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The terrain is flat and the soil is composed entirely of recent sediments such as sand, silt, and clay. Areas with better drainage make excellent farmland, though some land is swampy. The natural areas of the coastal plain are part of the Middle Atlantic coastal forests ecoregion. Just west of the coastal plain is the Sandhills region. The Sandhills are remnants of coastal dunes from a time when the land was sunken or the oceans were higher. The Upstate region contains the roots of an ancient, eroded mountain chain.

It is generally hilly, with thin, stony clay soils, and contains few areas suitable for farming. Much of the Piedmont was once farmed.

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Due to the changing economics of farming, much of the land is now reforested in Loblolly pine for the lumber industry. These forests are part of the Southeastern mixed forests ecoregion. The fall line was an important early source of water power. Mills built to harness this resource encouraged the growth of several cities, including the capital, Columbia.

The larger rivers are navigable up to the fall line, providing a trade route for mill towns. The northwestern part of the Piedmont is also known as the Foothills. The Cherokee Parkway is a scenic driving route through this area. This is where Table Rock State Park is located.

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The environment here is that of the Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests ecoregion. All major lakes in South Carolina are man-made. The following are the lakes listed by size. Earthquakes in South Carolina demonstrate the greatest frequency along the central coastline of the state, in the Charleston area. Many of the ancient faults are within plates rather than along plate boundaries. Winter temperatures are much less uniform in South Carolina. While precipitation is abundant the entire year in almost the entire state, the coast tends to have a slightly wetter summer, while inland, the spring and autumn transitions tend to be the wettest periods and winter the driest season, with November being the driest month.

Snowfall in South Carolina is somewhat uncommon in most of the state, while coastal areas receive less than an inch 2. It is not uncommon for the state especially the southern coast to receive no recordable snowfall in a given year. The mountains of extreme northwestern South Carolina tend to have the most substantial snow accumulation. Freezing rain and ice tend to be more common than snow in many areas of the state. Road bridges in South Carolina are commonly marked, "Bridge ices before road.

South Carolina is also prone to tropical cyclones and tornadoes. Two of the strongest hurricanes to strike South Carolina in recent history were Hurricane Hazel and Hurricane Hugo The state is occasionally affected by tropical cyclones. This is an annual concern during hurricane season, which lasts from June 1 to November The peak time of vulnerability for the southeast Atlantic coast is from early August to early October, during the Cape Verde hurricane season.

Memorable hurricanes to hit South Carolina include Hazel , Florence , and Hugo , all Category 4 hurricanes. South Carolina averages around 50 days of thunderstorm activity a year. This is less than some of the states further south, and it is slightly less vulnerable to tornadoes than the states which border on the Gulf of Mexico.

Some notable tornadoes have struck South Carolina, and the state averages around 14 tornadoes annually. Hail is common with many of the thunderstorms in the state, as there is often a marked contrast in temperature of warmer ground conditions compared to the cold air aloft. As of the census estimate, the racial make up of the state is According to the United States Census Bureau , as of , South Carolina had an estimated population of 4,,, which is an increase of 63, from the prior year and an increase of ,, or 5.

Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 36, people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of , people. South Carolina's state government consists of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches. Also relevant are the state constitution, law enforcement agencies, federal representation, state finances, and state taxes. South Carolina has historically had a weak executive branch and a strong legislature. Before , governors in South Carolina were appointed by the General Assembly, and held the title "President of State.

Local governments were also weak. But, the Constitution, passed during the Reconstruction era , extended democratization by establishing home rule for counties, which were established from the formerly designated districts of the state. The state constitution overturned this, reducing the role of counties and strengthening the relative role of the state legislature; essentially the counties were agents of the state and ruled by the General Assembly through the legislative delegation for each county.

As each county had one state senator, that position was particularly powerful. This status continued until , when the state constitution was amended to provide for home rule for the counties. During this time the state had changed, with increasing urbanization, but rural counties retained proportionally more power as the legislature was based in representatives elected from counties rather than population districts. The federal court case, Reynolds v. Sims , "established the one-man, one-vote concept for electoral representation at the state level.

Legislators were now supposed to represent more or less equal numbers of people. Reapportionment made obvious the need for other changes to county structure, leading to the legislature passing the constitutional amendment. The Home Rule Act of implemented the amendment giving more power to the counties.

With urbanization, their governments have become increasingly important in the state. Several changes to the state constitution have affected the office of the governor and the cabinet. In the governor's term was extended from two to four years; in the governor was allowed to run for a second succeeding term.

In , the state passed an amendment requiring a limited cabinet all of whom must be popularly elected. As of January 2, , there were 2,, registered voters. There is evidence of human activity in the area about 40, years ago. At the time Europeans arrived, marking the end of the Pre-Columbian era around , there were many separate Native American tribes, the largest being the Cherokee , and the Catawba , and the total population being up to 20, Up the rivers of the eastern coastal plain lived about a dozen tribes of Siouan background. Further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River , the Catawba.

These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their primary food source. About a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area. From June 24 to July 14, , they explored the land around Winyah Bay named, according to the captive Francisco , Chicora , in a struggle with nineteen other neighboring peoples whose names have been also transmitted without it being possible to identify them with certainty.

It was the first European settlement in what is now mainland USA. Established with five hundred settlers, it was abandoned eight months later by one hundred and fifty survivors. In , Hernando de Soto explored the region and the main town of Cofitachequi , where he captured the queen of the Maskoki and the Chelaque who had welcomed him. The garrison lacked supplies and the soldiers as in the France Antarctique ran away, some settlers preferring a natural life far from civilization and the atrocities of the Wars of Religion.

In May , a second expedition explored the shore from the Jordan River up to the Dolphins river and took possession of the territory from the coast to the Palassi Mountains , a middle French transcription of the Appalachian Mountains. On August 28, , the Spanish built a fort on the site of St. Augustine and, a few days later, exterminated the French colonists on the shore of the Massacre River. The two hundred men left to guard Fort Caroline were executed on September 20, because they were not Catholic. Three years later, a punitive expedition led by Dominique de Gourgue provoked a general insurrection of the natives which permanently expelled the Spaniards from the Piedmont and Cumberland region, that they had begun to invest from Joara.

Augustine , they were then confronted with hostilities from the English navy. In , Charles II granted the land to eight Lords Proprietors in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in In the s, English planters from Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston.

Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry , east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line. Settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina , west of the Fall Line, was settled by small farmers and traders, who displaced Native American tribes westward. Colonists overthrew the proprietors' absentee English landowners rule, seeking more direct representation.

In , the colony was officially made a crown colony. In North Carolina was split off into a separate colony. Southern Carolina prospered from the fertility of the Low Country and the harbors, such as at Charleston. It allowed religious toleration, encouraging Settlements spread, and trade in deerskin, lumber, and beef thrived. Rice cultivation was developed on a large scale. By the second half of the s South Carolina was one of the richest of what were about to become the Thirteen Colonies.

On March 26, , the colony adopted the Constitution of South Carolina , [48] electing John Rutledge as the state's first president. In February, , South Carolina became the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation , [49] the initial governing document of the United States, and in May , South Carolina ratified the United States Constitution , becoming the eighth state to enter the union. During the American Revolutionary War — , about a third of combat action took place in South Carolina, [50] more than in any other state.

America's first census in put the state's population at nearly , By the census the population had increased 38 per cent to nearly , of which , were slaves. At that time South Carolina had the largest population of Jews in the 16 United States, mostly based in Savannah and Charleston, [52] the latter being the country's fifth largest city. In the Antebellum period before the Civil War the state's economy and population grew. Cotton became an important crop after the invention of the cotton gin. While nominally democratic, from until , wealthy male landowners were in control of South Carolina.

For example, a man was not eligible to sit in the State House of Representatives unless he possessed an estate of acres of land and 10 Negroes, or at least pounds sterling. Columbia , the new state capital was founded in the center of the state, and the State Legislature first met there in The town grew after it was connected to Charleston by the Santee Canal in , one of the first canals in the United States. As dissatisfaction with the federal government grew, in the s John C. Calhoun became a leading proponent of states' rights , limited government , nullification of the US Constitution , and free trade.

In , the Ordinance of Nullification declared federal tariff laws unconstitutional and not to be enforced in the state, leading to the Nullification Crisis. The federal Force Bill was enacted to use whatever military force necessary to enforce federal law in the state, bringing South Carolina back into line. In the United States presidential election of voting was sharply divided, with the south voting for the Southern Democrats and the north for Abraham Lincoln 's Republican Party.

Lincoln was anti-slavery, did not acknowledge the right to secession , and would not yield federal property in Southern states. Southern secessionists believed Lincoln's election meant long-term doom for their slavery-based agrarian economy and social system. Lincoln was elected president on 6 November President a Hostile Act, 9 November ", [56] and within weeks South Carolina became the first state to declare secession from the US. For the rest of the war this area served as a Union base and staging point for other operations.

Whites abandoned their plantations, [57] leaving behind about 10, slaves. Several Northern charities partnered with the federal government to help these people run the cotton farms themselves under the Port Royal Experiment. Workers were paid by the pound harvested and thus became the first former slaves freed by the Union forces to earn wages.

Although the state was not a major battleground, the war ruined the economy. Under conscription , all men aged 18—35 later 45 were drafted for Confederate service. More than 60, served, [57] and the state lost nearly one-third of the white male population of fighting age. At the end of the war in early , the troops of General William Tecumseh Sherman marched across the state devastating plantations and most of Columbia. Under presidential Reconstruction —66 , freedmen former slaves were given limited rights. Under Radical reconstruction — , a Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags was in control, supported by Union Army forces.

They established public education, welfare institutions, and home rule for counties, expanding democracy. White , the Supreme Court ruled the ordinances of secession including that of South Carolina were invalid, and thus those states had never left the Union. However, South Carolina did not regain representation in Congress until that date. Until the presidential election , South Carolina's legislature, not the voters, chose the state's electors for the presidential election. South Carolina was the last state to choose its electors in this manner.

On October 19, President Ulysses S. Akerman , hundreds of Klansmen were arrested while Klansmen fled the state. They regained political control of the state under conservative white " Redeemers " and pro-business Bourbon Democrats. In , the federal government withdrew its troops as part of the Compromise of that ended Reconstruction. The state became a hotbed of racial and economic tensions during the Populist and Agrarian movements of the s. A Republican-Populist biracial coalition took power away from White Democrats temporarily. To prevent that from happening again, Democrats gained passage of a new constitution in that effectively disfranchised almost all blacks and many poor whites by new requirements for poll taxes , residency, and literacy tests that dramatically reduced the voter rolls.

By , only 5, black voters remained on the voter registration rolls, although they constituted a majority of the state's population. The constitution overturned local representative government, reducing the role of the counties to agents of state government, effectively ruled by the General Assembly, through the legislative delegations for each county.

As each county had one state senator, that person had considerable power. The counties lacked representative government until home rule was passed in Governor "Pitchfork Ben Tillman" , a Populist, led the effort to disenfranchise the blacks and poor whites, although he controlled Democratic state politics from the s to with a base among poor white farmers. During the constitutional convention in , he supported another man's proposal that the state adopt a one-drop rule , as well as prohibit marriage between whites and anyone with any known African ancestry.

Some members of the convention realized prominent white families with some African ancestry could be affected by such legislation. In terms similar to a debate in Virginia in on a similar proposal which was dropped , George Dionysius Tillman said the following in opposition:. If the law is made as it now stands respectable families in Aiken , Barnwell , Colleton , and Orangeburg will be denied the right to intermarry among people with whom they are now associated and identified.

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At least one hundred families would be affected to my knowledge. They have sent good soldiers to the Confederate Army, and are now landowners and taxpayers. Those men served creditably, and it would be unjust and disgraceful to embarrass them in this way. It is a scientific fact that there is not one full-blooded Caucasian on the floor of this convention. Every member has in him a certain mixture of… colored blood.

The pure-blooded white has needed and received a certain infusion of darker blood to give him readiness and purpose. It would be a cruel injustice and the source of endless litigation, of scandal, horror, feud, and bloodshed to undertake to annul or forbid marriage for a remote, perhaps obsolete trace of Negro blood. The doors would be open to scandal, malice and greed; to statements on the witness stand that the father or grandfather or grandmother had said that A or B had Negro blood in their veins.

Any man who is half a man would be ready to blow up half the world with dynamite to prevent or avenge attacks upon the honor of his mother in the legitimacy or purity of the blood of his father. The state postponed such a one-drop law for years. Virginian legislators adopted a one-drop law in , forgetting that their state had many people of mixed ancestry among those who identified as white. Early in the 20th century, South Carolina developed a thriving textile industry. The state also converted its agricultural base from cotton to more profitable crops; attracted large military bases through its powerful Democratic congressional delegation, part of the one-party South following disfranchisement of blacks at the turn of the century; and created tourism industries.

During the early part of the 20th Century, millions of African Americans left South Carolina and other southern states for jobs, opportunities and relative freedom in U. In total from to , 6. By South Carolina had a white majority [67] for the first time since South Carolina was one of several states that initially rejected the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote. The South Carolina legislature later ratified the amendment on July 1, The struggle of the civil rights movement took place in South Carolina as they did in other Southern states.

Strom Thurmond was among the nation's most radical and effective opponents of social equality and freedom for U. As of , South Carolina had one of the lowest percentages among all states of women in state legislature, at Starting January 1, , South Carolina was one of the first states that no longer pays for 'early elective' deliveries of babies , under either Medicaid and private insurance.

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The term early elective is defined as a labor induction or Cesarean section between 37—39 weeks that is not medically based. This change is intended to result in healthier babies and fewer unnecessary costs for South Carolina. On November 20, , South Carolina became the 35th state to legalize same-sex marriages , when a federal court ordered the change. Same-sex marriage in South Carolina. South Carolina has many venues for visual and performing arts. There are also numerous historic sites and museums scattered throughout the state paying homage to many events and periods in the state's history from Native American inhabitation to the present day.

South Carolina also has performing art venues including the Peace Center in Greenville, the Koger Center for the Arts in Columbia, and the Newberry Opera House , among others to bring local, national, and international talent to the stages of South Carolina.

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There are also countless local festivals throughout the state highlighting many cultural traditions, historical events, and folklore. Religion in South Carolina [76]. Fourth largest is the African Methodist Episcopal Church with congregations and , members and fifth largest is the Presbyterian Church USA with congregations and almost , members. As of , South Carolina is the American state with the highest per capita proportion of Baha'is with 17, adherents, [78] making the Baha'i Faith the second largest religion in the state.

Although no major league professional sports teams are based in South Carolina, the Carolina Panthers do have training facilities in the state and played their Inaugural Season's home games at Clemson's Memorial Stadium, however, they currently play in North Carolina. The Panthers consider themselves "The Carolinas' Team" and refrained from naming themselves after Charlotte or either of the Carolinas. The state is also home to numerous minor league professional teams. College teams represent their particular South Carolina institutions, and are the primary options for football, basketball and baseball attendance in the state.

South Carolina is also a top destination for golf and water sports. According to the U. Major agricultural outputs of the state are tobacco, poultry, cotton, cattle, dairy products, soybeans, hay, rice, and swine. Industrial outputs include textile goods, chemical products, paper products, machinery, automobiles, automotive products and tourism. Please turn it on if you're experiencing issues. View Full Report Card. South Carolina is a highly rated public university located in Columbia, South Carolina. It is a large institution with an enrollment of 24, undergraduate students.

Popular majors include Finance, Marketing, and Business. About University of South Carolina University of South Carolina Rankings Niche rankings are based on rigorous analysis of key statistics from the U. Department of Education and millions of reviews.

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