Ragazzi, a tavola! (Universale economica. Saggi) (Italian Edition)

Poets are inexorably regional. In the s, T. Noticeably, we are dealing here with a very sensitive issue that will have many of us scream at the top of our voices. The controversy, though inestimable, brings to the fore what hides in the background. Comparing a poem to its translation underscores the very notion of what is a work of the irst-order or of the second-order.

Every one drops the blame on the translator. But is the translator to blame? And it is not the fault of the translator. The Penguin Poets edition speaks tons. The translations are presented below the French original like footnotes; it is as though Hartley was quite aware of the missing gravity of the text once translated. Translation should, however, never be a footnote. One tradition simply does not carry over without damage. What can be translated is the universality of the poem. Precisely the very thing that might not have been important for the poet at the time of his composition.

And for this, the translator is accused of being a traitor. The translator has not dished out the stash that was expected from him. Even if the translator could have handed over the goods, he might not have been willing to do so. Perhaps, it was simply impossible for him to do so. Poetry afirms a speciic locus. Poetry afirms the focal point of subjectivity as well as a collective station.

There is no such thing as free poetry. The moment poetry is writ- ten in a certain language, it is this language that conditions focal point and locality. Deconstruction works only within the conines of the borders of language. Feminine and mas- culine rhymes, alliterations, beats, syllabiication, grammar belong to poetic afirmation and rarely can they be transposed into another language without loss of individuality and community. All the translator can do is permute, transigure, and substitute one con- inement for another. The bet is steep, yet the winning enormous.

By placing one literary circumscription beside a second might not, in itself, break down borders, but it will certainly broaden the expanse of both. Something recalling the Gestalt Effect occurs when a work is transposed into another environment, as it widens the physical perspectives for both the host and guest. Critical thinking brought forth by the exercise of translating the work of living au- thor usually punctures the balloon of innocence and unconscious- ness.

Translation awakens a cognitive state in the poet. No matter how alert the poet might have been during the composition of his original poem, the translation of the same poem modiies forever his writing and his future writings. He will no longer be able to read his own work as he used to, in the restraints of his collectivity. He now knows that a reader in a different situation knows as well. It is thanks to translation that connections between heterogeneous regions develop. Passing over the gangway on to otherness produces the most delicious of fruits. By conirming the afirmation of poetry, transla- tion universalizes what is speciic.

Translation analyzes details and plunges into the ocean of the unexpected. We must beware of not mistaking the universalizing mecha- nisms of translation with translation as being universal. Global- ization is not an immediate acquisition. Translating into English works originally written, say, in Italian does not automatically guarantee English-speaking readers to react in the same manner.

The reader in London does not read poetry the same way as the reader in San Diego. Local thoughts and practice systems vary according to geography. Poetry is not geographically blind. The dissimilarities within a language should, however, not hinder the translator from doing his work. The translator in Toronto will not translate a Serbian poet the same way as the translator in Sydney.

There is no single way to translate a work, no matter what intel- lectual apparatus the translator uses to defend or a critic to attack a translation. In the industry of books, the concept of a perfect translation has more to do with rights and royalties than it does with translation per se. Translation follows the same pattern as pain management. Our Western philosophy has taught us to want to change things as they are; whereas Eastern philosophy teaches that it is only by accepting what is there that we can adapt with circumstance. What we have to change is our perception of the situation.

We must shift our focus and change ourselves. Surely, there are times when adding a comma produces the right amount of endorphins that will relieve us from a malaise. There are times when writing a phrase in the negative can render what was written in the positive. Other times, the active voice is preferred to the original passive voice. Some times, switching the position of an adjective unleashes just enough charm for the reader to let out a gasp of contentment.

Once we have accepted the fact that there will never be a single, perfect translation of a poem as there will probably never a unique cure for elevating pain, we must reinforce wellness of mul- tiple translations instead of hurting translations. By outplaying regional poetry, translation works toward a more open society.

• ;
• Personal Finance Solution:The Ultimate Guide to Solving Your Money Problems.
• Alas del universo (Spanish Edition)!
• ;

She is also a poet, short-story writer, editor and blogger. Sarah Jane Barnett is a poet, creative writing teacher, and book reviewer. Facing the Empty Page Random House. She teaches creative writing at Massey University. She lives in Wellington, New Zealand, with her husband and son. He wants to communicate the meaning of the source-language. He gently smoothes the original text. He moves throught the shape of the words, which, strictly speaking, are his shape. The concept of metaphrase is imperfect, he knows this. A translation is often not word-for- word, style, concordance, word order and context — they all matter.

They are crucial values in seeking equivalents. Here, the ground has a different name. The sky is quartz blue. Yes, he thinks, this is literally a re-languaging. He carries his words in books and on his tongue. Appiana delicatamente il testo originale. Sono elementi cruciali nella ricerca di equivalenti. Qui la terra ha un altro nome. Porta le proprie parole nei libri e sulla lingua.

Bilingue, la chiave del traduttore, lingua di destinazione, parafrasi: In the aisle of the New World I examine the packets: Last week a woman brought bright pink buns illed with sweet cream. An old man is touching the tea, his hand lifts one box and then another, holding each like a cubed puzzle. I see his arm tremble. I look over my shoulder. Hot needles prick into my face, my throat thick and salty. The man turns to face me. Sun spots blotch his cheeks. For a moment, I look back. A translator who habitually speaks both languages cannot see the world as a monolingual does. Each object has a layer of words: His habit of use decides which comes irst, the change most noticeable in everyday speech.

He can feel new words in his mouth, others dropping away. They are tied to ground he no longer walks. He watches his thoughts for interfer- ence, when the second language disrupts the irst. Proper nouns are the most in danger. He will forget the names of certain birds and the word for his local drink. He will forget the green strip where those birds once roosted. He has already forgotten the amber lash of their wings. Nella corsia del New World prendo in esame le confezioni: La settimana scorsa una signora ha portato panini rosa ripieni di crema dolce. La gente ha applaudito.

Vedo che il braccio gli trema. Mi guardo alle spalle. Mi viene un formicolio alla faccia, un nodo salato alla gola. Le guance macchiate dal sole. Per un attimo mi guardo indietro. Ogni oggetto ha uno strato di parole: Si sente le parole nuove in bocca, le altre che lo abbandonano. Controlla le interferenze nei pensieri, quando la seconda lingua interrompe la prima. Through sleep, cloaked horsemen ride their mares down tepid roads that end in fields of hay.

A calm, clear night. With blind dread, heard from far away, the trains bear down on crowds and market wares. But you, a god who smiles at gain and loss: Now be the sheen In wine. Alle fronde dei salici, per voto, anche le nostre cetre erano appese, oscillavano lievi al triste vento. Portami tu la pianta che conduce dove sorgono bionde trasparenze e vapora la vita quale essenza; portami il girasole impazzito di luce.

With foreign boot soles stamped down on our hearts? Among the littered dead left in the square on frozen grass? Or to the lamb-like cries of children left un-dammed? Or to the black howl of the mother running toward her son the telegraph pole strung up, cruciied? On the willow limbs, we left a vow— our votive lyres, which we suspended there, to tune sad air to all that lives and dies. Bring it so that I may plant it in my sere and salt-sown space, and offer to the blue reflective sky, all day, the fear that paints its yellow face. They reach toward brightness, all the darkest things, spending their bodies in the shades that flow and melt in music.

So the dark things go, fading in the destinies chance brings. Qual sia la sua bellezza io non so dire, come colui che ode suoni dormendo e virtudi ignote entran nel suo dormire. In catena di putti non mise tanta gioia Donatello, fervendo il marmo sotto lo scalpello, quando ornava le bianche cattedrali. What woman ever gave herself in love except for you, for you, dear quite as sweetly as this current, full and free? Its beauty, taken whole, defeats my words.

I keep on hearing sounds while sleeping. I hear their unknown powers that come seeping, deep into my sleep. The green, audacious waves leap—green waves wild with foam. They churn as they advance with all the grace a bold young animal might show. Donatello styled less joy in all the angel hands he formed, that linked in marble that his chisel warmed, when he adorned the white cathedrals.

There below the garlands carved with fruit and blooms, a child- like gambol wreathes his pulpits. Adora, adora, e attendi! Sono le reti pensili. Your feet were bare, And left their prints of light. You see them there? Out of those waters rise great calices woven from gold iner than I can say. Butterlies like your golden hands ly clear in pairs; they ind in waves discoveries of wonder—giant blooms from some strange sphere— while you breathe brine-sachet, the salt-sea scent.

You see the ishing nets hung out? Some slope like balance-scales that hang from poles in place to prop the high, extended platform-bridges where the men keep watch to twist the rope. Some hang from bows of dories, where they cut the everlasting, glass sea-face that mirrors them in turn; and when the sun beats on the boats astern, and all the oars are shut down, stilled, huge radiance transigures them: Out of these waters rise great calices— lilies alame.

Praise such enchantment with joy, our soul. As a translator he has published works by Paso- lini, Merini, Caproni, Porta, and Zanzotto among others. His own writings of poetry, reviews, criticism, and photography have been published in journals and in book form by a variety of presses. His books include Devils in Paradise: Sergio Atzeni — was an Italian writer from Sardinia. He lived and worked in Cagliari as a journalist for a number of the most important Sardinian newspapers. His language shows a strong inluence of the Sardinian tongue coupled with a lively experimental streak, fusing literary Italian with the language of the Sardinian working- class.

Martin San Martino , oak, h. Le immagi- ni non sono le stesse per tutti. Le mie immagini dipendono da molti fattori: Ci sono impedimenti abbastan- za comuni: E livelli di adesione: Suoni africani, elettronica, voci umane fra il computer e il discosound. Tessuto poliritmico veloce e ossessivo. Spazi di sola percussione.

Finale in crescendo, violento. The images are not the same for everyone. Obviously, every single one of us has their own images, ones that depend on the singularity of their existence. My images depends on a number of factors: There are some fairly common obstacles: African sounds, electronics, human voices between computer and disco sounds. Fast and obsessive poly-rhythmic fab- ric. Violent ending in crescendo. La suola, schiaccia una formica. Le formiche escono da una crepa fra due pietroni squadrati — e si sistemano sotto il piede.

Massacra le formiche, e guarda il mare. Sembra uno che riflette, intensamente. E schiaccia la formica. II mare e scuro, appena siorato dalle luci di una nave che va via. Dalla Mercedes lo guardano Il Grasso, e la sua banda: La Mercedes prosegue, lenta, per una decina di metri. Sem- bra un sacco pieno di roba molle, pronto ad aprirsi sulla pancia, Il Grasso. Dal basso, vengono due gambe gonfie e flaccide. In cima, coperta dai capelli appiccicati, una palla di ciccia, che dentro ha due cerchietti neri che sembrano appuntati cogli spilli: Nessuna espressione, tranne un ghigno ebete che non si muove mai.

Trema continuamente, II Grasso: It gifted me with a nocturnal image, inhabited by a mono- maniacal … The shoe of that man is high, up to the neck of the foot. The sole crushes an ant. The ants come out of a crack from between two large square stones and arrange themselves under the foot. He crushes them, one after the other, with metro- nomic regularity. The man, standing behind the grate of the port, looks out at the sea. He is tall, wrapped in some black thing that falls to his rain shoes, high up to the neck of the foot. He massacres ants, and looks out to the sea. He looks like someone who thinks about things in an intense manner.

Instead, he simply counts: And he crushes ants. He never has, in his whole life. The sea is dark, lightly touched by the lights of a ship sailing away. The man looks out at the ship. Slowly, a yellow Mercedes passes behind the man. From the Mercedes the Fat Man and his gang look at him: The Mercedes drives on slowly for another thirty or so feet. It looks like he is thinking.

But he is not. The Fat Man slides out of the back seat of the Mercedes: He looks like a sack full of soft stuff, ready to split open at his belly. Two swollen and laccid legs rise from below. Up above, covered by greasy hair, is a ball of lesh, in it are two little black circles that seems to be attached with pins: His skin is yellowish, bruised.

No expression, besides an unlinching moronic sneer. He trembles constantly, the Fat Man: E ammazza le formiche. Dieci minuti, buoni, e lentissimi, prima che II Grasso apra bocca. So che devo aspettare al Polpo, ogni sera, per poterti parlare. Mi dispiace davvero, disturbarti Ho bisogno di dieci chili. Tutti in una volta. Per uno che parte fra due ore. Senza limite in alto. A me, mi basta il dieci del bisnass. Non potevo fare altro. Non pretendo di assistere alla vendita Io ti mando il bisnass, e aspetto in macchina Non si muove di un centimetro.

The man, as if no-one else is there, beside him. He looks out to the sea. Ten minutes, a good ten, and very slow, before the Fat Man even opens his mouth. The voice is a threatening whisper: I know that I have to wait for the Octopus, every night, in order to talk to you. A moment… The man looks out to sea, as if he were alone. I need 10 kg. For someone who is leaving in two hours. The usual ten of the deal is enough for me. I am not expecting to be present at the sale… if you like. You, tell me yes.

A little longer, and the Fat Man is ready to pray. Gli occhi sono semichiusi, come di uno che pensa lontananze. Le braccia sono lunghe, sui fianchi. La punta delle dita, arriva alle ginocchia. II Grasso, riprende a pigolare: II Grasso, rotola sulla grata, e a terra, sulle formiche uccise. Un pugno che sembra inguantato nel tirapugni schiaccia un coso che serviva a respirare, prima.

Il primo pugno, spezza il setto nasale del Grasso. Il secondo, trasforma la grata del porto nella parete di un mattatoio, sanguinante. Quattro paia di occhi scoppiati stanno immobili, dentro una Mercedes. Elettronica addolcita da violino e sax struggenti, come in una tango Forse anche dolce, in ambiente ovattato. Il inale del racconto va col inale di Jinx. Non riuscirei a spiegarlo: His body is like a tree trunk. His eyes are almost closed shut, like one thinking of distant things.

His arms are very long, on his hips. The tips of his ingers, reach his knees. The Fan Man, he begins his chirping again: I had not meant to. The Fat Man rolls on the grating, and on the ground, on the dead ants.

Translating Echoes

The Fat Man, screams. The man kneels down. A ist that seems to hold brass knuckles crushes a thing that once was meant to breathe. The man grinds his teeth, behind his lips. The second, turns the grating of the port into a slaughterhouse wall, bloody. The man has a deep voice, low, furious: Learn it well, asshole: The man jumps over the grating, lightly leaning on his hands: Four pairs of eyes big and wide motionless, inside a Mercedes.

That man, he is already gone. Electronic track sweetened by heart-rending violin and sax, like in a tango Maybe even sweet, in a mufled environ- ment. The end of the story goes with the end of Jinx. Some call that man Cain. Not a trace of his real name. Chiedete, a chiun- que abbia un potere da difendere, anche minimo, quanti sono, i caini che cercano di portarglielo via. O a chi buca. Sembra uno di coraggio: Un pazzo che ha imparato la prudenza. Entra nel portone nero — odore di cavoli — di una casa antica.

Ha scelto una simca verde. Siede davanti, e controlla le armi. Partecipa per inanziare un trafico di coca. Ha portato le bombe. Alle colline del Margine Rosso, la simca prende un viottolo di terra. Si ferma, al buio. Ask anyone who might have some power to defend, even the smallest, how many Cains have tried to wrest it away. Ask all the paranoid people in the city, those living behind barred and locked doors, with their tvs turned up high, so as not to hear the noises from the stairs.

Or those who shoot up. They know how much of a Cain attitude there is around. A young barbarian, from the immense periphery that has grown like a cancer around the Ciudad. He looks like he might be courageous: A crazy man who has learned to be prudent. The Pula has never caught up with him. They have at time scaught his scent from a distance. He goes through the dark gate - the smell of caulilower - of some ancient home.

He walks through the alleyways of the old city.. The hunchback is the driver. He has chosen a green Simca. Moses leads the attack: He sits in the front, and he controls the guns. The third one is Shrub. He is participating so as to inance his coke smuggling. He is a violent sadist. He brought the bombs.

II mitra sulle spalle, e maschere di cartapesta, in faccia, come a Carnevale. Arrivano al muro di cinta della casa: II ritrovo abituale di certi amici che amano giocare forte: Bar, lungo tutta una parete: Al primo piano, le stanze, per gli amici che smettono tardi, e per quelli troppo ubriachi. Calca un campanello bianco. Dopo dieci passi, spara. Una raffica, un pelo sulle teste. Se vi muovete, se parlate, se strisciate, sparo nel mucchio. It stops in the dark. The four get out of the car, they start their trek through ields of almonds and homes.

They arrive at the wall that surrounds the house: The habitual gathering of certain friends who love to play hard: A bar, the length of a whole wall: The toilets are like those in a club. On the irst loor, the rooms, for those friends who stay until late, and for those who are too drunk. One hundred per bed. There is little talking. The Hunchback and Cain get over the wall, cross twelve feet of shadows, and slip through the open windows of the toilet, on the ground loor. Moses follows the wall to the main gate. He rings a white bell.

No security check, neither on the outside nor at the en- trance. Only friends come up here. Moses pushes the gate. He takes ten steps and ires. A burst of gun ire slightly over their heads. Only the wife of the man who gambled away his wife cries; she did not hear the gun shots. Another burst of gun shots. The third round of shots — the private one crouching behind the door to the patio — is followed by a voice: Be still and quiet. If you move, if you speak, if you try to crawl away I will shoot into the group.

The ofice is on the second loor. It is the heart of the villa: I1 Cassiere sviene, quando vede il mitra che spunta dalla porta, e entra, seguito da un mostro giallo coi denti rossi — un Satana colorato male, sulla faccia del Gobbo. Il denaro, nella cassa a muro, aperta. La inestra del bagno, a piano terra. Il muro di cinta.

• EUR-Lex Access to European Union law!
• Quick Links.
• .
• Journal of Italian Translation, Vol. XI, No. 1, Spring | Luigi Bonaffini - www.newyorkethnicfood.com;
• I Wish I Were Gay!

Mentre salta, Caino spara un colpo. Il privato corre fuori, fra i giocatori immobili proprio mentre una granata scoppia sulla destra, e fa volare due auto ben parcheggiate. Una bomba cecoslovacca piomba fra i tavoli: The translation of the letters has posed some challenges, especially on a stylistic level.

In order to confer a sense of historical authenticity on the target-language text and to attend to the stylistic features of the source-language text, the translator has been forced to revisit the Portuguese language of the period as it was spoken and written by the urban middle class in Lisbon.

In this article I discuss some of the issues, both theoretical and practical, that have arisen in the course of the translation process. Martin This article can be freely reproduced under Creative Commons License. The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only a page. During my research for the British Travellers in Portugal project — an ambitious initiative that has been carried out for almost three decades by the Anglo-Portuguese Studies group at the Centre for English, Translation and Anglo-Portuguese Studies Lisbon and Oporto —, I chanced upon a rather curious collection of letters housed at the National Archives in Kew.

Originally, the primary purpose of my undertaking was to contribute to an anthology of translated accounts of the city of Lisbon by British travellers. This meant that a considerable portion of the original text, most of it dwelling on private affairs or matters of commerce, would have to be excised in order to leave only those passages where explicit references were made to the Portuguese capital. However, it soon became evident that the scope of the content of these letters called for a differentiated approach and so the editor commissioned me to translate the complete set.

The investment in an unabridged translation would give readers the opportunity not just to satisfy their curiosity about Lisbon, but above all to gain a sense of the complexity of the historical, social and economic issues with which the letters engaged, all the more so because translation is not about impoverishing the original, but about giving it a new lease of life: This would allow us to preserve the integrity of the letters and, given the fact that the Revista is aimed at a scholarly readership historians, philologists, cultural anthropologists, sociologists, and so on , to invest in a more detailed and in-depth approach, marked by philological accuracy and by a consciousness of the challenges posed by the hermeneutical inquiry.

This would also give me the opportunity to set my own translation agenda, not just in terms of style and method, but also in terms of the future of this project. As a matter of fact, the files contain dozens of other letters and papers written by other members or friends of the family which, in view of their historical value, are also worth translating.

I decided to amass all of them with the aim of publishing the whole collection in one single volume. That work is now underway. Since translation is necessarily always a reflexive process in more than one sense: The next section seeks to set the letters in their political, social and economic context. The meanings they contain are rooted in a specific historical setting, which has to be revisited so as to enable the text to function simultaneously as a piece of documentary evidence and as an instance of resistance: The Farrers were one among many of the local families whose lives revolved around the woollen and worsted manufacture and trade in Yorkshire.

The success of their business went hand in hand with the economic growth and technological development of the period, a process which would leave an indelible mark on the landscape of the Midlands and the North of England. The Yorkshire region soon became the chief export centre for manufactured woollen goods. In a world of cut-throat competition, those who succeeded in business were of an unrelenting entrepreneurial and ambitious spirit that often looked beyond the confines of Britain.

Industrial expansion forced traders to look further afield and open up new markets; Portugal swiftly became a key destination. It was only through Lisbon that it was possible to gain access to the Brazilian market, which had long become the mainstay of the intensive southern Atlantic economy, responsible for the capitalisation of the European market in the Early Modern period. Besides, the Portuguese could not afford to lose the support of the old ally, whose navy provided protection for the trade routes between the metropolis and its colonies.

The French invasions of Portugal pushed it to the periphery of the very empire it had founded. If the demise of both commerce and industry had a terrible impact on the economy, the destruction the war wrought in the provinces proved no less damaging. Looting, extortion and massacres left a trail of blood, hatred and revulsion across the whole nation that was to remain unabated for generations.

Agriculture and husbandry practically ground to a halt and farmers were unable to produce the foodstuffs required to feed the urban centres. Famine set in and with it a period of demographic stagnation. Freeing Portugal from the chains of Napoleonic imperialism was not without its costs.

Unable to overcome such complete vulnerability, the nation was at the mercy of British interests. Certainly a significant part of the Portuguese economy had for a long time depended on Britain. Whether Portugal benefited from this trade relationship or not is a matter of controversy Borges de Macedo ; Bethell ; Maxwell ; Pijning ; Pardo However, at least since the Methuen Treaty Britain had been undermining the Portuguese industry with a substantial influx of cheap manufactured goods undercutting all competition.

In January the opening of the Brazilian ports to Britain represented a fatal blow. Two years later, the protective mechanism of customs duties was removed precisely when the Portuguese economy was most in need of it. The prospects for the manufacturing sector grew dimmer as British cotton and wool cloths flooded the Portuguese market. He ended up gaining considerable ascendancy over the representatives of the Prince Regent. In the post-war years he headed the military government, a position which rapidly eroded his earlier prestige as a war hero.

People started protesting against the way public funds were being squandered to pay for the presence of British troops on national territory. Portuguese officers likewise harboured deep-seated resentment towards the British officers, who were now apparently being granted all sorts of privileges and promotions see Glover As a stern defender of Tory absolutism, his views were in line with the ones shared by two other Anglo-Irish potentates, namely Wellington and Castlereagh Newitt His absolutist values, along with his thirst for power, left him isolated in a world riven by deep-rooted hatreds.

Paradoxically, partly thanks to the influence of the British officers, the British tradition of liberalism ended up taking root in a country lacking in ideological coordinates to define its political future. When James Hutchinson first set foot in Lisbon, the country was going through a period of economic depression.

His letters mirror the upheavals and the social unrest of the period and therefore help to shed light on historical processes, since they testify to the way in which individuals perceived reality and re acted accordingly. Popular reactions to the new king, news of the uprising in Pernambuco Brazil , political persecutions, and hangings are well documented elsewhere, [2] but here we are given a view from the inside.

Moreover, rather than just affirming the picture that the extensive historiographical literature on the subject has already established, the letters also disclose new facets. Hutchinson could hardly be said to be the definitive model of the successful businessman. His efforts, nonetheless, were mostly undermined by factors that lay beyond his reach. General poverty, scarcity of money, shortages of food and other essentials, and rationing, for example, became recurrent, if not obsessive, subjects in his letters, betraying his sense of frustration and underachievement. Moreover, Hutchinson was forced to deal with fierce competition within the Portuguese market and the incompetence of the Customs officials, not to mention liabilities and bad debts, marketing obstacles and, curiously enough, an increasingly demanding clientele, all of which imposed psychological costs he found ever more difficult to cope with.

Each letter contains, as it were, the very essence of history and, through the picturesque and sometimes disconcerting episodes they feature, they help us recreate a reality long buried by time. Precisely because this is a genuine voice that has remained hidden amidst other archival material for almost two centuries, unscathed by later misappropriations or misinterpretations, we are able to salvage pristine fragments of the historical experience and to retrieve for our collective memory some of the particularities and singularities that are usually overlooked in the construction of the historical grand narratives of the nation.

In a letter dated 18 October , for instance, Hutchinson speaks of the funeral ceremonies of Queen Maria I and clearly enjoys recounting the peculiar causes of the accidental fire that burned down the church where those ceremonies were being held. Elsewhere he laments the shortage of foodstuffs and the rise in prices which mercilessly strike the poor letter dated 25 January , but he cannot help relishing the story of a woman arrested for stealing bodies from the cemetery to produce black pudding to be sold to the local shops 9 August Notwithstanding the rapid decline of the Portuguese economy during and after the Peninsular War, British traders rapidly resumed their investments in the country.

It would be up to young James Hutchinson Jr. His inexperience notwithstanding, James was not entirely at a loss. The need to account for every transaction and to keep his brother-in-law posted about how business was being conducted resulted in a correspondence of considerable length, which lasted until his departure from Lisbon at the end of Being an outsider in customs, language and feelings, Hutchinson tried hard to accommodate himself to his new setting.

In his letters, however, the affectionate attachment he exhibits towards his sister and the other members of his family indicates that his stay in Lisbon was, emotionally speaking, hard to bear. He often complained about her silence and the fact that she now seemed to have forsaken him altogether.

But then, it was not just the separation from his loved ones that threw him into a state of melancholy. His life in the Portuguese capital was infused with a sense of estrangement he was unable to overcome. He felt uprooted and disengaged. It becomes all too apparent that his gaze is that of an outsider, of someone struggling to succeed in a strange, disturbing world, whose social and political environment contrasts in many respects with that of his native land. He soon realised it would not be easy to fit in.

Despite the support that other British expatriates residing in Lisbon gave him, he complained to his family about living conditions there. His difficulty in understanding the Portuguese is particularly visible when he is faced with the lack of patriotic fervour of the man in the street, a fervour one should expect from a nation that had been recently freed from the Napoleonic terror:.

Since most of the time he was consumed by work, it becomes difficult for the contemporary reader to detect such feelings of estrangement in the midst of commercial jargon and ledger accounts. He sought to be meticulous in his book-keeping and reports and sensitive to changes in market conditions, especially as far as fashion, trends, tastes and purchasing power went.

He struggled to prove himself worthy of the trust and respect not just of his brother-in-law, but also of other foreign merchants who had already established their names in the Portuguese market. He even got carried away by the idea of opening his own establishment in order to fend off competition and to tackle the problem of low bids, which often forced him to keep the bales in store for unusually long periods of time.

In order to perceive how displaced he felt, one has to read between the lines. When his enthusiasm waned or his health gave way, an undeclared anxiety and irritation would surface. His less than flattering comments on Portuguese customs officials and the tone of his replies to his brother-in-law whenever suspicion of laxness or mismanagement hung in the air prove the point. He became impatient when ships from Brazil, New York or Falmouth were unduly delayed. He was unnerved by the negligence of long-standing debtors, who often turned a deaf ear to his entreaties. Besides, in spite of the considerable sums of money that passed through his hands, James was far from leading an easy and comfortable life.

• La Charte de Kurukan Fuga : Aux sources dune pensée politique en Afrique (French Edition).
• ?
• Whose Egg Is This? (Early Reader Animal Series: A Childrens Picture Book).
• .

In a sense, it was through his own body that he first measured the degree of his maladjustment. He was constantly ill, poorly dressed, and found his lodgings uncomfortable. The weather did not suit him and he feared death might creep up on him. He would wear the same clothes for months on end, winter and summer alike. Disease would take hold of him and he would be confined to bed for several weeks.

His neat copperplate handwriting would then degenerate to illegible scribbling. Convinced that he was no longer fit for the job, he would then ask Thomas to let Ambrose Pollett, a friend of the family, replace him in the firm. His physical condition would not let him endure another winter in Lisbon.

To him Lisbon, thus, ended up representing the proximity of death, that ultimate moment of displacement. His fears, however, were unfounded and he went back to England where he remained in convalescence, before returning to Portugal. But once more the climate did not agree with him. In the course of his stay, James was badly in need of a focal point to keep things in perspective and letter writing served such a purpose. More than anything else, it allowed him to keep his sense of belonging alive.

These letters ended up being the only bridge not just to his origins, but above all to his own identity. This sentimentality towards his family is in marked contrast with his attitude as an observer. Although Hutchinson cannot entirely detach himself emotionally from what he witnesses, there is a kind of Verfremdungseffekt in his writing, a journalistic objectification of the topics he covers, whereby the distance between himself and the other is never to be entirely spanned. Translating something as intimate and confidential as private letters has the potential to border on voyeurism.

It raises issues that concern the ethics of translation, since the translator, unlike the casual reader, is supposed to leave no stone unturned in his struggle to reach communicative effectiveness. In this sense, translation is to be viewed as an act of intrusion and, simultaneously, of extrusion in other words a disclosure and a close examination of that which pertains to the private sphere. The former constitutes a form of violation , of disrupting that which belongs to the realm of the confessional and becoming, to borrow the words of St.

Nevertheless, such violence is mitigated by the transmutational properties of time. Over time, these texts have acquired the status of archaeological evidence, which does not necessarily mean that in this respect the position of the translator is less delicate. After all, he was not the addressee of the letters and that fact alone poses some problems.

An outsider may find it difficult to penetrate the referential fabric of the letters. Unlike travel accounts or autobiographies written for publication, these texts were not intended for a wide readership. They were personal in tone and content, and the writer knew what responses to expect from his only reader living across the English Channel. The writer did not project an ideal or fictional reader to whom he might grant full right of access to the world recreated in his prose. As a consequence, his world remains sealed off from a larger audience and the translator is forced to break into the textual space like a trespasser.

Implicatures lie hidden within this corpus of letters but they can never be entirely unravelled: Such implicatures, one must not forget, are a symptom of the close relationship existing between the two correspondents. Implicit meanings result from a common experience, excluding other readers. Fortunately, the text in question is generally far more objective and factual than one would suppose, and this alone gives the translator significant leverage over the hidden aspects of the correspondence.

It is in the terrain of factuality and narrativity that the translator moves free from major constraints, although it is certain that the faithfulness of the representation can never be taken for granted see Polezzi What we get instead is a myriad of disparate images that can hardly be coalesced into one single picture. The reason is obvious: Although the anecdotal episodes themselves are self-contained and refer only to fragments of both individual and collective experiences in early nineteenth-century Lisbon, they play an important part in the process of historiographical reconstruction of the past.

The historiographical value of the letters lies in the fact that they contain accounts that were neither censored nor doctored: The ensemble of letters forms a sort of scrapbook containing clippings or mementos that were never meant to be published. Such moments, however, were bound together by a common genetic code: He preferred to position himself as an observer rather than as a commentator, and avoided getting entangled in elaborate considerations.

Far from highly opinionated, the letters nonetheless give us the chance of peering into his personality, albeit obliquely. Sometimes, however, he felt compelled to take sides, such as when he dared to air his own opinion on Beresford:. Such explicitness was rare. Shortly after the rebellion in Pernambuco, Brazil, Hutchinson censured himself for letting slip his views on the political turmoil that had gripped the country and decided to not to return to the issue for fear of reprisals:. His fears over the consequences of political dissent were not wholly misplaced.

The horrific hanging of the Conspirators he watched on 22 October , shortly before his departure, left a lasting impression on him:. Here, his voyeurism matched his horror as he came to the full presence of death—that dark character that kept resurfacing in his writing. As we have seen, what was once private acquires, over time, an archaeological value: In translation, chronological distance is of the essence: In sharp contrast with our contemporary world, where synchronous forms of communication and instantaneous access to information seem to have taken hold of the way we communicate with each other, the art and craft of translation necessitates the slow transit of time.

It is a painstaking process of problem-solving, reflection and maturation. It takes time and perseverance. And when it involves the representation of past historical phenomena, as in the present case, the temporal dimension acquires critical significance. On the one hand, the translator cannot help excogitating his own condition as a historical subject: And here, in the translation process, the time gap separating source and target texts functions not so much as a thread linking both acts of writing along a historical continuum but rather as a lens, generating several simultaneous optical effects, where light shifts in unsuspected ways and where appearance must be understood in its composite and elusive nature.

This, of course, entails much scrupulous work of detailed historical research, as well as the ability to articulate it within the translational process. The crux of the matter lies in being able to dwell in the interstices between two languages, two cultures and two historical periods.

In other words, one must learn to come to terms with the undecidability which undermines the certainties offered by our ingrained logocentrism. As the translator shifts, in the course of the translation process, from one logosphere in the Barthesian sense to another, he realises that the movement itself does not actually, cannot entail the loss or gain, subtraction or addition of meanings.

Meaning does not constitute some sort of universal currency that is, manifestations of a universal language common to all human beings that can be subjected to a process of direct exchange or transaction. Meanings cannot migrate freely from one language to another. I can only subtract meanings within the system they belong to. Languages weave their own networks of meanings and the exact value of each meaning, if it can ever be assessed, is to be determined only symptomatically by the effects generated by its presence or absence in one particular social and cultural context.

To believe in the transferability of the meaning and its capacity to survive as a whole in two distinct linguistic and cultural environments as in a process of ecesis is not to realise something that Derrida pointed out: One of the main problems of translation, therefore, is not just spatiality but also temporality , particularly the historical condition of the texts.

And this, I think, poses an obstacle far more difficult to overcome, since it has to do with the impossibility for the translator to render two externalities compatible in one single target text. Just as Hutchinson was compelled, as an expatriate, to come to terms with the social and cultural reality of his host country [4] which is, for all purposes, a question of spatiality , so the translator, like a migrant travelling through time, is forced to come to grips with an ancient world governed by laws long forsaken and now irretrievable the question of temporality.

And since both writer and translator are forever barred from a fully unmediated contact with the unconsciously lived culture of the Other, both seeing it as something external to themselves, though not necessarily negative, their attempts to assimilate cultural elements and national idiosyncrasies can only take place on the terrain of the imaginary, which enables them to crop, select, filter and reshape elements and idiosyncrasies in order to discursively tame the otherness.

Translators of travel writing therefore have to operate on a double disjuncture. On the one hand, they have to deal with the cultural gap that exists between the author and the people he visits Hutchinson and the Portuguese , a gap which over-determines the perceptions, constructs, responses and projections of otherness of the British expat, but which -- since it is barely made explicit in the text -- can only be detected by means of a symptomatic reading. On the other hand, translators have to negotiate the disjunction that will always separate them from the time and the concrete conditions under which the texts saw the light of day -- a disjunction that is further amplified by the impossibility of mapping the exact location of the intersection of cultures which gives the letters their characteristic intercultural tension see Cronin Therefore, the translator is left with no choice but to try to overcome these two disjunctions, both of which constitute distinct moments of resistance to interpretation.

How can we then circumvent the limitations to translation that such a double disjuncture imposes? Of course a careful, detailed investigation into the empirical elements offered by the letters and the issues broached therein must always be conducted, but this is not enough: It is this decentring at the core of translation that ends up being in itself a form of travelling. It is rather the translator and his reader who are invited to venture across a frontier -- the frontier that sets the limits to their identities, values and representations, and that is both spatial and temporal.

In fact, the main challenges to the translation of these letters were posed by the problem of temporality, that is, by the difficulties of bridging the time gap. The first issue to be tackled was the stylistics of the Portuguese target text. It was not just a matter of finding the best equivalents and transferring contents from the source text into the target language without major semantic losses. It was also a matter of finding a style and a register that could somehow match the original ones.

In order to do that, I compared the letters to similar archival and bibliographical sources in Portuguese. Two manuals of commercial correspondence proved invaluable: The analysis of the examples of letters allowed me to determine the way in which the target text was to be drafted. One of the most complicated aspects I had to deal with was choosing the mode of address: In Portuguese, this is not so linear.

Ragazzi, a tavola! (Universale economica. Saggi) (Italian Edition) by Jesper Juul | LibraryThing

In the early nineteenth century, modes of address would have varied according not only to social class, age or degree of familiarity, but also to written language conventions. The solution to the difficulty in ascertaining whether we were dealing with informality or politeness was partly given by the manual. This was the form I resorted to throughout.

Another difficulty had to do with wording. The manuals proved useful in guiding my lexical choices. I wanted to give the translation a distinctive period flavour to represent the historical dimension of the original letters. Many more old-fashioned or outdated Portuguese words that appear in the manual were likewise retrieved: Another challenge was related to the commercial jargon both in English and in Portuguese.

Nowadays commercial terminology in both languages is much more complex, but most of the neologisms that currently exist in Portuguese are English words. Back then, that influence was more tenuous. In any case, the search for the right equivalent would have always been time-consuming. If we multiply this by the wide spectrum of nomenclatures related to those areas of economic activity Hutchinson was directly or indirectly involved in, we have an idea of the complexity of the task. To start with, there were the inner workings of the wool trade business.

I had to unwind the ball of yarn of the English wool and worsted industry, including all the details concerning the different stages of the manufacturing process: It took me a while before I learnt from a magazine published in London in Tilloch They referred to the way Spanish wool which also included Portuguese wool was classified: Primera or Refina R. Moreover, since conducting business ventures overseas back then was not without its risks, I had to acquaint myself with the idiom used in cargo and shipping insurance, learn about risk-assessment, shipping deadlines, storage conditions, bills of lading, types of merchant ships crossing the Atlantic, and so on.

But then there are also taxes and duties, customs procedures and the requirements of port authorities, the valuation of the bales in the Cocket, [5] goods lodged at the Custom House not yet dispatched -- all of this wrapped up in a language of its own, which has to be patiently disassembled, explored, digested, and then reassembled and fine-tuned in the translation process. In order to penetrate that language I had to resort to historical research once more.

However, since the Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses is aimed at a scholarly readership, it proved unnecessary to insist on the explanation of cultural or linguistic aspects that they are supposed to be already acquainted with. Differences in style between early nineteenth-century and early twenty-first-century Portuguese are noticeable, but they do not make the text less intelligible. In any case, stylistic conventions should not pose a problem for all the scholars who are used to working with documents of that period.

So I kept the footnotes to a minimum. The future publication of a book containing the complete correspondence of the Farrer family, this time aiming at a more general readership, will entail a different explanatory methodology, but not a different stylistic treatment. Writing narratives of displacement and travel is in itself a translational act, where the author is always seeking to translate into his mother tongue the manifestations of the culture of the other.

In the process, the translator is forced to question his identity, values and the representations of his own nation and people, especially if the original text is non-fictional and therefore stakes a claim to the immediacy and truthfulness of the experience. The translator thus has to achieve a tour-de-force in bridging all three gaps and rendering the text accessible to the contemporary reader. However, the meanings in the target text will always have but a spectral relation with the ones in the source text: This distance between the source and target texts becomes more difficult to span when historical time — fissured as it has been, in this particular case, over these past two centuries by sudden ruptures and discontinuities — keeps eroding the paths that could render the source text recognisable to the reader: Brewster, London, New Left Books.

Cronin, Michael Across the Lines: Maxwell, Kenneth Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, , London, Routledge. Tilloch, Alexander The Philosophical Magazine: Records of the Exchequer: Farrer and another v Hutchinson and others. Paris, ; Joaquim Ferreira de Freitas. London, Richard and Arthur Taylor, He is also the director of studies of postgraduate programmes in ELT and translation. He has also participated in several European-funded projects related to teacher training and computer-assisted language learning.

Articles on aspects of translation studies have appeared in academic journals and edited volumes. Undoubtedly, individuals contribute to the construction of social identities and society in turn is influential in forming personal identities. Translation sociology has already become one of the in-vogue research interests and areas in both Translation and Interpreting Studies TS and Sociology, giving way to understanding and interpreting both old issues in innovative ways and new ones arising from the nature of the diverse sociopolitical and cultural world today.

The interdisciplinary nature of research in this area has the potential to encourage scholars to carry out investigations into, inter alia, the interface between self, groups, and society with respect to translational issues, concerns and practices. As the roles translators play vary based on contextual factors, translators can and do have multiple identities including personal, social, and professional identities. It goes without saying that sociology, and specifically identity, which has been mostly neglected in translator training, can provide important insights if we reflect on the myriad interfaces between training, trainers, trainees, translators and society from diverse standpoints.

Clearly, the recent sociological turn in TS has encouraged both scholars and practitioners to explore the relationship between the agents involved in the translation process, product and function and to acknowledge the complexities and subtleties of these relationships, which in turn, has the potential to influence the production and reception of translations. The same applies to translator training as it includes process, product, and function and can be looked at from the viewpoint of one or more of these elements. The sociology of translators and the sociology of translating appear to be tightly interrelated since, translators, as hands-on agents with their own beliefs, interests, and individualities, play a fundamental part in the translation process, which, together with the feedback they receive from translation users, affect and shape their concept of themselves.

It follows, then, that sociological and psychological aspects of translation are closely associated: Furthermore, from a Bourdiusian perspective, translators are always in a sway between their own habitus, comprising dispositions and mental structures resulting from their past experiences, and the norms and structures present in the field of translation and other fields encompassing it. This said, translators are agents and subjects within different social spheres, one of which is that of translation.

Bourdieu presents a full definition of habitus as a:. System of lasting, transposable dispositions which, integrating past experiences, functions at every moment as a matrix of perceptions, appreciations, and actions and makes possible the achievement of infinitely diversified tasks, thanks to analogical transfers of schemes permitting the solution of similarly shape problems, and thanks to the unceasing corrections of the results obtained dialectically produced by those results.

Finally, we will present and analyze the results of a survey conducted on Iranian and Italian undergraduate trainee translators to see how different aspects of their identities are correlated. We are hopeful that the findings of this study will have implications, inter alia, for training translators because identity is a key concept in teaching and learning and in enhancing their quality. This general distinction, arising from socialization practices, between Western individualistic societies and Eastern collectivist societies has also been documented by other scholars such as Singelis , Johnson , Bengston et al.

And how do Iranian and Italian trainee translators differ in terms of their identity? Iranian undergraduate trainee translators tend to have well-developed interdependent identities whereas Italian undergraduates tend to have well-developed self-dependent identities. Iranian and Italian trainee translators differ in terms of their sense of their own identity. We shall begin by defining different types of identity.

Personal, individual, group, collective, gender, national, linguistic, cultural, and professional are probably the most established terms with which we refer to identity. Interestingly, this way of defining identity closely resembles the definition of culture, foregrounding the proximity of the two concepts. Both culture and identity find realization in what they are not referring to ; in excluding and in contrast with others. Identity has both individual and collective manifestations. In other words, individuals have their own identity, which distinguishes them from other individuals while individuals are members of social groups which are different from other groups.

The distinction becomes more significant when we note that societies vary in the degree to which they are more individualist or collectivist. It follows that educational practices should take these differences into consideration. Camilleri and Malewska-Peyre Self carries various identities depending on the given situation where certain social roles are performed.

This implies that in social interactions, only parts of an individual's identity are involved in any given situation Stets and Burke An immediate implication of this view of translator training as a series of social situations is that trainee translators construct their identities in the educational situations they experience. As mentioned previously, a feature that makes research into identity fascinating yet demanding is the fact that this concept lies at the interface of sociology and psychology, two huge and influential sciences. It is also a reason why teaching is such a complex endeavor.

Similarly, translation is both a social and a psychological endeavor. The three types of identities explored in this study need to be defined here. Personal identity can be explained simply as how we define ourselves. Social identity, according to Tajfel cited in Ashmore, Jussim and Wilder Although Bourdieu himself does not seem to have explicitly defined identity, scholars have investigated this concept based on his theories.

The dispositional, collective, and reflexive components represent personal, social, and professional identities. Similarly, as Cressman points out, the interactions between actors in networks define their identity and because actors can at the same time belong to different networks and depending on the way these interact, their identities can vary. The way in which passers-by reacted to the sight of the new, fully-clothed mannequins in shop windows was especially interesting. The Commission also promotes diversity and non-discrimination through awareness-raising campaigns at EU and national level by supporting the work of NGOs.

Gli enti territoriali, quali Comuni e Province, sono tra i primi possibili beneficiari dei fondi diretti programmati ed erogati da parte delle direzioni generali della Commissione europea. In caso affermativo, quali sono i progetti che hanno avuto accesso a fondi europei e con quali risultati i suddetti programmi sono stati portati a termine? With regard to this and to other programmes under which funds are available, can the Commission answer the following questions:.

Has the town of San Marco in Lamis applied for funds under any of these programmes? If so, which projects have been given access to European funds and what end results have these programmes achieved? The Commission cannot undertake, for the purposes of answering a written question, the lengthy and costly research that would be required to provide the Honourable Member with the information requested.

Sistema di hub climatici per la raccolta e l'analisi di dati sul settore agricolo. La politica agricola dell'UE sostiene un'ampia gamma di misure agroambientali per aiutare gli agricoltori ad adeguarsi ai cambiamenti climatici e per ridurre le emissioni derivanti dalla produzione agricola. Mitigazione e adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici sono un obiettivo trasversale per la politica di sviluppo rurale per il periodo Il servizio Copernicus per il cambiamento climatico della Commissione sta costruendo l'infrastruttura centrale per consentire l'accesso alle informazioni per il monitoraggio e la previsione dei cambiamenti climatici.

Gli Stati membri impiegano le loro competenze nazionali per informare e sostenere le parti interessate del settore agricolo e per aiutare gli agricoltori ad adeguarsi ai cambiamenti climatici. These regional centres will help farmers adapt their crops to climate change, the purpose being essentially to prevent some of the effects of climate change on the farming sector, especially in economic terms. The hubs will collect scientific information and share it with farmers and ranchers to help rural communities respond effectively to changing weather patterns.

The main problems that the hubs should address are declining crop yields and meat production, soil degradation due to increasingly heavy rainfall, and changing harvest seasons. Can the Commission say whether there is a similar data collection and analysis system in the EU? Does the Commission believe that the model can be exported to Europe and other countries where the agricultural sector is particularly badly affected by climate change? The EU agricultural policy supports a wide range of agro-environmental measures to help farmers to adapt to changing climatic conditions and to mitigate emissions stemming from agricultural production.

Climate change mitigation and adaptation is a cross cutting objective for the rural development policy for the period Measures that contribute to help farmers adapt to climate change, knowledge transfer and information actions as well as advisory services play a prominent role. Through implementation of these measures, Members States and regions will receive support to conduct trainings, demonstration activities and farm visits allowing farmers and other beneficiaries to improve their knowledge for coping with climate change.

The Commission's Copernicus Climate Change service is constructing the core infrastructure to give access to information for monitoring and predicting climate change. The development of additional downstream services, are further supported under Horizon Member States use their national competences to inform and support agricultural stakeholders to help farmers adapt climate change. The Commission needs to study the American model to assess its usefulness for the European Union, adding to the already existing range of measures and initiatives.

Smantellamento delle forze armate ucraine in Crimea. In risposta a questa decisione il parlamento ucraino ha autorizzato la mobilitazione di 40mila riservisti, che saranno inquadrati nelle forze armate e nella neonata Guardia Nazionale. Several specialist Italian sites have this morning announced that Ukrainian military units in Crimea are to be dissolved by the local government.

Is it maintaining constant contact with the Ukrainian political and military authorities in order to assess the risk of a military escalation and to try to prevent direct conflict between Ukraine and Russia? The de facto authorities of Crimea do not have decision powers over the composition and stationing places of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Tensioni in vista delle elezioni in Algeria. Un noto attivista franco-algerino, che a ottobre aveva rinunciato alla cittadinanza francese per potersi candidare alla guida del paese nordafricano, non ha avuto modo di presentare la propria candidatura, dal momento che i documenti contenenti le 62mila firme necessarie a sostenere la sua candidatura sono stati trafugati pochi giorni prima della data di scadenza per il deposito, per poi essere ritrovati sparpagliati lungo le vie di una stradina secondaria della capitale Algeri.

Le proteste hanno portato a diversi arresti, tra cui anche quelli di alcuni giornalisti. Sia opportuno organizzare, in seno ad altre organizzazioni internazionali, come ad esempio le Nazioni Unite, un team di monitoraggio che garantisca la trasparenza delle votazioni e dello spoglio? In seguito all'invito rivolto dal ministro degli Esteri algerino R. They were later found scattered along a small street in the capital Algiers. However, the complaint made by staff has not received the necessary support from the government authorities, which have branded the incident as a farce set in play when the activist failed to get the necessary number of signatures.

Protests have since intensified against the current president, who is accused by some members of the opposition of arranging the theft to prevent his opponent from hampering his chances of securing a fourth term. The protests have led to several people being arrested, including journalists. In view of the coming elections, can the Commission answer the following questions:. Does it think it would be appropriate — within other international organisations, such as the UN — to set up a monitoring team to guarantee voting and counting transparency?

The Commission follows closely developments in the run up to the forthcoming Presidential elections in Algeria. Following an invitation addressed by Algerian Foreign Minister R. According to standard methodology the deployment of an EOM is preceded by an Exploratory Mission, which takes place several months before the Election Day in order to assess the presence of the necessary conditions in order to undertake effective observation activities. In the context of the upcoming Presidential elections, the time at our disposal was too short for sending an EOM when the invitation arrived.

The EEM has taken contacts with the Algerian authorities entrusted with the organisation and overseeing of the electoral process, with candidates and civil society actors as well as with other international observation teams deployed in the country. Vantaggi dell'incremento della presenza femminile nel settore agricolo. In Italia sono Di conseguenza la maggiore partecipazione delle donne ha dato anche un certo contributo all'occupazione nel settore agricolo e in quelli connessi. Disporre di dati in merito alla penetrazione della presenza femminile nel settore agricolo, negli altri Stati membri e a livello europeo?

Inoltre, il regolamento UE n. Having more women in Italian agriculture has given a major boost to innovation and has expanded associated activities, such as the health farm industry, educational farms, farm-based pre-schools and pet therapy, amongst others. As a result, the growing number of women has also to some extent improved employment prospects in the farming and associated sectors. According to the Italian organisation representing independent farmers, the main attraction for women in the sector is the ability to combine the demands of the market with respect for and contact with the environment, a better quality of life and the promotion of local specialities.

Does the Commission have data on the number of women in the farming sector in other Member States and in the European Union as a whole? What are the main instruments ensuring that gender equality is embraced and encouraged in the farming sector? The situation of women in rural areas is very diverse across the Member States. More than one third of women working in agriculture are farm holders, whereas among the men this share is almost double. It specifically requires Member States and the Commission to ensure that any discrimination is prevented in the preparation and implementation of programmes.

In addition, measures like support to young farmers, diversification of economic activities, development of micro enterprises, the Leader approach or vocational training can help women boost their economic participation in rural life. My office has been receiving reports from pig breeders and producers of cold meat products in the south of Poland complaining about increasing problems with exporting Polish meat and meat products to Russia. The Russians are trying to use the fact that wild boar infected with African swine fever have been found near the border with Belarus as a pretext for imposing a complete ban on imports of Polish meat.

So far only a number of isolated cases of the disease have been recorded in Poland, with only wild boar affected. However, producers in Austria, Denmark, France and the Netherlands are negotiating directly with the Russians in an attempt to have the embargo on their products lifted, in spite of the many outbreaks African swine fever which have been identified in these countries and the fact that the Commission has assumed the role of negotiator on behalf of all the Member States.

Does the Commission have any information on the behind-the-scenes talks between representatives of the Austrian, Danish, French and Dutch governments and Russia aimed at having the Russian embargo on pork from western countries lifted? What view does the Commission take of this? What steps has the Commission taken to have the Russian embargo on meat products lifted? How many farms in Poland are at risk?

Have the Polish authorities done all they can to dispose of dead animals and ensure the safety of farms? Does the Commission intend to give extra financial assistance to Polish farmers who have suffered losses because of the embargo or had to destroy their animals? Are there plans for financial support to help restore pig numbers? If so, which fund will it come from, and how much will be made available? In view of the sudden decline in the purchase price of pigs, can farmers count on financial support from the Commission? The Commission is doing its utmost to ensure that the unjustified ban imposed by Russia is lifted without delay.

After months of intense exchanges at all levels, Russia is not being cooperative. The Commission has repeatedly urged Member States to preserve EU unity and refrain from efforts to achieve resumption of trade for their account only by means of bilateral arrangements. The Polish authorities are implementing all disease control measures required by Union legislation. Prices declined during the second half of February and beginning of March in a period of the year when normally there is a seasonal increase.

Popular covers

The regions under sanitary restrictions in Poland and Lithuania are particularly affected. Under the new legal framework Member States have the possibility to include risk management measures in their rural development programs helping farmers to restore the production capacity affected by serious sanitary problems.

The poverty and misery suffered by refugees such as those fleeing from the war in Syria lead thousands of people throughout the world to sell their organs to mafias who then sell them in turn to people in rich countries. Does the Commission have data on the incidence of illegal organ trafficking in transplants carried out within the EU?

This directive lays down rules on the establishment of competent authorities, authorisation schemes for transplantation centres, and the establishment of conditions of procurement and systems of traceability from donor to recipient. Furthermore, it obliges Member States to lay down penalties for infringements of such rules. It establishes minimum rules concerning the definition of trafficking in human beings, including their exploitation for the purposes of organ removal. Due to the war in Syria, thousands of refugees have crossed over into neighbouring countries and are living there in precarious conditions of poverty and misery.

This situation offers an attractive eco-system to the mafias that control the inhuman trade in human organs. In Lebanon and other Middle Eastern countries Syrian refugees are selling their organs to these mafias in order to survive. If not, does the Commission consider there is a need to implement such a programme? The Commission is aware of press reports quoted in the question, but it does not have any verified information on the subject. Among these efforts, the Commission is funding programmes aimed at supporting economic development, income generation and livelihoods opportunity for those most affected by crisis in Syria and in he neighbouring countries so as to help mitigate economic hardship for these communities.

However, the situation in Libya is a disaster and is a long way from representing a process of democratic transition. The degree of authority held by the interim government is unknown; many members of parliament have given up attending parliamentary sessions; armed groups move around Tripoli without opposition; broad swathes of the country are not controlled by the government, while rebels have taken over several ports and are trading in the oil.

What strategy does the High Representative have in mind to foment a democratic transition in Libya and bring peace, democracy, social harmony and prosperity to that country? Does the High Representative consider that the Libyan constitutional roadmap should be modified in any way? The EU's objective in Libya is to help to achieve a democratic, stable and prosperous nation. In the area of security it involves addressing the root causes of conflict, supporting State's security institutions, while tackling illicit trafficking.

The EU is also promoting the integration of Libya within the region and the world at large. The EU will continue to seek a comprehensive agreement with Libya drawing on the Association Agreements concluded with neighbouring countries in order to formalise and normalise relations in a mutually beneficial legal framework. This will create the basis for increased dialogue and cooperation on many areas of common interest. The Libyan constitutional roadmap has already undergone several amendments in order to reflect different political compromises reached throughout the ongoing transition.

The EU has assisted different Libyan institutions, mainly the High National Electoral Commission and the General National Congress, with the objective to increase their capacity to manage the very challenging tasks they have been entrusted with. The EU has also deployed different kinds of missions to accompany the two main electoral milestones so far: In the absence of a request from the Libyan authorities the possibility mentioned by the Honourable Member of the European Parliament is not under consideration.

The situation in Libya is a disaster and is far from representing a process of democratic transition. The degree of authority held by the interim government is unknown; many members of parliament have given up attending parliamentary sessions; armed groups move around Tripoli without opposition; broad swathes of the country are not controlled by the government, while rebels have taken over several ports and are trading in the oil; and the country has turned into an arms-trafficking paradise.

Does the High Representative consider that the military intervention has been successful in the sense of creating the conditions for a democratic Libya to be established? The combination of different factors, such as the weak institutional capacity inherited from the previous regime, the lack of a culture of political dialogue or the military strength acquired by some groups after the Revolution, has a negative impact on the stability of the country. EU support in Libya has focused on developing the institutions of democratic governance whose roles will be defined under the constitution.

This includes support to core government functions; elections and democratisation; capacities for sub-national governance; human rights and rule of law; transitional justice and reconciliation. The strategic objective of EUBAM Libya is to support the Libyan authorities to develop capacity for enhancing the security of their land, sea and air borders in the short term, and to develop a broader Integrated Border Management strategy in the long term. La UE fomenta activamente los derechos humanos mediante varios proyectos financiados al amparo del programa del Instrumento Europeo para la Democracia y los Derechos Humanos.

More than 40 demonstrators have been arrested by the police and fined by the courts. Another activist who criticised the government on Facebook was held by the authorities and had his computer confiscated. Is the Commission aware of the degradation of the right to demonstrate and freedom of speech in Kazakhstan? Does the Commission intend to take any steps to encourage the Kazakh authorities to guarantee the fundamental rights of expression and demonstration, as well as other rights, for all its citizens?

Does the Commission consider that these incidents, along with the broader repression of civil liberties and human rights in Kazakhstan, are acceptable in the context of the discussions on the extension of the partnership and cooperation agreement and the upcoming EXPO ? The EEAS is closely following developments in Kazakhstan with regard to respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression and freedom of assembly, and maintains close contacts with the civil society organisations in the country.

The EU is actively involved in promoting human rights through a number of projects funded under the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights programme. These projects address a broad range of issues, such as access to public information, the capacity of civil society to advocate for human rights, the promotion of human rights education, assistance to victims of human trafficking, the elimination of violence against children in closed institutions, access to justice for vulnerable groups and the abolition of the death penalty.

The EU has also encouraged Kazakhstan to implement all outstanding recommendations made during the Universal Periodic Review at the UN Human Rights Council, including those relating to the freedom of peaceful assembly. The United Nations has recently published a report on the arms embargo decreed in Libya, which, given the reality of the situation there, is rather more theoretical than practical. The report says that there is non-stop trafficking of arms to and from Libya and that the country has become one of the main sources of illegal weaponry.

It also says that most of the weapons are still under the control of non-state actors. Does the Commission intend to take any effective steps to try to put an end to or limit the trade in illegal arms in Libya? The EU is most worried about the enormous weapon stockpiles in Libya which often find their way to neigboring countries and beyond.

Dealing with this situation is complex as indeed the Libyan authorities are often not in control of these weapons. The UN, the United Kingdom, Fance and Germany are among the other key international actors providing support in this area. The specific objectives are to a build national capacities to map, assess and analyse interventions by government authorities in the security sector, and b to provide support to develop strategies and operational plans to address community safety, including on the issue of Small Arms and Light Weapons.

According to UK research findings published in The Lancet , statins, normally used for lowering cholesterol, may be useful in effectively treating patients diagnosed with advanced multiple sclerosis. The study was conducted by researchers at University College London UCL , who found that the pills slow brain shrinkage. In this context, can the Commission detail what steps it has taken — and will take — to combat this awful disease, including what, if any, EU funding streams will be present in the new programming period with specific actions to focus on prevention and treatment of multiple sclerosis?

Research supported in the field aimed at modelling and better understanding risk factors and processes underlying disease, developing new diagnostics methods, delivering new, safer and more effective medicines for patients, analysing psychosocial difficulties associated with neurological diseases and providing new tools for clinical decision-making. EU research funding is granted on the basis of competitive calls for proposals, following an independent peer-review evaluation.

In addition, the European Multiple Sclerosis Platform received between and operating grants from the Health Programme. Football is enjoyed by a huge number of fans across the globe, bringing many their happiest memories, and, despite intense rivalries, it has been used as a tool to encourage respect and good relations between nations and communities.

Sport is something that inspires many of our children and is where they look to find heroes and role models to whom they can aspire. It is important, therefore, in many respects that FIFA and its associated bodies do all they can to end the odour of corruption that has unfortunately been present at times within the increasingly business-led and money-driven world of football. What is the Commission doing at European level to put pressure on FIFA and other relevant bodies to genuinely combat corruption in the sport, whether on the field or in the corridors of power?

The Commission is aware of the developments mentioned in the question raised by the Honourable Member by way of reports and articles that have appeared in the media. The Commission respects the autonomy of sport's governing bodies. These resulted in enhanced measures and structures, notably in relation to ethics and integrity, as well as on compliance and control. The Commission will continue to raise the issues of good governance, the fight against corruption, and the promotion of fairness and openness in sporting competitions in its bilateral meetings with FIFA and in its structured dialogue with other sports stakeholders.

Unregulated gold mining in northern Nigeria is causing blindness, brain damage and paralysis among children, as well as making adults infertile and even causing death through what Human Rights Watch has called the worst incident of lead poisoning in modern history. The Commission is aware of the issues surrounding unregulated gold mining in northern Nigeria and is very concerned by the health problems that have been registered due to lead poisoning, particularly among children. The EU's development cooperation with Nigeria has a special focus on social development nationwide and particularly in the North, with ongoing programmes focusing on health and sanitation, notably for women and children and the primary healthcare system.

These activities, amongst others, have a long-term focus on expanding social equity, access to basic services and creating jobs, serving to offer other options to the most vulnerable populations.

About the author(s)

EU Member State Denmark also published a handbook jointly with the government of Nigeria to help improve the performance of artisanal and small scale mining operators. The New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition, launched by the G8 in , is an initiative aimed at transforming the way in which agriculture and food production are carried out in Africa, attempting to use reforms to boost the agri-food sector on the continent and in doing so to relieve poverty in some of the poorest corners of Africa.

As part of the initiative, African governments have said that they will make their countries more attractive to private investors. What contribution can Europe make to the cultivation and reform of the agricultural sector in Africa to make it more efficient and effective as a means to alleviate poverty? The Commission believes that investment in agriculture plays an important role in reforming the agricultural sector in Africa.

Since farming largely is a private sector activity, this private sector, in particular small-scale farmers as economic actors, have a major role to play. The EU supports smallholders according to their specific situation: Secure access to land is key prerequisite for investment. The UK Government has announced that a new one pound coin will be introduced in What assessment has the Commission made of the scale of counterfeit of euro coins and what steps are being taken to tackle fake coins and notes across the EU? Inter alia , the directive will introduce efficient investigative tools and improve prevention by allowing the analysis of counterfeits by the competent authorities even whilst they are held as evidence in proceedings by judicial authorities.

However, HMRC has so far refused to name those responsible for perpetrating this illegal trade. It may constitute a processing of personal data subject to data protection law. All Member states have transposed this directive into national law. Discrimination against religious minorities represents a widespread and substantial problem in Pakistan at all levels.

What is the Commission doing to ensure that Europe does not stand idly by as the Russian Federation violates the sovereignty of another state by not only staging an unlawful invasion but annexing that state in a land grab? The European Council and the Foreign Affairs Council have repeatedly condemned the illegal annexation of Crimea, and made it very clear that the European Union will not recognise it.

Moreover, an increasing number of persons and entities responsible for or associated with the annexation and the violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity have been subjected to visa bans and asset freezes. Moreover, the relevant Council conclusions have made it very clear that further restrictive measures including in economic areas are to be prepared in case of further escalation.

The Commission is implementing these decisions. The legal consequences of our non-recognition policy are being determined. In light of the recent crisis in the Crimea region of Ukraine, along with a number of previous instances involving Russia using its gas supply to intimidate and bully neighbouring countries who dared to show dissent to Moscow, what steps are being taken at European level to open new fuel sources so that Member States will be less dependent on Gazprom?

This work is currently on-going. The Winter Paralympic Games have just finished in Sochi and we have witnessed a great showcase and celebration of Paralympic sport — a fantastic source of inspiration for all those with disabilities, and indeed for all of us, providing role models who have had similar experiences in overcoming obstacles and demonstrating the great heights of excellence that can be achieved. What is being done at a European level by the Commission to support and encourage disability sport within the Member States?

In the context of this Strategy, the Commission develops and disseminates accessibility standards for sport, leisure and recreational organisations, activities, events and venues; and promotes the participation of people with disabilities in European sport events as well as the organisation of disability-specific events.

In light of the recent events in south-east Asia involving missing airliner MH, is anything being done at a European level to ensure that aircraft can be adequately tracked within European airspace? The European airspace is well covered by both civilian and military Air Traffic Control surveillance systems.

PSR information enables the detection of non-cooperative aircraft for safety and security reasons. Therefore, aircraft can be adequately tracked within the European airspace. This will focus upon how that sector deals with debt collection and those who are struggling to repay. What more is being and can be done by the Commission on a European level to regulate payday lending firms and protect those who have fallen into trouble with debt? The Commission pays close attention to the issue of payday loans and its particular risks for consumers which have indeed risen during the recent economic developments.

It obliges creditors to provide to borrowers all necessary information before taking the credit, in particular the Annual Percentage Rate of charge which gives a real figure of the total cost of the credit. Thus the consumer can take an informed decision whether to enter or not in the credit contract. Some Member States have adopted additional measures to tackle the problem of payday loans by capping the Annual Percentage Rate of charge.

As all charges and fees are included in it, this limits boosting any credit costs by creditors and protect consumers, in particular vulnerable ones. The Commission follows the implementation and enforcement of the directive and facilitates the exchange of best practices between the national authorities responsible for the area of consumer credit. Proposals to address the issue include banning pre-ticked boxes to ensure consumers actively choose to buy add-ons and forcing firms to publish claims ratios to highlight which products are low value.

What is being done at European level to improve the way in which competition operates in the insurance add-on market and to pressure providers to deliver better value to their customers? There is no specific legislation to regulate insurance add-ons. This legislation requires traders to operate in accordance with professional diligence and to provide in a clear, intelligible and timely manner material information that consumers need in order to take an informed purchase decision, such as the main characteristics and the price of a product.

The new Directive requires enhanced price transparency, bans on pre-ticked boxes on the Internet, introduces better refund rights, and bans online traps, amongst others. It is also an opportunity to consider the plight of girls and women less fortunate than ourselves. Promoting the employment of women is an integral part of the EU's strategy for economic growth Europe In , thirteen Member States received country-specific recommendations on gender equality, the bulk of recommendations being on childcare facilities, which is a key determinant of female employment.

To support Member States, significant funding is offered. Since , the proportion of young children cared for in formal childcare facilities increased: The performance and participation of women in education shows significant positive trends: However, other trends show less encouraging results: Oxfam has been working on long-term development and emergency relief in the region covered by South Sudan since In response to the conflict, Oxfam has been providing food, water, sanitation and hygiene to around displaced people in three locations across the country: Juba, Mingkaman and Malakal.

The EU is deeply concerned about the continued violence in South Sudan and is alarmed by the current humanitarian situation and reports of human rights violations against civilians. The EU has had a continuous presence on the ground since the conflict broke out. The protection of the South Sudanese people is at the heart of the EU's efforts in the country. The EU is also providing support to IGAD for the negotiation process and has offered support to the ceasefire monitoring mechanism. The terrorist attacks target both Christians and Muslims.

They are perpetrated by an amalgam of variously motivated terrorist groups seeking to destabilise the State of Nigeria by all means, especially by seeking to widen all differences, including religious which in recent years have not been a problem in Nigeria. The EU is working with the government and people of Nigeria to help bring an end to the cycle of violence. It does so through dialogue and targeted aid interventions focusing on the underlying root causes of violence.

The Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace is supporting several peace and mediation programmes in the Niger Delta and the Middle Belt and projects to reform the criminal justice system and to strengthen the Office of the National Security Advisor. Gesundheit, Verkehr oder Bildung zu liberalisieren oder zu privatisieren. This is an abuse of democracy that allows the rumour mill to run wild and alienates citizens.

Can the Commission prove all of this with official documents that are part of the negotiations with the United States? The Commission will ensure that the levels of EU protection, including for food standards, are not lowered. This AMT does not replace EU hygiene requirements but must be considered as an additional tool to increase food safety.

None of EU's bilateral trade agreements obliges to liberalise or privatise water distribution or any other public services, such as health, transport or education. Likewise, under the multilateral General Agreement on Trade in Services, members of the WTO are free to keep their public or private monopolies and to regulate. As for public procurement, negotiations on bilateral trade agreements, such as the TTIP, do not concern privatisation of public services. Is it aware of this specific incident and does it intend to seek further information from the Turkish authorities?

If the accusations are confirmed, does it intend to impose penalties, including on Turkish Airlines, for the illegal exporting arms to a third country in a state of war? The EU remains in close contact with Turkey on foreign policy issues of common interest in particular in the framework of the enhanced EU-Turkey foreign policy dialogue.

As indicated in the Communication on EU Regulatory Fitness, the Commission is committed to meeting EU policy goals in a cost-effective way, avoiding all unnecessary regulatory burdens. The Commission is now examining if those savings were realised in practice. The Commission does not make quantitative estimates of the total cost, or indeed benefits, of every new proposed legislation. Impacts are assessed quantitatively only if this is possible, given data availability, and proportionate in view of their expected size and their relevance for decision making.

Moreover, simply adding up the cost and benefit figures in each impact assessment would not give a full or accurate picture. Often the Commission's proposal is changed during the legislative procedure, following which Member States make implementation choices. Therefore the costs and benefits of the final legislation can differ from the estimates in the Commission's impact assessments.

The issue of animal welfare is at the heart of the European Treaties: As part of the implementation of its Strategy on Animal Welfare, the Commission intends to propose a new directive on the subject. Will it adopt a position on the issue of granting legal status to animals when it tables its proposal for a directive on animal welfare in ? Zastupnici Europskog parlamenta