Method and Results; Essays

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Science research writing for non-native speakers of English. How to write a paper 5th ed. American Medical Writers Association Journal. Archived from the original PDF on September 27, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Archived from the original PDF on July 6, Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th ed.

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Provides a tool to test the quality of systematic reviews. Seeks to improve the reporting of research using animals maximizing information published and minimizing unnecessary studies. Seeks completeness, transparency, and data analysis in case reports and data from the point of care. Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials.

Provides a minimum set of recommendations for reporting randomized trials. Seeks quality in reporting of qualitative research by providing a item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Seeks quality reporting of all scientific literature. Provides a framework for reporting the synthesis of qualitative health research.

How to write the methods section of a research paper.

High-level goals, allowing for various ways to achieve them; specifies "what" is wanted and "why", allowing the "how" to be determined by the researcher. Seeks quality in medical journal articles. Seeks quality in psychological research reporting; published in the appendix of the APA Publication Manual. A family of standards for bioscience reporting, developed by the various relevant specialty organizations and collated by the BioSharing portal biosharing. Seeks quality in meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology.

University of Newcastle, Australia and University of Ottawa. Seeks quality in reporting of tumor marker research.

Center for Open Science. An improvement to the incentivization of scientists that aims to remove the perverse incentives that encourage publication bias ; it involves two peer review steps: Centre for Statistics in Medicine at Oxford University. Seeks quality in statistics in the biomedical literature.

Seeks quality in clinical trial protocols by defining an evidence-based set of items to address in every protocol. Provides a framework for reporting new knowledge about how to improve healthcare; intended for reports that describe system level work to improve the health care quality , patient safety , and value in health care. Don't avoid using a quantitative approach to analyzing your research problem just because you fear the idea of applying statistical designs and tests.

Method and results; essays

A qualitative approach, such as conducting interviews or content analysis of archival texts, can yield exciting new insights about a research problem, but it should not be undertaken simply because you have a disdain for running a simple regression. A well designed quantitative research study can often be accomplished in very clear and direct ways, whereas, a similar study of a qualitative nature usually requires considerable time to analyze large volumes of data and a tremendous burden to create new paths for analysis where previously no path associated with your research problem had existed.

Knowing the Relationship Between Theories and Methods. There can be multiple meaning associated with the term "theories" and the term "methods" in social sciences research. A helpful way to delineate between them is to understand "theories" as representing different ways of characterizing the social world when you research it and "methods" as representing different ways of generating and analyzing data about that social world.

Framed in this way, all empirical social sciences research involves theories and methods, whether they are stated explicitly or not. However, while theories and methods are often related, it is important that, as a researcher, you deliberately separate them in order to avoid your theories playing a disproportionate role in shaping what outcomes your chosen methods produce.

Introspectively engage in an ongoing dialectic between the application of theories and methods to help enable you to use the outcomes from your methods to interrogate and develop new theories, or ways of framing conceptually the research problem. This is how scholarship grows and branches out into new intellectual territory. Part 1, Chapter 3. Methods and the Methodology. Do not confuse the terms "methods" and "methodology. Descriptions of methods usually include defining them and stating why you have chosen specific techniques to investigate a research problem, followed by an outline of the procedures you used to systematically select, gather, and process the data [remember to always save the interpretation of data for the discussion section of your paper].

Methodology refers to a discussion of the underlying reasoning why particular methods were used. This discussion includes describing the theoretical concepts that inform the choice of methods to be applied, placing the choice of methods within the more general nature of academic work, and reviewing its relevance to examining the research problem. The discussion also includes a thorough review of the literature about methods other scholars have used to study the topic.

An International Journal 3 Chinese Department, University of Leiden, Netherlands.

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Search this Guide Search. The Methodology The purpose of this guide is to provide advice on how to develop and organize a research paper in the social sciences. The Conclusion Toggle Dropdown Appendices Importance of a Good Methodology Section You must explain how you obtained and analyzed your results for the following reasons: Readers need to know how the data was obtained because the method you chose affects the results and, by extension, how you interpreted their significance. Methodology is crucial for any branch of scholarship because an unreliable method produces unreliable results and, as a consequence, undermines the value of your interpretations of the findings.

In most cases, there are a variety of different methods you can choose to investigate a research problem. The methodology section of your paper should clearly articulate the reasons why you chose a particular procedure or technique. The reader wants to know that the data was collected or generated in a way that is consistent with accepted practice in the field of study.

For example, if you are using a multiple choice questionnaire, readers need to know that it offered your respondents a reasonable range of answers to choose from. The method must be appropriate to fulfilling the overall aims of the study. For example, you need to ensure that you have a large enough sample size to be able to generalize and make recommendations based upon the findings. The methodology should discuss the problems that were anticipated and the steps you took to prevent them from occurring. For any problems that do arise, you must describe the ways in which they were minimized or why these problems do not impact in any meaningful way your interpretation of the findings.

In the social and behavioral sciences, it is important to always provide sufficient information to allow other researchers to adopt or replicate your methodology.

Importance of a Good Methodology Section

This information is particularly important when a new method has been developed or an innovative use of an existing method is utilized. Structure and Writing Style I. Groups of Research Methods There are two main groups of research methods in the social sciences: The e mpirical-analytical group approaches the study of social sciences in a similar manner that researchers study the natural sciences.

This type of research focuses on objective knowledge, research questions that can be answered yes or no, and operational definitions of variables to be measured. The empirical-analytical group employs deductive reasoning that uses existing theory as a foundation for formulating hypotheses that need to be tested. This approach is focused on explanation. The i nterpretative group of methods is focused on understanding phenomenon in a comprehensive, holistic way.

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Interpretive methods focus on analytically disclosing the meaning-making practices of human subjects [the why, how, or by what means people do what they do], while showing how those practices arrange so that it can be used to generate observable outcomes. Interpretive methods allow you to recognize your connection to the phenomena under investigation. However, the interpretative group requires careful examination of variables because it focuses more on subjective knowledge. Content The introduction to your methodology section should begin by restating the research problem and underlying assumptions underpinning your study.

Decisions made in selecting the data you have analyzed or, in the case of qualitative research, the subjects and research setting you have examined, Tools and methods used to identify and collect information, and how you identified relevant variables, The ways in which you processed the data and the procedures you used to analyze that data, and The specific research tools or strategies that you utilized to study the underlying hypothesis and research questions. Introduce the overall methodological approach for investigating your research problem.

Is your study qualitative or quantitative or a combination of both mixed method? Are you going to take a special approach, such as action research, or a more neutral stance? Indicate how the approach fits the overall research design. Your methods for gathering data should have a clear connection to your research problem. In other words, make sure that your methods will actually address the problem. One of the most common deficiencies found in research papers is that the proposed methodology is not suitable to achieving the stated objective of your paper.

Describe the specific methods of data collection you are going to use , such as, surveys, interviews, questionnaires, observation, archival research. If you are analyzing existing data, such as a data set or archival documents, describe how it was originally created or gathered and by whom. Also be sure to explain how older data is still relevant to investigating the current research problem.

Explain how you intend to analyze your results. Will you use statistical analysis? Will you use specific theoretical perspectives to help you analyze a text or explain observed behaviors? Describe how you plan to obtain an accurate assessment of relationships, patterns, trends, distributions, and possible contradictions found in the data. Provide background and a rationale for methodologies that are unfamiliar for your readers.

Be clear and concise in your explanation. Provide a justification for subject selection and sampling procedure.