The Medical Management of Prostate Cancer II: v. 2 (ESO Monographs)

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Amazon Drive Cloud storage from Amazon. Despite the gamut of biorepositories established in the Americas, Europe, Asia and Australia [ - ], very few such biobanks have been established in sub-Saharan Africa [ ]. Several challenges have plagued biorepository development and regulation in sub-Saharan Africa [ - ], albeit modest progress has been made in a few sub-Saharan African countries.

Notably, the emergence of the NIH and Wellcome Trust-funded H3Africa consortium, has improved the centralization and standardization of biospecimen collection in Africa [ ]. In silico prevalidation is required in early phase of biomarkers development study [ 21 , 90 ], to optimize potential biomarkers prior to large scale studies.

The cost implication and infrastructure needed for large scale validation of omics based biomarkers can be prohibitive [ ], hence collaborative efforts such as the EDRN are necessary to achieve this goal [ 98 ]. In addition, standard validation procedures often require validated surrogate prognostic biomarkers that have been tested in multiple phase III trials [ ].

Due to prohibitive costs, only important proteins or antibodies from the discovery phase would typically be validated [ ]. Proteogenomic integration is thus an important multipronged approach to identify viable diagnostic and treatment signatures for PCa. For example, androgen receptors AR and EGFR has been identified as correlating with PCa progression using gene expression data integrated with protein interaction networks [ ].

In line with an integrated proteogenomic approach, other emerging liquid biopsy biomarkers such as long non-coding RNA and exosomes holds future prospects for PCa [ ]. Sixteen putative proteomics biomarkers of PCa validated on a well annotated tissue microarray TMA containing ca. Several genomic classifiers have also emerged for clinical metastasis and biochemical recurrence, as well as for patient stratification [ ].

Hitherto, most discovered biomarkers have focused on diagnostic rather than prognostic and predictive potentials [ 25 ]. As emphasized earlier, there is an urgent need for larger biorepository establishment to facilitate disease biomarker discovery and validation [ 25 ].

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Emerging biomarkers such as circulating tumour cells CTC in blood may enable the evaluation of disease prognosis and survival [ ]. These tests have helped to improve diagnosis of PCa and decipher the level of evidence LoE assigned for biomarker validation [ ]. Urine and blood sample testing for biomarkers is a reasonable approach with high prospect for mass screening of populations for disease [ ], particularly in African populations that are at greater risk of developing aggressive PCa. This review has demonstrated the prospects for discovery and validation of potential biomarkers in Africa.

Currently available biomarkers and biomarkers sources were highlighted, as well as the application of high throughput methodologies for candidate biomarker discovery. Being a continent with a huge burden of cancer and mostly populated by low and middle income countries LMIC , several challenges have been identified that militate against the routine application of proteomics to PCa research. The most promising urinary biomarkers which require further validation are the top 12 identified by targeted proteomics [ 90 ]; while the best serological biomarkers are the top 41 tumour associated antigens [ 91 ].

All potential urinary and serological biomarkers that demonstrated ethnic trends are also worth investigating further for potential used for personalized management of PCa in Africa. There is a pressing need to develop cancer research initiatives and collaborations with partners within and outside of Africa. Potential PCa biomarkers discovered in African studies requires research and systematic validation as practiced in the developed world, with urine and blood based theranostic biomarkers offering a multi-pronged approach to diagnosis and treatment of PCa in Africa.

Ethnic-tailored biomarkers for PCa management are required if personalized medicine is to become a reality among African populations. Collaborative research directed towards understanding the potential role of PCa immunotherapy in African patients should also be encouraged, both locally and internationally. Importantly, diagnostic focus should be redirected towards less invasive approaches to PCa management, to improve early screening and intervention in Africa.

It is also suggest that a centralized specimen and proteome repository should be built for PCa in Africa, as this would provide a resource for better research into PCa burden among men of African descent. National Cancer Institute; PCa: HAA designed, prepared and revised the manuscript, figures and Table. LFZ was involved in the design, preparation and revision of the manuscript. The funders played no role in the design or interpretation of the paper or the decision to publish.

The Global Burden of Cancer In , half of all men can count on developing prostate cancer. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: International journal of cancer. International Agency for Research on Cancer; Global cancer statistics, CA Cancer J Clin. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cancer burden in Africa and opportunities for prevention. Prostate cancer incidence rates in Africa. Genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer in men of African descent: Human prostate cancer precursors and pathobiology.

The Medical management of prostate cancer II - L. Denis - Google Livres

Genetic analysis of the principal genes related to prostate cancer: Prognostic role of genetic biomarkers in clinical progression of prostate cancer. Integrative genomic analysis for the discovery of biomarkers in prostate cancer. Current status of biomarkers for prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci. Prostatic acid phosphatase expression in human tissues. Int J Clin Exp Pathol.

Force US, and U. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for prostate cancer: Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

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Biomarkers in prostate cancer surveillance and screening: Validation of proposed prostate cancer biomarkers with gene expression data: Clinical use of novel urine and blood based prostate cancer biomarkers: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Decreased alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase expression in localized prostate cancer is associated with an increased rate of biochemical recurrence and cancer-specific death.

The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Proteomics, Genomics, and Immunology Advancements. Incorporation of tissue-based genomic biomarkers into localized prostate cancer clinics. Dataset for the quantitative proteomics analysis of the primary hepatocellular carcinoma with single and multiple lesions.

Mass spectrometry-based clinical proteomics: Proteomic approaches in biomarker discovery: Proteomics in prostate cancer. Application of proteomic technologies for prostate cancer detection, prognosis, and tailored therapy.

Emerging proteomics biomarkers and prostate cancer burden in Africa

Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. Proteomics in prostate cancer biomarker discovery. Proteomics for the identification of new prostate cancer biomarkers. Davalieva K, Polenakovic M. Proteomics in diagnosis of prostate cancer. Application of proteomic strategies to the identification of urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer: The role of proteomics in prostate cancer research: Proteomics analysis of urine reveals acute phase response proteins as candidate diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer.

Identification of candidate prostate cancer biomarkers in prostate needle biopsy specimens using proteomic analysis. Evaluation of protein biomarkers of prostate cancer aggressiveness. Identification of proteomic biomarkers predicting prostate cancer aggressiveness and lethality despite biopsy-sampling error. Discovery of serum protein biomarkers for prostate cancer progression by proteomic analysis. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Tissue proteomics reveals differential and compartment-specific expression of the homologs transgelin and transgelin-2 in lung adenocarcinoma and its stroma.

Tissue proteomics using chemical immobilization and mass spectrometry. Chandramouli K, Qian PY. Human genomics and proteomics. Human body fluid proteome analysis. Liquid biopsy in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Siravegna G, Bardelli A.