Jane Long: Texas Journey: Tejano Hero (Texas Heroes For Young Readers)

The Consultation finally convened on November 3 in San Felipe with 58 of the 98 elected delegates. Although they did not declare independence, the delegates insisted they would not rejoin Mexico until federalism had been reinstated.

LONG, JANE HERBERT WILKINSON

Under the assumption that these two branches would cooperate, there was no system of checks and balances. On November 13, delegates voted to create a regular army and named Sam Houston its commander-in-chief. This provision was significant, as all public land was owned by the state or the federal government, indicating that the delegates expected Texas to eventually declare independence. Three men, including Austin, were asked to go to the United States to gather money, volunteers, and supplies.

The new Texas government had no funds, so the military was granted the authority to impress supplies. That our government is bad, all acknowledge, and no one will deny. Leaders in Texas continued to debate whether the army was fighting for independence or a return to federalism. The Council specifically noted that all free white males could vote, as well as Mexicans who did not support centralism.

They hoped it would inspire other federalist states to revolt and keep the bored Texian troops from deserting the army. Most importantly, it would move the war zone outside Texas. James Grant took the bulk of the army and almost all of the supplies to Goliad to prepare for the expedition. Petty bickering between Smith and the Council members increased dramatically, and on January 9, , Smith threatened to dismiss the Council unless they agreed to revoke their approval of the Matamoros Expedition.

Robinson the Acting Governor.

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Under orders from Smith, Houston successfully dissuaded all but 70 men from continuing to follow Johnson. Houston vowed that Texas would recognize Cherokee claims to land in East Texas as long as the Indians refrained from attacking settlements or assisting the Mexican army. The Council had neglected to provide specific instructions on how to structure the February vote for convention delegates, leaving it up to each municipality to determine how to balance the desires of the established residents against those of the volunteers newly arrived from the United States.

The soldiers drew their weapons; Colonel Sidney Sherman announced that he "had come to Texas to fight for it and had as soon commence in the town of Nacogdoches as elsewhere". Burnet , a "mongrel race of degenerate Spaniards and Indians more depraved than they". News of the armed uprising at Gonzales reached Santa Anna on October Those with knowledge of the events blamed the Anglos for their unwillingness to conform to the laws and culture of their new country.

Anglo immigrants had forced a war on Mexico, and Mexican honor insisted that the usurpers be defeated.

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Santa Anna and his soldiers believed that the Texians would be quickly cowed. At this time, there were only 2, soldiers in the Mexican interior. This was not enough to crush a rebellion and provide security—from attacks by both Indians and federalists—throughout the rest of the country.

Santa Anna had guaranteed at least a portion of the repayments with his own financial holdings. A majority of the troops had been conscripted or were convicts who chose service in the military over jail.

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Corruption was rampant, and supplies were not plentiful. Almost from the beginning, rations were short, and there were no medical supplies or doctors. Few troops were issued heavy coats or blankets for the winter. In late December, at Santa Anna's behest, the Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree , declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag. The resolution thus gave the Mexican army permission to take no prisoners in the war against the Texians.

There were not enough mules to transport all of the supplies, and many of the teamsters , all civilians, quit when their pay was delayed. The large number of soldaderas —women and children who followed the army—reduced the already scarce supplies. From Saltillo, the army had three choices: Some of them died of hypothermia , [] and others contracted dysentery. Soldiers who fell behind were sometimes killed by Comanche raiding parties.

As they progressed, settlers in their path in South Texas evacuated northward. The Mexican army ransacked and occasionally burned the vacant homes. It serves as the frontier picquet guard, and if it were in the possession of Santa Anna, there is no stronghold from which to repel him in his march towards the Sabine. When scouts brought word on February 23 that the Mexican advance guard was in sight, the unprepared Texians gathered what food they could find in town and fell back to the Alamo.

Several small skirmishes gave the defenders much-needed optimism, but had little real impact. Approximately 1, Mexican reinforcements arrived on March 3. In the early hours of March 6, the Mexican army attacked the fort. Although their column formation allowed only the front rows of soldiers to fire safely, inexperienced recruits in the back also discharged their weapons; many Mexican soldiers were unintentionally killed by their own comrades. Travis had succeeded in buying time for the Convention of , scheduled for March 1, to meet. The survivors , primarily women and children, were questioned by Santa Anna and then released.

Santa Anna assumed that knowledge of the disparity in troop numbers and the fate of the Texian soldiers at the Alamo would quell the resistance, [] and that Texian soldiers would quickly leave the territory. Urrea reached Matamoros on January A committed federalist himself, he soon convinced other federalists in the area that the Texians' ultimate goal was secession and their attempt to spark a federalist revolt in Matamoros was just a method of diverting attention from themselves.

Just after midnight on February 27, Urrea's men surprised Johnson's forces. Six Texians, including Johnson, escaped; the remainder were captured or killed. King to help evacuate settlers from the mission in Refugio. King and his men instead spent a day searching local ranches for centralist sympathizers. They returned to the mission on March 12 and were soon besieged by Urrea's advance guard and de la Garza's Victoriana Guardes.

Unwilling to leave any of his men behind, Fannin sent William Ward with men to help King's company. Urrea arrived with almost 1, troops on March By the end of the day on March 16, the bulk of Urrea's forces began marching to Goliad to corner Fannin. For the rest of the day, the two cavalries skirmished aimlessly, succeeding only in exhausting the Texian oxen, which had remained hitched to their wagons with no food or water throughout the day.

The Texians began their retreat on March The pace was unhurried, and after travelling only 4 miles 6. Urrea lost 50 men, with another wounded. Texians had little food, no water, and declining supplies of ammunition, but voted to not try to break for the timber, as they would have had to leave the wounded behind. The following morning, March 20, Urrea paraded his men and his newly arrived artillery.

Mexican records show that the Texians surrendered at discretion ; Texian accounts claim that Urrea promised the Texians would be treated as prisoners-of-war and granted passage to the United States. Over Ward's vehement objections, his men voted to surrender, later recalling they were told they would be sent back to the United States. Mexican cavalry were stationed nearby to chase down any who tried to escape. The Convention of in Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 1 attracted 45 delegates, representing 21 municipalities. Childress submitted a proposed Texas Declaration of Independence , which passed overwhelmingly on March 2.

His distress was evident; delegate Robert Potter immediately moved that the convention be adjourned and all delegates join the army. With the backing of the Convention, Houston was now commander-in-chief of all regular, volunteer, and militia forces in Texas. Over the next ten days, delegates prepared a constitution for the Republic of Texas. Parts of the document were copied verbatim from the United States Constitution ; other articles were paraphrased.

The new nation's government was structured similarly to that of the United States, with a bicameral legislature, a chief executive, and a supreme court. It also explicitly legalized slavery and recognized the people's right to revolt against government authority. Burnet, who had not been a delegate, was elected president. On March 11, Santa Anna sent one column of troops to join Urrea, with instructions to move to Brazoria once Fannin's men had been neutralized.

A hastily convened council of war voted to evacuate the area and retreat. The evacuation commenced at midnight and happened so quickly that many Texian scouts were unaware the army had moved on. Everything that could not be carried was burned, and the army's only two cannon were thrown into the Guadalupe River. Most citizens fled on foot, many carrying their small children. As news of the Alamo's fall spread, volunteer ranks swelled, reaching about 1, men on March Concerned that his ill-trained and ill-disciplined force would only be good for one battle and aware that his men could easily be outflanked by Urrea's forces, Houston continued to avoid engagement, to the immense displeasure of his troops.

While there, two cannons, known as the Twin Sisters, arrived from Cincinnati, Ohio. Houston quickly persuaded Rusk that his plans were sound. Carson advised Houston to continue retreating all the way to the Sabine River, where more volunteers would likely flock from the United States and allow the army to counterattack.

Texas Revolution - Wikipedia

You must fight them. You must retreat no further. The country expects you to fight. The salvation of the country depends on your doing so.

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Fear that Urrea's victories would position him as a political rival convinced Santa Anna to remain in Texas to personally oversee the final phase of the campaign. Almonte arrived just as Burnet shoved off in a rowboat, bound for Galveston Island. Although the boat was still within range of their weapons, Almonte ordered his men to hold their fire so as not to endanger Burnet's family. At this point, Santa Anna believed the rebellion was in its final death throes. The Texian government had been forced off the mainland, with no way to communicate with its army, which had shown no interest in fighting.

He determined to block the Texian army's retreat and put a decisive end to the war.

Texas Revolution

Handy who developed the town of Richmond, the county seat of Fort Bend County. Jane opened another boarding house and also developed a plantation two miles south of town. She bought and sold land, raised cattle, and grew cotton with the help of slaves twelve in When the war ended, she continued to work the land with tenants and briefly experimented with sheep.

In she lived by herself next door to Ann who had married James S. Sullivan; Ann died in June, leaving the care of Jane to the grandchildren. She died on December 30, , at the home of her grandson, James E. Winston, and was buried in the Morton Cemetery in Richmond. Lamar , but that she refused them all. Her history depends primarily on her own story told to Lamar about , when he was gathering material for a history of Texas. In a centennial marker was erected in her honor in Fort Bend County. John Henry Brown, History of Texas from to 2 vols.

Charles Adams Gulick, Jr. Texas State Library, —27; rpt. Coyle, ; rpt, Richmond, Texas: Fort Bend County Historical Museum, All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.

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Documents of Major Gen. Burnet, President of the Republic of Texas. Crawford, Ann Fears, editor. Republic of Texas Press, c The Heroes of San Jacinto. Anson Jones Press, Simmons, Helen and Cathryn A. How Texas Won Her Freedom: San Jacinto Monument, Tex.: San Jacinto Museum of History, Peter Ellis Bean in Mexican Texas. The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, University of Texas Press, , c The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic.

Texas Christian University Press, c Maps of Texas and the Southwest Matamoros and the Texas Revolution. Memoirs for the History of the War in Texas. The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution Arno Press, , c More Zeal Than Discretion: The Westward Adventures of Walter P. Narrative of Robert Hancock Hunter, New Orleans and the Texas Revolution. Recollections of a Tejano Life: Antonio Menchaca in Texas History. San Jacinto the Sixteenth Decisive Battle. Lamar Book Store, The Secret War for Texas. Oxford University Press, The Spanish Frontier in North America.

Yale University Press, c Austin, Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press, Sword of San Jacinto: Tejano Leadership in Mexican and Revolutionary Texas. Upper Saddle River, N. The Texas Revolutionary Experiences: A Political and Social History Texas Tears and Texas Sunshine: Voices of Frontier Women.