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In , he also took actress Margarete Marschalk as his lover. In order to get some distance, Marie moved to the US with their sons. Hauptmann prepared the first French performance of his play The Assumption of Hannele and then went after Marie, without even staying for the premiere. The rift, however, was not to be bridged. After several years of separation, the marriage was ended in July, However, Marie continued to live in the villa Hauptmann had built in Dresden. He called it "the mystical protective sheathing of my soul".

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In the preceding year, Margarete had born him a son, Benvenuto. In September , they were married; this second marriage lasted until his death, though it was thrown into a serious crisis in and by his affair with a year-old actress, Ida Orloff. In , Hauptmann's first novel was published, The Fool in Christ, Emanuel Quint , which told the story of a wandering preacher who mixed sun worship and Christianity together.

His novel, Atlantis , became the basis for a Danish silent film of the same name. The novel was written one month before the RMS Titanic disaster , and the film's release was less than one year after the event. The storyline for both involved a romance aboard a doomed ocean liner, and the similarity to the disaster became obvious. This coincidental untimeliness caused the film to be banned in Norway, [2] due to perceived insensitivity.

Nevertheless, excited by the possibilities of this new medium, Hauptmann wrote several screenplays e. Appolonius of Tyre , none of which was ever filmed. Around the turn of the century, Hauptmann began to receive official recognition. Three times he was awarded the Austrian Franz-Grillparzer-Preis. He also received honorary doctorates from Worcester College at Oxford in and from the University of Leipzig in In , he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art", after he had been nominated in that year by Erich Schmidt , member of the Prussian Academy of Science.

Kaiser Wilhelm II , however, did not care for the "social democratic" poet. He vetoed the awarding of the Schiller Preis for The Assumption of Hannele and at the instigation of his son, Crown Prince Wilhelm , in , a Breslau production of Hauptmann's play Commemoration Masque Festspiel in deutschen Reimen was canceled, because in it the hundredth anniversary of the Liberation of Germany from Napoleon was depicted with a pacifistic rather than patriotic or jingoistic tone.

However, the very same Hauptmann who had criticized militarism in the Masque , the very next year was among those who supported the war. Hauptmann signed the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three , a manifesto signed by 93 German scientists, scholars and artists, declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions at the beginning of World War I.

He published supportive poems many of which read as unintentional satires and which he later crossed out in the manuscript. Several years later, he wrote Till Eulenspiegel , a poetic memorial to Hans Paasche , the pacifist and reformer who was assassinated by ultra-nationalists. In , he joined a declaration, signed by a number of German intellectuals and published in the Berliner Tageblatt newspaper, showing solidarity with the Republic. In the following years, he was the first recipient of the Adlerschild des Deutschen Reiches The Eagle Shield of the German Reich an award for scholarly or artistic achievement.

During this period, the demand for Hauptmann's work had declined, to the point where, in order to maintain his lifestyle, he had begun to do films and serializations. Despite this, he continued to enjoy popularity. He was seen abroad as the representative of German Literature. In , in honor of the centenary of Goethe 's death, he went on a lecture tour of the United States and was awarded and honorary doctorate from Columbia University.

On his 70th birthday, he was awarded several honorary citizenships. There were countless exhibitions and performances of his work, many with well-known performers.

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Max Reinhardt played the lead in the premiere of Hauptmann's new play Before Sunset. From , Hauptmann summered with his family in Hiddensee. His copy of Mein Kampf , which can now be found in the Hauptmann collection at the Berlin State Library , was also heavily annotated. Hauptmann remained highly regarded by the people, for which reason the Nazis did everything to keep him from leaving the country, despite the emigration of many of his colleagues.

Nevertheless, the censors of the Propaganda Minister Goebbels kept an eye on Hauptmann's work and even banned a new edition of his novella The Shot in the Park because it featured a black character. Hauptmann was told that reprinting was impossible because of a paper shortage. For Hauptmann's 80th birthday, in , representatives of the Nazi regime cooperated with honors, celebrations, and celebratory performances. Hauptmann was presented by his publisher with the first copy of his volume Complete Works. In , he published his Atreus Tetralogy, which he had been working on for four years.

In , Hauptmann's name was included in the Gottbegnadeten list the "God-gifted list" , a list of artists considered crucial to the German culture, who were therefore exempt from mobilization in the war effort. He was one of the six most important writers in the special list of the "irreplaceable artists. During the bombing of Dresden , Hauptmann was staying at a Dresden sanatorium due to severe pneumonia. I stand at the end of my life and envy my dead comrades, who were spared this experience.

After the war, Silesia, where he was living, became part of Poland, but Hauptmann was temporarily allowed to stay due to a letter of protection. Then, on April 7, , he was informed by the Soviet military authorities that the Polish government was insisting on his resettlement. However, before his expulsion, he became very ill.

At the beginning of May , Hauptmann learned that the Polish government was insisting on the expulsion of all Germans without exception. His last words were reported to be, "Am I still in my house? An official letter from the Soviet Administration in favor of the writer, who was highly regarded in the Soviet Union , proved ineffective, though the family was permitted to take its belongings.

Only an hour after his death, the local militia had gathered outside the window directly under his deathbed and banging pots and pans and blowing whistles and trumpets. At a funeral service held in Stralsund , near Hauptmann's summer home on Hiddensee island, Wilhelm Pieck , then co-chairman of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany spoke, along with poet Johannes R. Becher , and Soviet official Sergei Ivanovich Tiulpanov all spoke. On the morning of 28 July, 52 days after his death, he was buried before sunrise at the cemetery in Hiddensee.

In , a granite block was unveiled as the grave stone. It bore, as per Hauptmann's wish, only his name. In , his wife Margarete's remains were moved to lie beside her husband's, though she had died in Hauptmann first encountered the various representatives of the naturalist movement through the avant-garde society "Durch" in , which was an important influence. At their meetings, aesthetic questions about idealism , Realism and the naturalist movement were discussed.

With that, he also established his naturalistic orientation. At the end of the s, he was confronted with the incipient anti-socialist movement. The first of the Anti-Socialist Laws was passed in and strengthened in Hauptmann was in as called before the court in Breslau, because he had been a follower of the "Icharians," whose ideas hearkened back to the ideas of French communist Etienne Cabet. He sought refuge in his brother's house in Zurich in order to avoid prosecution. While there he encountered psychiatrist August Forel and the preacher Johannes Guttzeit, whose ideas influenced Before Sunrise.

Hauptmann began producing naturalistic works in Zurich. Hauptmann's play "Before Sunrise" caused one of the largest scandals in German theater history. The bourgeois audience was shocked by the frank depictions of alcoholism and sexuality. According to Franz-Josef Payrhuber, "Before Sunrise" was an epoch-making work, but it is not the representative example of naturalistic drama, that label would go to Die Familie Selicke by Arno Holz and Johannes Schlaf.

Theaters under Brahm's leadership premiered 17 of Hauptmann's plays. With his most important play, The Weavers , which he had already been contemplating during his stay in Zurich, Hauptmann achieved world renown and reached the high point of his Naturalistic phase. Hauptmann's early work received differing reviews.

Conservative circles and also the government were not excited about his socially critical dramas, which made itself felt through censorship. His position in the opposition raised his profile in progressive, intellectual circles, which appreciated these aspects of his work. After many naturalistic-influenced works, Hauptmann's style changed [ clarification needed ] and he grew increasingly well-received among the educated and upper classes. Nevertheless, he was still in demand as a writer and was regarded abroad as the representative poet of Germany.

The Hungarian philosopher and literature critic, Georg Lukacs later called Hauptmann the "representative poet of bourgeois Germany," by which he did not mean to underscore Hauptmann's prominent position. Rather, he expressed displeasure with Hauptmann's fickleness and lack of attachment to his "revolutionary beginnings. Hauptmann had taken up a lavish lifestyle, lived in expensive hotels, often received guests, and took trips to Italy. When Hauptmann continued to live in Germany after the Nazis came to power, they attempted to use Hauptmann for their own purposes.

Various works that displeased the party leaders were banned but others continued to be performed. At his 80th birthday, in he was honored by the government with a festival and tributes, which he accepted. Hauptmann's ebb-and-flow character was highlighted in William L. Shirer offered in a first-person account, " Because he had been an ardent Socialist his plays had been banned from the imperial theaters during Kaiser Wilhelm II's time. During the Republic he had been the most popular playwright in Germany, and indeed he retained that position in the Third Reich. His plays continued to be produced.

I shall never forget the scene at the close of the first night of his last play, 'The Daughter of the Cathedral', when Hauptmann, a venerable figure with his flowing white hair tumbling down over his black cape, strode out of the theater arm in arm with Dr. Goebbels and Hans Johst. He, like so many other eminent Germans, had made his peace with Hitler, and Goebbels, a shrewd man, had made much effective propaganda out of it, tirelessly reminding the German people and the outside world that Germany's greatest living playwright, a former Socialist and the champion of the common man, had not only remained in the Third Reich but had continued to write and have his plays produced.

The American authorities, believing that Hauptmann had served the Nazis too well, banned his plays from the theaters in their sector in West Berlin. Whereupon the Russians invited him to Berlin, welcomed him as a hero and staged a gala cycle of his plays in East Berlin. On 6 October , Hauptmann sent a message to the Communist-dominated 'Kulturbund for the Democratic Revival of Germany' wishing it well and expressing the hope that it would succeed in bringing about a 'spiritual rebirth' of the German people.

After his death, the fame he had enjoyed in life began to fade. His reputation was further diminished by his uncritical attitude toward the Nazis. Nevertheless, on his th birthday in , celebrations were held in many German Cities. Kingdom of Prussia — It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the kings of Prussia were from the House of Hohenzollern.

Prussia was a power from the time it became a kingdom, through its predecessor, Brandenburg-Prussia. Prussia continued its rise to power under the guidance of Frederick II, more known as Frederick the Great. After the might of Prussia was revealed it was considered as a power among the German states. Throughout the next hundred years Prussia went on to win many battles and it was because of its power that Prussia continuously tried to unify all the German states under its rule. Attempts at creation of a federation remained unsuccessful and the German Confederation collapsed in when war ensued between its two most powerful states, Prussia and Austria.

The North German Confederation which lasted from —, created a union between the Prussian-aligned states while Austria and most of Southern Germany remained independent.

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The North German Confederation was seen as more of an alliance of military strength in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War, the German Empire lasted from — with the successful unification of all the German states under Prussian hegemony. Prussia is considered the predecessor of the unified German Reich. The Kingdom left a significant cultural legacy, today notably promoted by the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, in a Hohenzollern Burgrave came from the south to the March of Brandenburg and took control of the area as elector.

In the Hohenzollern was made an elector of the Holy Roman Empire, after the Polish wars, the newly established Baltic towns of the German states including Prussia, suffered many economic setbacks. Many of the Prussian towns could not even afford to attend political meetings outside of Prussia, the towns were poverty stricken, with even the largest town, Danzig, having to borrow money from elsewhere to pay for trade. Poverty in these towns was partly caused by Prussias neighbors, who had established and developed such a monopoly on trading that these new towns simply could not compete and these issues led to feuds, wars, trade competition and invasions.

However, the fall of these gave rise to the nobility, separated the east and the west. It was clear in how different Brandenburg was from the other German territories, not only did it face partition from within but also the threat of its neighbors. It prevented the issue of partition by enacting the Dispositio Achillea which instilled the principle of primogeniture to both the Brandenburg and Franconian territories, the second issue was solved through expansion.

Poland — Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is , square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe.

With a population of over The Kingdom of Poland was founded in , and in it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic.

More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in During the Revolutions of Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic.

Since the early s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between and According to the Global Peace Index for , Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in.

The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland.

The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. Germans — Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.

German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in , Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.

Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between and more than million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century.

The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons.

It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia.

By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France.

Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled.

The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity. Novelist — A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works.

Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different genres of fiction, such as crime, while many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers.

Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality truthfully. Novelist is a derivative from the term novel describing the writer of novels. The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the ability to publish. Many people take up writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often try to get it published. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will self-publish to circumvent the editorial control of publishers, self-publishing has long been an option for writers, with vanity presses printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer.

The rise of the Internet and electronic books has made self publishing far less expensive, Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, for example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50, word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the event, over , people took part — writing a total of over 2.

However, many novelists begin writing at a young age, for example, Iain Banks began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, The Hungarian Lift-Jet, about international arms dealers, in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book. However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens, for example, Patrick OBrian published his first novel, Caesar, The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention.

Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well, for example, though Christopher Paolinis Eragon, was not a great critical success, but its popularity among readers placed it on the New York Times Childrens Books Best Seller list for weeks. First-time novelists of any age often find themselves unable to get published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author. Philosophy — Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

The term was coined by Pythagoras. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument and systematic presentation, classic philosophical questions include, Is it possible to know anything and to prove it. However, philosophers might also pose more practical and concrete questions such as, is it better to be just or unjust. Historically, philosophy encompassed any body of knowledge, from the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, natural philosophy encompassed astronomy, medicine and physics.

For example, Newtons Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics, in the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize. In the modern era, some investigations that were part of philosophy became separate academic disciplines, including psychology, sociology. Other investigations closely related to art, science, politics, or other pursuits remained part of philosophy, for example, is beauty objective or subjective.

Are there many scientific methods or just one, is political utopia a hopeful dream or hopeless fantasy. Major sub-fields of academic philosophy include metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, logic, philosophy of science, since the 20th century, professional philosophers contribute to society primarily as professors, researchers and writers. Traditionally, the term referred to any body of knowledge. In this sense, philosophy is related to religion, mathematics, natural science, education.

This division is not obsolete but has changed, Natural philosophy has split into the various natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology and cosmology. Moral philosophy has birthed the social sciences, but still includes value theory, metaphysical philosophy has birthed formal sciences such as logic, mathematics and philosophy of science, but still includes epistemology, cosmology and others.

Many philosophical debates that began in ancient times are still debated today, colin McGinn and others claim that no philosophical progress has occurred during that interval. Chalmers and others, by contrast, see progress in philosophy similar to that in science, in one general sense, philosophy is associated with wisdom, intellectual culture and a search for knowledge. In that sense, all cultures and literate societies ask philosophical questions such as how are we to live, a broad and impartial conception of philosophy then, finds a reasoned inquiry into such matters as reality, morality and life in all world civilizations.

Socrates was an influential philosopher, who insisted that he possessed no wisdom but was a pursuer of wisdom. History of literature — Some recorded materials, such as compilations of data are not considered literature, and this article relates only to the evolution of the works defined above. Career Early work, —21 Lubits It refers especially to the development of modernism in the Austrian capital and its effect on the spheres of philosophy, literature, music, art, design and architecture.

Background Characteristics of the Wiener Moderne Significant personalities and works Philosophy Ernst Mach was an influential philosopher of science and physicist. Ludwig Wittgenstein made important contributions in analytic philosophy and philosophy of language.

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Sigmund Freud caused a revolution in psychology through the foundation of psychoanalysis. He publicized in his famous book "The Interpretation of Dreams". Architecture The architect Otto Wagner wrote a book Originally written for piano and voice, Strauss wrote an orchestral version in Composition history Strauss wrote the song at his home in Charlottenburg near Berlin, completing it on May 8 Strauss set five of Uhlands's poems in his Opus 47 songs. The poet had also been a childhood favourite of Strauss: In , he wrote an o It was the seventh round of the World Sportscar Championship season.

Although Laine was alive and conscious after the accident, fuel was leaking and Laine could not get out of the car. Track marshals were able to get to the wrecked Porsche, but then the car burst into flames. The marshals only had small extinguishers that was not enough to put out the inferno and Laine perished in the fire. He was 25, and was Alison Margaret Browner born 22 September is an Irish mezzo-soprano opera singer. The workman is an art song for voice and piano composed by Richard Strauss in , setting a poem by the German poet Richard Dehmel.

Five songs for high voice with piano accompaniment. Strauss orchestrated the song in Composition history Strauss set 11 poems by the German poet Richard Dehmel over the period , four of them in his Opus 39 collection Leises Lied, Befreit and Lied am meinem Sohn being the other Opus 39 Dehmel settings and another the orchestral song Notturno.

Dehmel was a controversial figure in the Germany of Kaiser Wilhelm II, a socialist who had been convicted for blasphemy in Berlin during It was the eighth round of the World Sportscar Championship season. Once again Porsche had had a dominant year in the championship and arrived as strong favourites to get their first outright victory. Their main opposition would come from Ferrari, now armed with the homologated S model.

Fully nine s and eleven s from works-supported teams and privateers were entered. However heavy rain through most of the race neutralised much of their power and contributed to a number of serious accidents. For Herrmann, a veteran of 13 Le Mans, it was particularly sweet having be beaten by the narrowest margin the previous year. This is a list of the works of the Austrian, later American, composer Ernst Krenek — Operas See List of operas by Ernst Krenek.

It was the sixth round of the International Championship for Makes. The layout had not been changed, however- and the circuit was still extremely fast and demanding; racing records were smashed at this race by the prototypes. The old Spa layout was just about flat out for the entire 8. This is a list of German-language playwrights. How He Came into the World in Life and career Deutsch grew up in Prague, and attended high school.

He was a skilled tennis player, ranking seventh on the Austro-Hungarian tennis list. After high school, Deutsch served in the army. He was a childhood friend of Franz Werfel On Joachim Ernst's death Albert's elder brother Frederick III succeeded him in Ansbach from onwards, initially under their mother's guardianship, but he was killed without issue in the Thirty Years' War in Albert thus succeeded him, though again the early years of his rule were under his mother's guardianship, only taking up full government responsibilities when his minority ended in With much diplomatic skill, he manoeuvred Brandenburg-Ansbach through the last ten years of the war and through administrative reforms, support for the guilds and cultural life and a good credit policy he promoted the beginnings of post-war Edvard Munch, The Scream, , oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard, 91 x 73 cm, National Gallery of Norway, inspired 20th-century Expressionists Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. It remained popular during the Weimar Republic,[1] particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a wide range of the arts, including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film and music.

Albert Freiherr[1] von Schrenck-Notzing 18 May — 12 February was a German physician, psychiatrist and notable psychical researcher, who devoted his time to the study of paranormal events connected with mediumship, hypnotism and telepathy. He is credited as the first forensic psychologist by Guinness World Records. However, Schrenck-Notzing did not believe her ectoplasm "materializations" were anything to do with spirits, he claimed they were the result of "ideoplasty" in which the medium could form images onto ectoplasm from her mind.

Critics pointed out that the photographs of the ectoplasm revealed marks of magazine cut-outs, This year the FIA introduced its new Group 5 and Group 6 regulations and the race was now open to nine distinct classes, although it was still not part of the World Championship seasons. Porsche introduced its new models, the in Group 6, the in Group 5 and the in Group 4.

In response, BMW had its modified 3. It was the year that turbos arrived in considerable numbers, with over a dozen turbocharged entries, led by the Renault Alpine A Even a minute stop to repair a cracked exhaust on Sunday morning was not enough for the The film's sets were designed by the art directors Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle. In Harden converted to Protestantism and started his journalistic career as a theatre critic in He also published political essays under the pseudonym Apostata in several liberal newspapers like the Berliner Tageblatt edited by Rudolf Mosse.

His baroque style was mocked by former friend Karl Kraus, who wrote a satire about "translations from Harden". His public accusations of homosexual behaviour — according to Parag Oswald Jonas January 10, — March 19, was a music theorist and musicologist and student of Heinrich Schenker.

Despite Schenker's conservative nationalist views Jonas was an admirer of Karl Kraus. The Oswald Jonas Memorial Collection, housed at the University of California, Riverside Library, holds the complete diaries of Schenker and much of the correspondence and manuscripts of Erwin Ratz, Jonas's first student. Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks: See also Klang music Schenkerian analysis Jonny spielt auf Jonny Plays is a German-language opera with words and music by Austrian composer Ernst Krenek about a jazz violinist.

The work typified the cultural freedom of the 'golden era' of the Weimar Republic. Performance history It was premiered at the Stadttheater, Leipzig on 10 February A tremendous success in Germany where it was performed times on various stages during its first season alone, it provided Krenek with the financial security to be able to devote all his time to composing. The libretto was translated into 14 languages. It was the first opera performed by Swiss tenor Hugues Cuenod. Nevertheless, with the rise of the Nazi movement, the opera encountered hostility in Vienna in from Nazi sympathisers, and the same protests occurred several years la He became known for his experimental lyric, mainly sound poems Sprechgedichte in the tradition of concrete and visual poetric forms.

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In he co-founded the "Grazer Autorenversammlung" in Graz, became its vice president in and was its president from to His poems are characterized by German language word play, often at the level of single characters or phonemes. For example, his famous univocalic poem "Ottos Mops" in English, "Otto's Pug" uses only the vowel "o". Of course, poems like this cannot easily be translated into other languages. Most of his poems are better heard than read. His lectures were always known as very impressive events The Einstein of Sex: Life and Work of Dr.

The plot follows the life of the Jewish doctor Magnus Hirschfeld, who was a sexologist and gay socialist. In , Hirschfeld founded the first gay political group in history. In the film three of Hirschfeld's closest friends are portrayed: Although inspired by Hirschfeld's life, the film is a work of fiction containing invented characters and incidents and attributing motives and sentiments to Hirschfeld and others on the basis of little or no historical evidence. Hirschfeld biographer Ralf Dose notes, for instance, that "the figure of 'Dorchen' in Rosa von Praunheim's film The Einstein of Sex is complete fiction.

This is a list of composers of the Classical music era, roughly from to The route of the race The Solitude racetrack is a former motorsport race track in Leonberg, west of Stuttgart. It is named after Castle Solitude and has hosted various motorcycle and automobile races. Routes Control tower at the start-finish line in Mahdental Shadow ground The traditional, used for motorcycle racing track located above the Stuttgart district of Bergheim, but not in the center of the main The section of the shadow base to Glemseck runs in the valley of Glemsford.

First hillclimb track from Stuttgart Westbahnhof up to the Schloss Solitude. Member feedback about Kraus: Lists of people sharing a surname Revolvy Brain revolvybrain. Member feedback about Ernst Kraus: Karl Kraus writer topic Karl Kraus April 28, — June 12, [1] was an Austrian writer and journalist, known as a satirist, essayist, aphorist, playwright and poet. Member feedback about Karl Kraus writer: Aphorists Revolvy Brain revolvybrain. Freising topic Freising is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the Freising district, with a population of 45, Member feedback about Freising: Towns in Bavaria Revolvy Brain revolvybrain.

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