 10 mM and sulphate up to 30 mM.

The development of these ponds is determined by the equilibrium that arises between acidifying and alkalinising processes. Acidity develops through weathering and oxidation of iron sulphides in the mining refuse, whereas alkalinity arises through the reduction of iron III and sulphate in the pond sediments, a process associated with the oxidation of organic matter. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of sulphate reduction and sulphur oxidation on the neutralising potential of the sediments in acid ponds and to characterise and identify the microorganisms involved in these processes.

Comparative explorations were performed in two acid waters, namely ponds and , and in a neutral water, namely pond B, in a semi-natural area of the Niederlausitz region. Die Entwicklung der Restseen wird durch das Gleichgewicht von aziditaets- und alkalinitaetsbildenden Prozessen bestimmt. Aziditaet entsteht bei der Verwitterung bzw. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der Sulfratreduktion und der Schwefeloxidation auf das Neutralisierungspotenzial der Sedimente der sauren Restseen untersucht sowie die an diesen Prozessen beteiligten Mikroorganismen charakterisiert und identifiziert.

Vergleichende Untersuchungen wurden in zwei sauren, Restsee und , und in einem neutralen Gewaesser, Restsee B, im naturnahen Bereich. Air quality III - experiments on emission and sensory perception of olfactory substances from ventilation systems. Room air quality is highly important in Germany as people living here will spend 90 percent of their lives inside rooms. Air quality is defined to a large extent via the nose. This research project, in continuation of AiF , involved investigations of materials and components of space HVAC systems with varying air temperatures, humidities and air flow rates for a subjective assessment of the air quality.

The main goals were the definition of laws for identification of odorants and the derivation of laws for calculating pollutant-level-dependent ambient air rates for mechanically ventilated rooms. The experiments showed that both adsorption and desorption had a significant part in the addition of odorangs, causing deviations between theoretical and experimental values of felt air quality. The temperature and the relative humidity had an effect as well. Most measurements were made near the olfactory threshold, so that a number of participants were unable to complete the test.

Later investigations will rely on analytical methods in addition to test persons.

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Die Behaglichkeit der Atemluft wird in grossem Masse durch die mit der Nase wahrgenommenen Bestandteile der Luft beeinflusst. Die Hauptziele dieser Untersuchungen waren das Auffinden der Gesetzmaessigkeiten zur Wahrnehmung von Geruchsstoffen und das Ableiten von Rechenregeln zur Bestimmung verunreinigungslastabhaengiger Aussenluftraten fuer maschinell belueftete Raeume. Experimental investigations on inlet flow of ducted turbines.

A contribution to turbine intake optimization; Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Anstroemung von Rohrturbinen. Ein Beitrag zur Optimierung des Turbineneinlaufes. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konzentrieren sich die neuen Untersuchungen auf diesem Gebiet - an einem Modell und an einem Versuchskraftwerk - auf den Trennpfeiler, den Rechen und die anschliessende Verziehung im Einlaufbereich von Rohrturbinen.

Die Untersuchungsergebnisse klaeren nun einige Zusammenhaenge, widersprechen teilweise bisherigen Annahmen oder bestaetigen sie und relativieren manche der Anforderungen. Die Ergebnisse sind zwar unter Beachtung der modelleigenen Restriktionen und der Charakteristik der verwendeten Turbine zu werten, besitzen jedoch auf Grund des Untersuchungsumfangs bis zu einem gewissen Grad Allgemeingueltigkeit. Investigations on the chemical composition of the organic fraction of tropospheric aerosols. Final report; Untersuchungen zur chemischen Zusammensetzung der organischen Komponente des troposphaerischen Aerosols.

Dies gilt insbesondere fuer Aerosole, die aus fluechtigen organischen Vorlaeufern natuerlichen wie auch antrophogenen Ursprungs im Verlauf von troposphaerischen Oxidationsprozessen gebildet werden. Das Vorhaben umfasste daher die Entwicklung massenspektrometrischer Methoden fuer qualitative wie auch fuer quantitative Studien zur chemischen Zusammensetzung von sekundaeren organischen Aerosolen SOA , insbesondere gebildet aus der Ozonolyse von Monoterpenen z. Die Nachweisgrenze der Methode liegt bei ca. Basierend auf der Entwicklung geeigneter Standardadditionsmethoden erfolgte auch die unmittelbare Quantifizierung ausgewaehlter Oxidationsprodukte in der Gas- und Partikelphase.

Diese Studien ergaben, dass eine Reihe von multifunktionellen Carbonsaeureprodukte signifikante Aerosolbestandteile repraesentieren Dicarbonsaeuren, Oxocarbonsaeuren, Hydroxycarbonsaeuren etc. Schliesslich ergaben die massenspektrometrischen Untersuchungen deutliche Hinweise auf starke intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen zwischen den einzelnen Produkten Assoziatbildung.

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Examination of the somatostatin receptor status in non-medullary thyroid cancer; Untersuchungen zum Somatostatinrezeptor-Status bei nicht-medullaeren Schilddruesenkarzinomen. Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin; Kahaly, G. Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Nuklearmedizin. Recent in-vitro and in-vivo studies demonstrated a somatostatin receptor expression in some non-medullary thyroid carcinomas.

In this study we investigated the somatostatin receptor status for this particular tumor entity in a larger patient group. We compared iodine with In-pentetreotide scans in 24 patients with metastasizing, non-medullary thyroid cancer. The findings were correlated with other imaging modalities. Additionally, we performed receptor autoradiography in one patient, octreotide therapy in another patient and administration of Y- and In-DOTATOC in 2 consecutive patients.

Several metastases of papillary and follicular carcinoma, and the majority of Huerthle cell cancer metastases can express somatostatin receptors. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung von Satellitengalaxien. Balken und 3 ein oft verdeckter Balken. Hauptaugenmerk ist das unterschiedliche Verhalten der Komponenten.

Equilibrium models of one- and two-component satellite galaxies are created. The tidal influence of the Milky Way, which is modeled as a rigid external potential, is examined. A first set of simulations adopting originally spherically-symmetric, one-component satellites show that after elliptical deformation, a bar and tails of unequal length arise which change their morphology cyclically.

By considering comparative simulations, the following phenomena are discovered: The overall morphology as function of time is analysed. The particles are lost from the core via the bar and move along certain morphologically characteristic structures into the tails. After deducing general quantities of the multi-component King model, three stable standard models of two-component satellite galaxies with different distributions of dark and visible matter are found.

These models have a mass ratio of 1: Without restriction to the universality of the results, the Large Magellanic Cloud was taken as basic prototype for these models. To choose the proper orbits, the tidal radius of the three-component model of the potential of the Galaxy is calculated both analytically and numerically. Then the simulations are analysed with the different behaviour of the components being the main focus of interest. Dark and visible matter may form different morphological structures. Some of these effects are just projection effects.

Aquisition of age- and sex-dependent patient data for the calculation of annual radiation exposure in nuclear medicine: Muenchen Germany ; Nosske, D. The effective dose per examination was calculated according to ICRP The three most frequent examinations were bone scans median 3. The median effective dose for 18 to 40 years old women was 1. The corresponding values for men were 2.

Pilotstudie zur Ermittlung der Strahlenexposition in Deutschland bei Untersuchungen in der nuklearmedizinischen Diagnostik anhand von Routinedaten aus Kliniken und Praxen. Kliniken und Praxen in Deutschland lieferten routinemaessig erhobene. Theoretical and experimental investigations of an added firing system in cogeneration processes with gas turbines optimizing flame stability and burnout behaviour; Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen einer Zusatzfeuerung in gasturbinengestuetzten KWK-Prozessen fuer eine Optimierung hinsichtlich Flammenstabilitaet und Ausbrandverhalten.

The effects of the key flow, mixing and ignition parameters on the ignition process was investigated in near-practical conditions. It was found that the ignition energy can be minimized by careful selection of the electrode configuration and positioning near the burner. Further, a criterion was developed for developing characteristic fields and design specifications for gas burners.