Cut: Vignettes

• The Cock and Anchor?
• Grace Will Meet You There;
• Arroyo Cutting in the Southwestern U.S..
• Use the effect masking tools to create quick vignettes in Premiere Pro!.
• www.cbr.com.
• ampliCan Overview!

A wide range of climatic mechanisms have been suggested, ranging from fluctuations in groundwater levels to episodes of catastrophic flooding; and 3 Arroyo cutting and filling is an inherent behavior of semiarid drainage systems, wherein pulses of incision followed by widening and eventually aggradation migrate upstream in response to local slope anomalies. This last hypothesis is known as the 'complex response' hypothesis. In reality, each of the above hypotheses likely played some role in arroyo cutting.

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Despite the complex interactions of these possible driving mechanisms, the regional synchronicity of historic arroyo cutting has led many recent workers to conclude that the dominant driving mechanism must be one that operates across a whole region rather than on individual watersheds. As a result, much attention has been focused on the various climatic drivers proposed in hypothesis 2. Cutbanks along modern arroyos provide 'windows' into the hydrologic history paleohydrology of a stream.

Evidence of these cycles lies in the form of aggradational sequences overlying and truncated by paleochannels e. Usually, the aggradational "packages" represent the filling of an arroyo with sediment, and the paleochannels represent periods of arroyo cutting. Geologists initially relied on the relation of these aggradational packages to cultural artifacts of known age in order to establish their ages.

Radiocarbon dating played a major role where no cultural features could be associated with alluvial deposits. Now, geologists are using optically-stimulated luminescence OSL dating where no cultural features or organic material can be found. All of the above tools can be used to constrain the timing of past arroyo cycles in order to establish their relation to hydrological and environmental changes. Such chronostratigraphic studies have identified at least one other arroyo cutting event that was synchronously manifested in many drainages of the Southwest.

This pre-historic arroyo cutting occurred around AD. The fact that this event took place in the absence of intensive grazing and floodplain modification suggests that it was driven by climatic changes. Interestingly, the pre-historic arroyo cutting also coincides roughly with the great Puebloan abandonment--when seeming successful, growing Puebloan cultures suddenly disappeared from the southern Colorado Plateau. Was prehistoric arroyo cutting related to this major cultural transition? It certainly seems plausible, as archeological evidence suggests that these burgeoning cultures relied on floodwater farming.

If arroyos rapidly cut into the floodplains they were farming, irrigation would have become very difficult. These two major arroyo cutting events bound a period of channel aggradation from around AD. Valley-fills of this age have been correlated across the Southwest Figure 4. Hack dubbed this alluvial fill the 'Naha' alluvium.

It generally fills arroyos that were cut into an older alluvial fill known as the 'Tsegi' alluvium, which encompasses several aggradational sequences that occurred before AD. Ongoing research is focused on identifying the timing of these older arroyo cutting-and-filling cycles.

Some studies have identified upwards of 10 alluvial fills that predate the "Naha' alluvium, though existing age control is limited. If arroyo cutting events are climate-driven, what specific mechanism s are at play? Many have suggested that episodes of frequent, high-magnitude flooding were the causal mechanism. How can we test this hypothesis?

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One way would be to examine the flood record for a stream for which an arroyo cut-and-fill record is known. Because stream gages have existed for only a short period of time, geologists use paleoflood hydrology to characterize pre-instrumental floods. Evidence of floods can be depositional e. Such evidence acts as a proxy for flood stage, which, combined with detailed surveying, can be used to calculate the paleodischarge.

Additionally, the same geochronological tools described above can be used to determine the age of the flood. I selected a pale blue paper for the center of my Tiara Rondelle die , and used this die one more time to cut a center for my frame. Next came the fun part…embellishing with more dies! The Petite Double Bow die was used to create the darling bow at the top of my frame, cut using the same paper as my frame.

This die is such a fun one…for all of you who love bows out there just as much as I do. I cut them from coordinating patterned paper as well and love how they turned out. Such a simple die with detailed results! Bazzill Basics; Sentiment, printed flowers, and adhesive gems: Melissa very different from my makes which are not so busy with the different paper patterns but I love it!!! Thank you for your sweet comment Becca!

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Your dies have been so much fun to create with…they are truly amazing! Posted by Spellbinders Team Tags: Thank you for visiting! February 20, at 9: Hello and thank you for joining me!