Hot Match (A Rhynian Story Book 1)

According to this theory lifeoriginated from decaying and rotting matter like straw and mud. According to this theory life came from spacein the form of spores called Panspermia. Modern Theory or Oparin-Haldane Theory: According to thistheory life originated upon earth spontaneously from non-living matter. Firstinorganic compounds then organic compounds were formed in accordancewith ever changing environment conditions. This is called chemical evolution. The conditions on earth were high temperature, volcanic storms, reducingatmosphere without free oxygen containing methane and ammonia.

StanleyMiller in demonstrated in a laboratory that electric discharges canproduce complex organic compounds from a mixture of methane, ammonia,water vapours and hydrogen. In this experiment he found that simple organiccompounds including some amino acids are formed. In similar experimentsothers observed the formation of sugar, nitrogen bases, fats and pigments.

He used mixture of gases like CH4, NH3, H2 and water vapoursto simulate conditions of primeval atmosphere. These evidences show common ancestory based onparallel nucleic acid and amino acid sequences as well as universal geneticcodes, e. Human and chimpanzee DNA is These evidences based on comparativedevelopment studies of embryo of different vertebrates based upto theobservation during embryonic stage of all vertebrates.

Development of different functional structures froma common ancestral form is called divergent evolution, e. Development of similar adaptive functional structures inunrelated groups of organisms, e. Development of Analogous organs. When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occured inan isolated geographical area then it is called parallel evolution. Australian marsupials and placental mammals corresponding Industrial Melanism: It is an adaptation where moth living in the industrial areadeveloped melanin pigments to match their body colour to the tree-trunk.

BeforeIndustralisation in England, it was observed that there were more white-winged moths on treesthan dark-winged moths melanised moths. After industrialisation in , there were moredark winged moths in some areas. After industrialisation, trees got covered by smoke. Sowhitewinged moth were picked up by the birds but dark-winged moths escaped and survived. Thus, industrial melanism supports the evolution by natural selection. The process of evolution of different species in ageographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other habitats iscalled adaptive radiation.

The allele frequencies in a population arestable and is constant generation to generation.

Biology Class XII

Sum total of all the allelefrequencies is 1. Brief Account of Evolution mya: Sea weeds and few plants existed probably. Fish caught in south Africa happened to be a coelocanth which was thought to be extinct. Land reptiles were Dinosaurs. Biggest Dinosours Tyrannosaurus rex 20 feet in height, have huge dagger like teeth.

First mammals were like shrews—They were small sized, viviparous intelligent. About 15 mya, primates called Dryopithecus and Ramapitheus were existing. Were more ape-like, live in Asia, Africa and Europe. First man-like, walk straight on legs, not taller than 4 feet. QuestionsVSA 1 Mark If abiotic origin of life is in progress on a planet other than earth, whatshould be the conditions there? Name the person who proposed that population tends to increasegeometrically while food production supply arithmetically.

Name the scientist who had also come to similar conclusion as that ofDarwin about natural selection as a mechanism of evolution. Which placedid he visit to come to conclusions? How do Darwin and Hugode varies differ regarding mechenism ofevolution? How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation theory?

What are the two key concepts of Darwinian theory evolution? When there is a disturbance in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, whatwould it result in? According to this principle, what is the sum total of all allelicfrequencies? Stanley Miller and Harold Urey performed an experiment by recreating in the laboratory the probable conditions of the atmosphere of the primitive earth.

What was the aim of the experiment? In what forms was the energy supplied for chemical reactions to occur? For how long was the experiment run continuously? Fill up the bianks left in the table showing Era, period and organism. Mention the advancement which Neanderthal man showed over Homo erectus. Name and explain the phenomenon that has resulted in the evolution of such diverse species in the region.

How did Darwin visit the particular geographical area? Give examples to show evolution by anthropogenic action. LA 5 Marks Is evolution a process or the end result of a process, discuss. Describe various factors that effect Hardy-Weingberg equilibrium. Darvanian variation are small, gradual and directional Hugo deVaries: Variation are sudden, randon and direction less. Branching descent and natural selection.

SA - II 3 Marks i The allele frequency in a population are stable and constant from generation to generation. Electric discharge using electrodes. One week; Amino acids and Sugar. More brain capacity, use of hides to cover body and burial ofdead. Through sea voyage in a sail ship called H. Excess use of herbicides pesticides etc. Same is true for antibiotic or drug resistant microbes. A psychological attachment to effects like euphoria andtemporary well being associated with drugs and alcohol.

Cancer causing agents e. UV rays, dyes andlead. The glycoproteins produced by our body cells in response to aviral infection. The time period between infection and tireappearance of symptoms. The property in which the cancer cells spread to different sitesthrough blood and develop secondary tumours. The infective stage of protozoa Plasmodium which isinjected into human blood through saliva of female Anopheles mosquito.

If a drug dependent person stop taking drugsthen his body stop functioning normally and he feels severe physical andpsychological disturbance called withdrawal syndrome. It is a property of normal cells in which the cells stopdividing when comes in contact with its surrounding cells.

Fiery Match

The state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeings Goods health can be achieved by Awareness about disease and their effects on different body functions. Vaccination Control of vectors Proper disposal of wastes Maintenance of hygienic food and resources,Infectious Diseases Viral Diseases—e. Ascariasis, Filariasis, Taeniasis Protozoan diseases—e. Disease Causative Agents Symptoms1.

Common cold Rhinoviruses Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat cough, headache,2. Typhoid Salmonalla typhi tiredness and hoarseness. Pneumonia Streptococcus sustained higher fever, stomach pneumoniae and pain, loss of appetite, constipation, Haemophilus headache. Malaria Plasmodium viz P. Amoebic Entamoeba histolytica Adbominal pain, cramps, stool dysentry with excess mucus and blood clots, constipation.

Ringworm Microsporum, Dry scaly lesions on skin, nails Epidermohyton and and scalps itching Trichophyton7. Ascariasis Ascaris lumbricoides Anaemia, muscular pain, internal bleeding, insomnia, blockage of intestinal passage. Filariasis or Wuchereria bancrofti Fever, blockage of lymphaticElephantiasis and W. Drug—Chloroquine phosphate reduces impact of disease. Preventation of Dengue and Chikungunya: Protection against mosquitoesby wearing long sleeves and fullpants.

Life cycle of Plasmodium A Sexual Phase When female anaphelies mosquito bites human sporozoites infective stage are injected into blood stream. Parasite reaches the lived cells and multiply. Level cell brust releasing parasite into the blood. Parasite than enters into RBCs and multiply. RBCs ruptured and release haemozoin that causes symptoms of malaria like chill and high fever. Finally gametocytes develop in RBCs and are released in blood. Female Anopheles mosquito takes up gametocytes with blood mealfrom infected person.

Mature infective stage sporozoites escape fromintestine. Sporozoites migrate to the salivary gland. Resistance to infections or antigens. Human Health and Disease Two types of immunities. It consists of four types of barriers: PMNL, monocytes, neutrophils and macrophases Cytokine barriers: Acquired by a person after birth by vaccination or contacting the disease. Play role in graft rejectionNo role in graft rejectionIt is based on the principle of memory and immunityThe antigenic preparations of proteins of pathogens or a solution ofinactivated or weakened pathogens are introduced in the body.

The antigenic properties are recognised. Cascade of reactions forms antibodies.

History of reactions is stored as memory. Active Immunity Passive Immunity1. Body prepares antibody itself Preformed antibodies are injected in the due to exposure of antigen body in case of deadly microbe attack. Very quick immune response. Immunity is not immediate May show side effects like allergic3. It has very few side affects. It lasts for limited period. It lasts for long period. A preparation of weakened or attenuated pathogen isintroduced in the human body.

Antibodies are formed against the pathogen. B andT memory cells are generated that recognises the pathogen quikly on subsequentexponsure a kills it with quick and massive production of antibodies. Exaggerated response of immune system to certain antigenspresent in the environment. Substances to which immune system shows exaggeratedresponse. Rheumatoidarthritis, multiple sclerosis and insulin-dependent diabetes.

Immune system in the body play an important role in organ transplantation,allergic reactions and auto immune diseases. Organs where lymphocytes are formed proliferateand mature are called lymphoid organs. It is a primarylymphoid organs. Lymphocytes maturinghere are called B-lymphocytes. Lymphocyte which mature in thymus are called T-lymphocyte. Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue is a lymphoid organ presentin the lining of respiratory tract, digestive tract and urinogenital tract. Modes of transmission By sexual contact with infected person By transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products By Sharing the infected needles From infected mother to child through placenta Persons who are at high risk of getting infection include Individuals who have multiple sex partners.

Drug addicts taking drugs intravenously, Individuals who require repeated blood transfusions Children born to HIV infected motherPrevention of AIDS Using disposal syringes and needles, screening the blood of HIV, controlling drug abuse, free distribution of condoms and advocating safe sex. Carcinogens induce the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells e. Treatment—through surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy. Acne, mood swing, depression, premature boldness, reducedmale harmones. Masculinisation, aggressiveness, hirusitism excessive hairgrowth disturbed ovulation, stunted growth.

Depdence or addiction is a state of compulsion totake drug in absence of which body shows withdrawl symptons such asinsomnia, craving, tremors, cramps, twitching and convulsions. Harmful effects of Drugs and Alcohol Abuse change in behaviour i. You have heard of many indicences of Chickengunya in our country.

Namethe vector of the disease. Breast fed babies are more immune to diseases than the bottle fed babies. Name the pathogen which causes malignant malaria. How do they differ from each other? Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs. Describe the role of lymphnodes in our immune response. Name few drugswhich reduce the symptoms of allergy. Observe it andGive the answer of the following questions.

Label the parts A, B and C. Which cells produce these chemicals?

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State the function of these molecules. A person shows unwelcome immunogenic reactions while exposed to certain substances. What common term is given to the substances responsible for this condition? Name the cells and the chemical substances released which cause such reactions. Examine it and answer the following questions. Why is virus called retrovirus? Fill in the blank 1 and 2 Can infected cell survive while viruses are being replicated and released by host cell?

Retrovirus Virus infects normal cells. LA 5 Marks Answer the following with respect to Cancer. How does a cancerous cell differ from a normal cell? Benign tumor is less dangerous than malignant tumor. Describe causes of cancer. Mention two methods of treatment of the disease. The pathogen of a disease depends on RBCs of human for growth and reproduction.

The person with this pathogen suffers with chill and high fever. What is the cause of fever? Represent the life cycle of the pathogen diagrammatically. The immune system of a person is suppressed. Name the disease, the patient is suffering from. Which cells of the body are attacked by the pathogen?

Suggest preventive measures of the infection. B-cells and T-cells are formed in bone marrow. B-cells produce antibodiesbut T-cells do not produce antibodies but help B-cells produce them. Lymph nodes provide the sites for interaction of lymphocytes with theantigen. When the microorganisms enter the lymph nodes, lymphocytespresent there are activated and cause the immune response. Histamine acts as allergy-mediator which cause blood vessles to dilate.

It isreleased by mast cells. Antihistamine steroids and adrenaline quicklyreduce the symptoms of allergy. Heavy ChainAntibodies provide acquired immune response. It produces DNA by reverse transcription. Viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase. New Viral RNA is produced by the infected cell. Infected cell can suivive. LA 5 Marks a In normal cells, growth and differentiation is highly controlled and regulated contact inhibition.

The cancerous cells have lost the property of contact inhibition, hence continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells tumors. Malaria is caused by the toxins haemozoin produced in the human body This toxin is released by the rupturing of RBCs. Life cycle of Plasmodium: People should be educated about AIDS transmission. Disposable needles and syringes should be used Sexual habits should be changed immediately High-risk groups should be discouraged from donating blood.

Routine screening may be done.

Rhynian Story Series

Rearing of honeybees for the production of honey, beewax,royal jelly and bee Venom. Any part of plant excised from its original location and used fortissue culture. The entire collection having all the diversealleles for all the genes in a given crop. The ability or capacity of a cell or explant to give rise to acomplete plant is called totipotency. Hot Match With the color of lust and the magic of a simple touch, two hearts can save a race. For A Dragon's Treasure Two men. One wants to earn the treasure. The other wants to prove what treasure really is. Jury Bex trains the best fighters in the arena, but when she is handed over to a champion, she has to Obedient Freedom and a child are all she wants, but an ancient dragon has other ideas.

Biology Class XII Pages 51 - - Text Version | FlipHTML5

He wants in on the Take me Now Knocked out, caged and dumped at a bride auction, Raeda was not expecting to meet her wolves, but Take Me On Reesha has spent her adult life planning harvests for the colony on Worrik, she tells them where She goes to the Crossroads and has a wolf follow h Foursomes and More Friends with Benefits—what if some of those friends seek exclusivity? Brett and Jen say yes t Fierce Determination Beliefs are questioned and faith is lost. Will the surprising actions of an unstable woman be eno Roughnecks and Butterflies Straight out of college, Ethan scored a coveted job on the mining planet Ore 5.

So how the hell did All I Want For Christmas is Erik did not want to do the Christmas run. But, since it was either listen to Santa whining about Every year she comes to her cousin's pub to bless t Chris gets a call from his girlfriend inviting him Defender Dark elves, Raiders and a munitions specialist lead to a new life on a locked world and a hunt fo Neutral A scribe to an emperor who moonlights as a Guardian has Ariadne confused and anything but neutral Dead Camp 5, The End Game part 2 All stories have a beginning and a middle, but it is how those stories end that we remember them.

Out of Control Alex is in a loveless relationship with Chelsea, but feels responsible for her.

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Then Alex meets M Serving your Christmas Pleasure When Nicholas Eaton returned from the dead to surprise his wife at Christmas, he vibrated his way Walking the Straight Line Joel was still his best friend, and Peyton was still without love. When Joel rolls into town with Burning Ember Burning is her curse. Saving her is his mission.