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The phenomenology of Edmund Husserl had a permanent and profound impact on the philosophical formation of Paul Ricoeur. Edmund Husserl and Paul Ricoeur. The early medieval Irish Christian philosopher John Scottus Eriugena is important both for translating into Latin the works of Greek mystical writers such as Dionysius the Areopagite and for his major treatise Periphyseon On the Division The early medieval Irish Christian philosopher John Scottus Eriugena is important both for translating into Latin the works of Greek mystical writers such as Dionysius the Areopagite and for his major treatise Periphyseon On the Division of Nature, c.

Eriugena thinks of the divine nature as a " nothingness " that transcends all being and non-being. Creation is to be understood as the self-manifestation of this transcendent nothingness in the from of being. Eriugena thinks of the human mind too as a form of nothingness which escapes all limitation and definition. Eriugena's work was hugely influential on later medieval mystics including Meister Eckhart. His work has been compared with Buddhism. I will explore in this paper whether this comparison is justified. This is a draft document.

Please do not quote without permission. Comparative Philosophy and John Scotus Eriugena. Special Issue on Empathy and Collective Intentionality: The Social Philosophy of Edith Stein. Phenomenology , Edith Stein , and Social Ontology. In this paper I shall focus on the following mat- ters: Defending the Transcendental Attitude: Husserl's Concept of the Person and the Challenges of Naturalism more. The person is a concept that emerged in Western philosophy after the ancient Greeks.

It has a multiple origination in Alexandrine grammar first, second, third person , Roman Law free person versus slave and Latin Christian In this paper I trace some aspects of the history of the concept of person and evaluate contemporary analytic approaches in the light of the Husserlian phenomenological account of the person.

Phenomenology and Mind Publication Date: Human existence develops itself habitually through its intentional meaningful practices both Human existence develops itself habitually through its intentional meaningful practices both individually and communally. Habit can be found at all levels in the constitution of meaningfulness Sinnhaftigkeit , from the lowest level of passivity, through perceptual experience, to the formation of the ego itself, and outwards to the development of intersubjective society with its history and tradition, to include finally the whole sense of the harmonious course of worldly life.

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Husserl uses a range of terms to express his concept of habit including: Phenomenology , Edmund Husserl , Tradition , and Sociality. In the critical epistemological tradition of philosophy stemming from Kant, as in Husserl, transcendence and immanence are key notions see Husserl, The Idea of Phenomenology, , and Ideas I, Despite his championing of a new concept of transcendence in the late s, Heidegger effectively abandons the term during the early s.

Husserl on History, Life and Tradition more. Special issue Journal Name: Jul Publication Name: In this paper, I shall review recent discussions of intentionality, including some recent explora- tions of the history of the concept paying particular attention to Anselm , and suggest some ways the phenomenological approach of Husserl and Heidegger can still offer insights for contemporary philosophy of mind and consciousness.

Special Issue on Intentionality Journal Name: Science, Technology and Preservation of the Life-World more. The opposition between rationality and irrationality is often portrayed as a struggle between rational evidence-based science and irrational, ungrounded myth. I shall argue that this is too simplistic and that different forms of I shall argue that this is too simplistic and that different forms of rationality need to be recognised, and in particular the rationality of everyday life.

The European Review Publication Date: RIA Gold Medal more. Let 's Look at it Objectively: Why Phenomenology Cannot be Naturalized more. Supplementary Volume 72 Journal Name: Phenomenology and Naturalism, Philosophy Publication Date: Editors' Introduction, Phenomenology of Embodied Subjectivity more. Special Issue Journal Name: Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences Publication Date: Husserl on Universalism and the Relativity of Cultures more.

Hereafter 'Crisis' followed by the English translation pagination where it exists and the Husserliana volume and page Hereafter 'Crisis' followed by the English translation pagination where it exists and the Husserliana volume and page number. Journal of the History of Philosophy Publication Date: Sartre on Embodiment, Touch, and the" Double Sensation" more. For Sartre, traditional philosophy has misunderstood the body because the orders of knowing and being have been conflated or inverted.

Recenterings of Continental Philosophy Journal Name: Philosophy Today Publication Date: The Phenomenology of Personhood: Edmund Husserl and Charles Taylor more. Taylor acknowledges the influence of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Martin Heidegger through the lens of Hubert Dreyfus but tends to see Husserl as imprisoned within the Cartesian tradition that begins from the certainty of self-consciousness.

I shall develop relevant aspects of embodied, situated subjectivity found in Husserl and shared by Taylor; and, finally, I shall reflect on the difficult problematic of the relation between natural and transcendental approaches to personhood. Throughout his career, Husserl identifies naturalism as the greatest threat to both the sciences and philosophy. In this paper, I explicate Husserl's overall diagnosis and critique of naturalism and then examine the specific In this paper, I explicate Husserl's overall diagnosis and critique of naturalism and then examine the specific transcendental aspect of his critique.

Husserl agreed with the Neo-Kantians in rejecting naturalism. He has three major critiques of naturalism: First, it like psychologism and for the same reasons is 'countersensical'in that it denies the very ideal laws that it needs for its own justification. Continental Philosophy Review Publication Date: Throughout his working life, Edmund Husserl corresponded with many of the leading scientists of his day including mathematicians, physicists and other natural scientists, as well as those working in the human sciences.

Furthermore, Putnam reads Kant as overcoming the pernicious scientific realist distinction between primary and secondary qualities, between things that really exist and their projections, a distinction that haunts modern philosophy. Heidegger's Critique of Husserl's and Brentano's Accounts of intentionality more. Inspired by Aristotle, Franz Brentano revived the concept of intentionalit y to characteriz e the domain of mental phenomena studied by descriptive psychology. Some recent commentator s have sided with Heidegger and have endorsed his critique of Husserl and Brentano as still caught up in epistemological , representationalis t approaches to intentionality.

I argue that Heidegger is developing Husserl, focusing in particular on the ontological dimension of intentionality , not reversing or abandoning his account. In short, Heidegger is more dependent on Husserl than he ever publicly acknowledged. Continental and Analytic Approaches to Intentionality Reconsidered more.

Philosophical Topics Publication Date: Idealism in Medieval Philosophy: The Case of Johannes Scottus Eriugena more. In this article I wish to re-examine the vexed issue of the possibility of idealism in ancient and medieval philosophy with particular reference to the case of Johannes Scottus Eriugena c. Both Bernard Williams and Myles Burnyeat have argued that idealism never emerged and for Burnyeat, could not have emerged as a genuine philosophical position in antiquity, a claim that has had wide currency in recent years, and now constitutes something of an orthodoxy.

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Medieval Philosophy and Theology Publication Date: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary. Pantheism in Eriugena and Nicholas of Cusa more. Phenomenology and the Destruction of Reason more. Irish Philosophical Journal Publication Date: Book Chapters in Refereed Collections. Between Vision and Touch. From Husserl to Merleau-Ponty more. Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Edmund Husserl.

Noetic moments, noematic correlates, and the stratified whole that is the Erlebnis more. Dasein as Transcendence in Heidegger and the Critique of Husserl more. Heidegger in the Twenty-First Century. Edmund Husserl , Martin Heidegger , and Transcendence. Everydayness, Historicity and the World of Science: Despite the large literature on Husserl's conception written since then, in many ways the concept remains deeply problematic. Jan Publication Name: History , Phenomenology , Edmund Husserl , Husserl: Life-world Lebenswelt , and Historicity. Realism, Science, and Pragmatism. The Phenomenology of Embodied Subjectivity more.

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Heidegger, however, developed a strong and life-long interest in Meister Eckhart and gradually it became more generally recognised that Eckhart's conception of the divine stands in opposition to traditional ontotheology. The phenomenological tradition showed very little interest in Eriugena until the groundbreaking work of Werner Beierwaltes and more recently the original interpretations of Jean-Luc Marion.

However, there was one significant exception to th e neglecl of Eriugena in phenomenology o. Mah n ke's work places E riuge na at t he centre of the discovery of the infini t y or Lhe di vj ne a nd of lh e creat ed universe. Ma hnke had a strong influ ence on Alexa nd re K oy re. Ha ns Blumenberg and Karsten Harries.

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Through Mahnke the radical thought of Eriugena entered the phenomenological tradition. Environmental Humanities and Ecosemiotics. The Annual for Phenomenological Philosophy, Vol. Edmund Husserl and Phenomenology more. Chad Meister and James Beilby, eds. Meister Eckhart in 20th-Century Philosophy more. A Companion to Meister Eckhart. Routledge Classics Publication Date: A General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology. Cambridge Scholars Press Publication Date: Mind and Body, Word and Deed. A Collection of Essays. The Routledge Companion to Phenomenology.

Johannes Scottus Eriugena more. The most outstanding philosopher writing in Latin between Boethius and Anselm, Eriugena is best known as the author of Periphyseon De divisione naturae, On the Division of Nature, c. This God is incomprehensive to created, finite minds angels, humans but through His freely willed theophanies theofaniai, divine manifestations He becomes manifest to and can be apprehended by His creation.

The One, as highest principle, engenders all things timelessly, causing them to proceed into their gen- era, species, and individuals located in space and time, and then retrieves them back into itself. This cosmological process is triadic or Trinitarian, involving a dialectic of oneness, outgoing and return. But only human nature is made in the divine image and likeness. Human- kind, therefore, plays a special role in the dialectic of out- going and return. Eriugena quotes Augustine to the effect that God became man inhumanatio so that humans can become God deificatio.

However, through the practice of intellectual contemplation theoria, intellectus , assisted by the grace of divine illumination which is the receiving of a divine self-manifestation, theophania , humans may return to and achieve unification henosis with God. Blue coat and breeches, scarlet cuffs, lapels and waistcoat, gold buttons and hat lace, brown gaiters, black boots, scarlet saddlecloth edged with yellow or gold lace, sword with white metal grip and guard. Museo de Ejercito, Madrid.

Note that the artist has put the buttons on the left side in order to show them in this schematic — they were actually on the right side. Uniforme 54; Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla. Soldiers of the colonial regiments of New Spain, All had white waistcoats, breeches and gaiters.

From left to right: Corona Regt — blue coat, scarlet cuffs, collar and lapels, white metal buttons. Nueva Espana Regt — white coat, green collar, cuffs and lapels, gold buttons. Mexico Regt — white coat, scarlet collar, cuffs and lapels, gold buttons. Puebla Regt — white coat, violet collar, cuffs and lapels, gold buttons.

Uniformes 71; Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla. This pen-and-ink wash by Tomas de Suria, an artist attached to the Malaspina scientific expedition of —94, is one of the very few known illustrations showing the soldiers who served in the Provincias Internas. He is depicted wearing a fairly long buff leather coat over his regulation jacket, which was blue with red collar and cuffs and brass buttons.

Two dragoon units, the Espana and Mexico regiments, were also raised in and respectively, incorporating the former Vera Cruz dragoon companies. In April an independent company of Catalonian Volunteers was raised in Catalonia, Spain; that August it arrived in New Spain, where it joined another company of mountain fusiliers raised in the colony at that time.

In a detachment from the Catalan company took part in the California expedition that founded San Diego and Monterey. Early in the Catalonian Volunteers were reorganized as a two-company corps, incorporating the local mountain fusiliers. From to the 1st Company was stationed at the new post of Nootka on Vancouver Island, and some of its men were detached as marines on expeditions that reached Alaska.

The San Blas garrison company, raised from November , detached 20 men to Nootka in — The Castilla de Campeche Battalion was expanded in to nine infantry companies including one of grenadiers, some of which were detached to campaign against the British in Central America. The Yucatan Dragoon Company was raised in —70, and a garrison company was also raised for Fort Bacalar.

In the Fijo de Guatemala Regiment was organized, consisting of nine companies including one of grenadiers and a company of artillery, and was augmented by a second battalion in The Fort Omoa company was raised in From the second half of the 16th century there were cavalry soldiers posted along the northern frontier of New Spain, from the Gulf of Mexico on the Atlantic to the Gulf of California on the Pacific, yet their story is still largely unknown.

The tools of their trade were shields, lances, and the leather coats that earned them their nickname: They were a unique type of fighting force whose service involved postings dispersed over vast areas, ranging from rolling prairies to unforgiving deserts. To counter these, the Spanish evolved a type of fortified village or post called a presidio.

This center of military command for an area, usually held by a captain with a number of soldiers, was also home to their dependants, to settlers, and to Christianized Indians who gathered around a mission station. In the 18th century most of the presidial soldiers were natives of the Interior Provinces. Many of them — about half in the s — were criollos white men of Spanish ancestry, born in New Spain ; about a third were of mixed blood, mostly Indian and Spanish, and a minority were Indians.

This remarkable painting on hide, made by an Indian, depicts the fate of an expedition into the wilderness of present-day Nebraska. It shows the cavalrymen wearing their leather coats over mostly blue and red clothing, and the wide-brimmed hat peculiar to these frontier soldiers.

Privates, Havana Blancos white and Morenos colored militia battalions, The grenadiers of both units were detached to New Orleans in , and the Morenos were at the siege of Pensacola in The Havana Blancos Bn had a white uniform with black collar, cuffs, and laces on the coat front, white metal buttons and hat lace, buff accoutrements and cartridge box flap.

The Havana Morenos Bn wore a red jacket with blue collar and cuffs, white metal buttons, white buttonhole lace, white breeches, black cap with a red cockade, buff accoutrements and cartridge box flap. The first five presidios established in the s had companies of only six men each, and by the s the total establishment stood at about cavalrymen more properly, dragoons. The 18th century saw considerable increases in the strength of these troops. In there were 19 companies totaling men; in , 23 companies with 1, troopers; and in the garrisons numbered 1, soldiers and Indian scouts, which required a herd of more than 14, horses and 1, mules for their service.

In the number of soldiers posted in 22 presidios was 2,; this had increased to 3, in 24 presidios by , and thereafter the numbers remained fairly stable. Under the regulations of 10 September a company would have 40 soldiers, but this varied greatly in practice. Fighting such Indians as the Apaches and Comanches required mobility and skill in counter-guerrilla tactics. The usual pattern of warfare consisted of cavalry patrols trying to locate and engage elusive bands of Indians, while the raiders tried to slip through the network of patrols.

There were a few disasters, the worst probably being the extermination of the Villasur expedition in , when that imprudent Spanish commander rode far north-east of Santa Fe and was overwhelmed by Indians possibly with the help of French-Canadian traders in present-day Nebraska. But such a defeat had no strategic effect, and the line of frontier forts and settlements kept growing steadily. The presidios were not intended to be a hermetic barrier, however, but bases for patrols, and there were more soldiers and militiamen south of this line to intercept or pursue the relatively few marauding Indians that did get through.

Viewed in that light, there is no doubt that the defense of northern New Spain was a success, since the all-important objective — the safety of settled Mexico — was achieved. In each of them had, by regulation, not just one but half a dozen horses, besides a colt and a mule; this gives an idea of the hard demands of their long patrols into the wilderness. Being isolated, the soldiers had little of the formal training and discipline known in Europe — a situation deplored by Spanish Army inspecting officers, who nevertheless often admired their stamina and bravery. These soldiers were also used to curb the territorial ambitions, real or imaginary, of other powers.

The brief French appearance in Texas in —87, and their settlement of Louisiana from the early 18th century, brought the Spanish there on a permanent basis. Apart from the short war between France and Spain in —20, relations were generally good between the fellow Bourbon monarchs on the thrones of the two countries. From , California was settled and garrisoned by these frontier troops, to counter the perceived threat of a Russian descent from Alaska. They were supposed to muster all able-bodied free men between the ages of 16 and 60, generally but not exclusively of Hispanic ancestry.

The militiamen were grouped into companies in the towns and the countryside, and were led by officers who were usually the wealthier men of their community. Musters were rare, as were effective weapons, and uniforms were almost unheard of. For the most part, no one knew much about military maneuvers because there was no advanced training; only in a few large colonial towns such as Mexico City could one find militia companies that were well appointed and drilled, because they were made up of enthusiastic and wealthy volunteers see illustrations. Some gave a good account of themselves when the British attacked Havana two years later, but the most strategically important city in the Spanish Indies nevertheless fell to the enemy.

Considerable apprehension gripped other colonial port cities, and thousands of militiamen were gathered for a time at Vera Cruz to resist a rumored British attack that never occurred. From his clothing and equipment, this man is probably a wealthy hacienda owner. He wears a gray hat, and a reddish poncho edged with silver lace.

Beneath this can be seen a richly embroidered yellow coat with red cuffs and silver buttons, blue breeches edged with silver lace, and embroidered translucent silk stockings. The horse housings are also elaborately embroidered. This officer is armed with a broad-bladed sword, and a carbine in a saddle-holster.

This general type of clothing was typical for the irregular cavalry of New Spain, although that of ordinary militiamen would be much less luxurious. This militia unit, first organized in , had about 80 members, whose wealth was indicated by a high-quality uniform: The belt is shown as blue, with a gilt matchcase; the musket has a buff sling, and a hanger is carried in a brown scabbard.

Dark blue coat, waistcoat and breeches, scarlet collar, cuffs and lining, gold buttons and garters, gold cuff and hat lace. He wears a badge of the knightly Order of Calatrava, and a cape of the Order lies on the table behind him. Museo Nacional de Historia, Mexico City. From —64 sweeping changes were made in the organization of the colonial militia. Officers were usually found amongst the educated and wealthy men of a colony, if possible those with some military experience. Some detachments of urban or provincial militia units could be called up for active duty even in peacetime; for instance, in the grenadier companies of the Havana urban militia regiments were sent to New Orleans with the regulars, to formally take possession of Louisiana from the French.

This type of organization was also introduced in other colonies, including Puerto Rico and, in , for the Louisiana Militia. In a militia battalion was organized in New Orleans, followed by an artillery company in , and the Distinguished Carabinier cavalry a year later. Naturally, regulations were not always rigorously followed, especially in vast territories such as New Spain, which faced various difficulties in implementing them. Nevertheless, by the militia of New Spain had grown from perhaps a few hundred properly uniformed, armed and drilled men to over 18, enlisted in provincial and urban units.

Another 15, less fully organized men were listed in companies situated mostly on the Atlantic and Pacific coastlines, and there were also hundreds of militiamen in the northern provinces, from Texas to California. Originally organized as companies, the militia of Guatemala was reorganized into battalions from In that year the number of fusilier companies was reduced to eight. It was back to 13 companies from to ; then eight of fusiliers and one of grenadiers until , when fusiliers were reduced to seven companies. From the regiment had one grenadier and nine fusilier companies, until ; thereafter a battalion consisted of one grenadier and four fusilier companies.

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Company establishment strength varied over the years. From to it was three officers and 77 NCOs and fusiliers, or 73 grenadiers. Actual company strength seemed to have hovered around 50 or 60 men in both metropolitan and colonial battalions. The first detachments of reinforcements for America from metropolitan army units appear to have been made in , when a company each from the Africa and Toledo regiments were sent to the viceroyalty of New Grenada, probably to serve at Cartagena de Indias or Panama.

Once in place they were simply left there, and appear to have been absorbed into the colonial troops or disbanded. It was from the s that a major policy change occurred with regards to overseas defense. Detachments of the metropolitan army would henceforth be sent as temporary reinforcements to cities in America that seemed most likely to be the targets of enemy attacks, but would eventually be brought back to Spain. The first detachments appear to have been sent out in , when men each from the Lisboa, Toledo and Navarra regiments sailed for Portobello and Panama.

The new defense policy was tested during the conflicts with Britain between and In a half-battalion of the Navarra Regiment was sent to Portobello and Panama. Portobello and the fort of Chagres were captured by Admiral Vernon in November , but Panama remained safe. Flushed with success, Vernon was back in the West Indies in leading a fleet of some ships with thousands of troops on board, hoping to seize Havana, Vera Cruz and Cartagena de Indias. Grenadier and fusilier of an unidentified Spanish metropolitan infantry regiment, s, from a contemporary watercolor.

Both figures wear the standard infantry uniform, in this case white with red cuffs and waistcoats, brass buttons, false-gold hat lace, buff accoutrements and brown cartridge-box flap. The grenadier is distinguished by his black bearskin cap with a red bag hanging from the back, and by a brass-hilted hanger.

Drummer and fifer of Spanish metropolitan infantry, s—50s; note that in this reconstruction the coat tails and the waistcoats are too short. Print after Giminez; private collection. A company of this metropolitan light infantry unit was sent to Cuba in the s, and transferred to St Augustine, Florida, in October He is armed with a pair of pistols, seen in a double holster on his left hip, and an escopeta carbine with its bayonet. These battalions, together with the Fijo de Cartagena Battalion and marines, made up 3, of the 4, defenders of that fortress city when it was besieged in March , by some 12, British troops including 3, Americans with 15, Royal Navy personnel.

Nevertheless, the Spanish garrison prevailed under the command of Governor Blas de Lezo, a crusty, battle-tested veteran. Repulsed in several assaults, the British and American troops were further devastated by fevers that killed thousands of men. Meanwhile, a battalion of the Portugal Regiment had reached Havana in early , further reinforcing that city, where it remained in garrison until Combined with the regular colonial troops already in place, these metropolitan reinforcements could make a significant difference, especially if they were posted to heavily fortified cities such as Havana, Cartagena de Indias and Vera Cruz.

Few reinforcements were sent from Spain thereafter, but some do appear in the records, usually in modest numbers. Cantabria and Murcia regiments each had six officers and men in Caracas, Venezuela. In general, the troops overseas appear to have been drafted into colonial units or disbanded, although some detachments were eventually shipped home to Spain. In , once again at war against Britain, Spain proceeded to send sizable contingents of troops to America. In , two battalions of Cantabria and one battalion of Asturias reinforced Cartagena de Indias, while a battalion of Grenada first reinforced Santo Domingo, then Santiago de Cuba.

The following year a battalion of Navarra further strengthened Cartagena de Indias. To reinforce Puerto Rico, a company each of Aragon and Espana were sent there in , and two companies of Navarra in A company each of Toledo and Murcia joined the colonial garrison of Santo Domingo in , until replaced by the 2nd Battalion of Grenada early in Britain prevailed in this conflict, and in British forces attacked and took Havana in Cuba and Manila in the Philippines.

This news raised considerable fears in other great Spanish colonial ports, and local officials mobilized and trained all the local forces they could raise. For instance, thousands of militiamen mustered and equipped themselves in the Vera Cruz area of New Spain during in anticipation of a British attack. The army was reorganized and modernized, while the navy was rebuilt with capital ships, the size of which had never been seen before in Spain. Cuba, especially its capital Havana, became the main military base in North America. Besides the local regular colonial garrison, many metropolitan battalions were now posted to Havana.

It was replaced by the Lisboa Regiment until , followed by Sevilla and Irlanda in —71, by Aragon and Guadalajara from to , by Principe from until , by Espana in , Navarra in , Napoles in —82, and subsequently by other units. The transfer of Louisiana from France to Spain was a gradual process between and when, following some resistance. Ensign and private of the Aragon metropolitan infantry regiment, s. A battalion of this regiment, and one of Navarra, were sent in to Cartagena de Indias in present-day Colombia, where they formed an outstanding part of the garrison that repulsed the British and Americans who besieged that fortress city from March to May White uniform with scarlet collar, cuffs and waistcoat, gold buttons and hat lace.

Detail from plate also showing Navarra; Anne S. Fusiliers of the Espana, Toledo and Mallorca metropolitan infantry regiments, from a hand-colored printed drill manual of ; the Espana and Toledo formed part of the Havana garrison during the siege of that year. All have white coats and breeches and yellow metal buttons, and note the large ventral cartridge box with a reddish-brown flap: Espana — green collar and cuffs, white waistcoat. Toledo — white collar, blue cuffs and waistcoat. Mallorca — white collar, scarlet cuffs and waistcoat.

Detachments from the garrison in Cuba were sent to Louisiana and used with great success by the young and energetic Governor Galvez in and , when he conquered most of British West Florida. In March , a Spanish force of about 8, men from metropolitan and colonial regiments undertook the siege of Pensacola. Spanish operations in Florida ceased thereafter, as there was no strategic value to conquering British East Florida.

Spanish forces did take Nassau in the Bahamas in , but most metropolitan units assembled in the French colony of Saint-Domingue now Haiti for a projected Franco-Spanish invasion of British Jamaica. Nevertheless, most British islands and all of West Florida were now occupied by Spanish or French forces, and the intensity of operations diminished as peace negotiations got under way in Europe. New Spain, too, was reinforced with metropolitan regiments. The process began with the transfer there of the America Regiment from to , when it was relieved in Mexico City by Ultonia, Flandes and Saboya until , and respectively.

The Grenada Regiment was also in Vera Cruz from to The Vitoria Regiment arrived in , being joined by Bruselas in , both regiments going back to Spain in Napoles arrived in and stayed until —90, helping to form the new Fijo de Puerto Rico Regiment; thereafter Cantabria served in Puerto Rico from to The 2nd Battalion of the metropolitan Toledo Regiment, part of which acted as marines on warships, was posted to Santo Domingo in — In the latter year some 10, Spanish troops Hibernia, Flandes, Aragon,.

The Leon Regiment remained at Guarico until Units from Spain were also sent to Caracas and elsewhere in northern South America, but these postings must fall outside our study. To date, information on the early dress of the independent overseas companies and battalions is relatively sketchy; however, the information that has surfaced points to a generally similar uniform for nearly all the early North American colonial units up to the s.

Uniforms — or at least a consistent appearance of dress — do not seem to have been worn before the beginning of the 18th century. However, the troops sent from Spain in to take part in the relief of St Augustine from its British besiegers were said to wear uniforms, while the local regular troops in Fort San Marcos did not have such clothing. Even so, uniform dress was certainly being introduced at that time for regular troops.

Grenadiers of the Aragon left and Guadalajara right metropolitan infantry regiments, from a manuscript of ; elements of both regiments, and of Lisboa, were stationed in New Orleans, Louisiana, in — All wear black bearskin caps and white coats. Aragon — white collar, scarlet cuffs, waistcoat and breeches, gold buttons.

Guadalajara — white breeches, scarlet cuffs and waistcoat, silver buttons. According to Clonard VII: The silver-laced hat also had a non-regulation black or dark blue aigrette, rising from behind the cockades. Print after portrait; private collection. Trooper of presidial cavalry, The blue jacket and breeches, red collar and cuffs, brass buttons, brimmed hat with a red ribbon band, shield, lance, pistols, escopetta carbine and ventral cartridge box were common to all Cuera troopers.

The leather jacket is shown here as being waist length — possibly a later, or a regional, modification. Uniformes 81; Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla. This was almost the same uniform as that worn by the royal horse guards in Madrid and Paris. The Vera Cruz Dragoon company raised in had a blue uniform with scarlet cuffs and waistcoat, laced hat, blue cape with a red collar and, for warm weather, a linen uniform with red cuffs.

Detailed dress regulations appeared from for the marine battalion organized at Vera Cruz, which was to wear the same uniform as prescribed for marines in Spain under their dress regulations of 28 April Private soldiers were issued a blue cloth coat, waistcoat and breeches, with scarlet cuffs and scarlet lining of a lighter cloth, scarlet stockings, 36 gilt-brass buttons for the coat and 24 for the waistcoat, a hat edged with gold-colored lace, a white linen shirt and cravat, and black leather shoes.

Corporals had one gold lace edging to the cuffs, and sergeants two. Drummers and fifers also wore the royal livery colors, their coats being garnished with livery lace — red with a central gold line, and edged each side with a violet line. This clothing was to be issued every 28 months. There was one lace loop. The battalions formed at Cartagena de Indias in , at Santo Domingo and Panama in , the Corona Regiment at Vera Cruz in , and Puerto Rico in all adopted basically the same uniform as the Vera Cruz battalion, with some variations. The most common difference for the cloth uniforms was the use of a scarlet waistcoat rather than blue.

The regulations for the Cartagena de Indias and Panama battalions mention blue coats and breeches with other items in scarlet, all of a lightweight cloth, as well as the coat lining and a waistcoat of strong linen AGI, Panama The linen clothing is hinted at, but not described. It is interesting to note that the uniforms for Puerto Rico were supplied from Vera Cruz, so the linen uniform may have been similar to that of the marine battalion there.

By the s, and possibly before, troops stationed in Cuba and Florida had the same uniform. Conde de Clonard, in his s Historia Organica, mentions white faced with red for the regiment formed at Havana, but so far this has not been confirmed by any primary archival document. The primary sources mention instead an obviously blue and red cloth uniform, as well as a linen hot-weather uniform. Amongst the material shipped to St Augustine, Florida, for clothing the garrison in was 1, ells of blue cloth, ells of red, pairs of stockings, hats laced with yellow silk, buttons and shoes.

Much the same items were shipped to St Augustine in , with even more blue and red cloth see Plate A. The uniform of the troops in Havana was much the same. And that [lace] of the sergeants will be with its distinctions on the coat cuffs and pocket flaps, that of the corporals at the cuffs, the musket slings, powder flask and belt. The provincial battalions of Pardos Libres of Puebla and Mexico City, organized in and respectively, both had the same uniform at left. The soldier of the Tlaxcala y Puebla Provincial Regiment at right wears its dark blue coat, waistcoat and breeches, with scarlet collar and cuffs, yellow buttons and hat lace.

Archivo General de la Nacion, Mexico City. On the whole, this regulation confirmed the uniform in use by colonial troops defending the Spanish Main before , i. Raised in , this was the most prestigious militia regiment in New Spain, counting among its members some of the wealthiest men in Mexico City. The uniform was a scarlet coat and breeches, with blue collar, cuffs and waistcoat, white coat lining, gold buttons and lace, and white stockings.

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From the white cape with the red cross spread on the table, the colonel was also a knight of the Order of Santiago. In general, the uniforms followed closely the styles of the Spanish metropolitan army. For the Mexico Dragoon Regiment raised in , see the illustration on page 9.

The Corona Regiment of New Spain was attached as the 3rd Battalion of the America Regiment between and , and wore its uniform — a blue coat and breeches, with yellow collar, cuffs and waistcoat, white metal buttons and white hat lace. Editors Dermot Moran and Lester E. Journal of Consciousness Studies, vol. Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations. Times Literary Supplement, no. Review of Metaphysics Vol. Journal of British Society of Phenomenology Vol.

Journal of Consciousness Studies Vol. Tijdschrift voor FilosofieNo 4 , pp. Mind Issue April Simon Glendinning Translation into Turkish planned. The Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena. A Study of Idealism in the Middles Ages more. Articles in Refereed Journals. Conscious thinking and cognitive phenomenology: This introduction presents a state of the art of philosophical research on cognitive phenomenology and its relation to the nature of conscious thinking more generally.

We firstly introduce the question of cognitive phenomenology, the We firstly introduce the question of cognitive phenomenology, the motivation for the debate, and situate the discussion within the fields of philosophy analytic and phenomenological traditions , cognitive psychology and consciousness studies. Secondly, we review the main research on the question, which we argue has so far situated the cognitive phenomenology debate around the following topics and arguments: Thirdly, we suggest future developments by pointing to four questions that can be explored in relation to the cognitive phenomenology discussion: We finalise by briefly presenting the six articles of this Special Issue, which engage with some of the topics mentioned and contribute to enlarge the discussion by connecting it to different areas of philosophical investigation.

Phenomenology begins from the recognition that human awareness is intentional, directed beyond itself at " objects " and " states of affairs " that it both intends as meaningful and encounters as already meaningful. I contend that much of this discussion concerning the intentional relation misses the point of Husserl's breakthrough analyses.

I contend that Husserlian phenomenology really proposes that human beings are meaning-apprehenders and meaning bestowers in a world that is encountered as already laden with significances that humans both uncover and, in a certain sense, invent. Problems and Prospects more. Phenomenology , Jaakko Hintikka , and Logical Positivism. Foucault and Husserl on the structural a priori of history more. Foucault, on the other hand, is less interested in the Kantian inquiry into the limits or legitimization of knowledge than in the relation between knowledge and power.

Eriugena's work was hugely influential on later medieval mystics including Meister Eckhart. His work has been compared with Buddhism. I will explore in this paper whether this comparison is justified. This is a draft document. Please do not quote without permission. Comparative Philosophy and John Scotus Eriugena. Special Issue on Empathy and Collective Intentionality: The Social Philosophy of Edith Stein. Phenomenology , Edith Stein , and Social Ontology. In this paper I shall focus on the following mat- ters: Defending the Transcendental Attitude: Husserl's Concept of the Person and the Challenges of Naturalism more.

The person is a concept that emerged in Western philosophy after the ancient Greeks. It has a multiple origination in Alexandrine grammar first, second, third person , Roman Law free person versus slave and Latin Christian In this paper I trace some aspects of the history of the concept of person and evaluate contemporary analytic approaches in the light of the Husserlian phenomenological account of the person.

Special issue Journal Name: Jul Publication Name: In this paper, I shall review recent discussions of intentionality, including some recent explora- tions of the history of the concept paying particular attention to Anselm , and suggest some ways the phenomenological approach of Husserl and Heidegger can still offer insights for contemporary philosophy of mind and consciousness.

All scientific inquiry and reasoning is based and depends upon the practices, activities and antecedent beliefs of human knowers, who are embedded in cultural life-worlds in ways that science has hitherto ignored. Progress in civilizational rationality requires that the rationality of the life-world be understood. The European Review Publication Date: RIA Gold Medal more. Let 's Look at it Objectively: Why Phenomenology Cannot be Naturalized more. Supplementary Volume 72 Journal Name: Phenomenology and Naturalism, Philosophy Publication Date: Editors' Introduction, Phenomenology of Embodied Subjectivity more.

Special Issue Journal Name: Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences Publication Date: Husserl on Universalism and the Relativity of Cultures more. Hereafter 'Crisis' followed by the English translation pagination where it exists and the Husserliana volume and page Hereafter 'Crisis' followed by the English translation pagination where it exists and the Husserliana volume and page number. Journal of the History of Philosophy Publication Date: Sartre on Embodiment, Touch, and the" Double Sensation" more.

For Sartre, traditional philosophy has misunderstood the body because the orders of knowing and being have been conflated or inverted. Recenterings of Continental Philosophy Journal Name: Philosophy Today Publication Date: The Phenomenology of Personhood: Edmund Husserl and Charles Taylor more. Taylor acknowledges the influence of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Martin Heidegger through the lens of Hubert Dreyfus but tends to see Husserl as imprisoned within the Cartesian tradition that begins from the certainty of self-consciousness.

In this paper, I explicate Husserl's overall diagnosis and critique of naturalism and then examine the specific In this paper, I explicate Husserl's overall diagnosis and critique of naturalism and then examine the specific transcendental aspect of his critique. Husserl agreed with the Neo-Kantians in rejecting naturalism. He has three major critiques of naturalism: First, it like psychologism and for the same reasons is 'countersensical'in that it denies the very ideal laws that it needs for its own justification. Continental Philosophy Review Publication Date: Throughout his working life, Edmund Husserl corresponded with many of the leading scientists of his day including mathematicians, physicists and other natural scientists, as well as those working in the human sciences.

Between Constitution and Transcendence more. Jan 1, Publication Name: Editorial, International Journal of Philosophical Studies more. Special Husserl Issue Journal Name: Hilary Putnam and Immanuel Kant: Putnam reads Kant as rejecting the then current metaphysical picture with its Putnam reads Kant as rejecting the then current metaphysical picture with its in-built assumptions of a unique, mind-independent world, and truth understood as correspondence between the mind and that ready-made world. Furthermore, Putnam reads Kant as overcoming the pernicious scientific realist distinction between primary and secondary qualities, between things that really exist and their projections, a distinction that haunts modern philosophy.

Heidegger's Critique of Husserl's and Brentano's Accounts of intentionality more. Inspired by Aristotle, Franz Brentano revived the concept of intentionalit y to characteriz e the domain of mental phenomena studied by descriptive psychology. Some recent commentator s have sided with Heidegger and have endorsed his critique of Husserl and Brentano as still caught up in epistemological , representationalis t approaches to intentionality.

Both Bernard Williams and Myles Burnyeat have argued that idealism never emerged and for Burnyeat, could not have emerged as a genuine philosophical position in antiquity, a claim that has had wide currency in recent years, and now constitutes something of an orthodoxy. Medieval Philosophy and Theology Publication Date: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary. Pantheism in Eriugena and Nicholas of Cusa more. Phenomenology and the Destruction of Reason more. Irish Philosophical Journal Publication Date: Book Chapters in Refereed Collections.

Between Vision and Touch. From Husserl to Merleau-Ponty more. Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Edmund Husserl. Noetic moments, noematic correlates, and the stratified whole that is the Erlebnis more. Dasein as Transcendence in Heidegger and the Critique of Husserl more. Heidegger in the Twenty-First Century. Edmund Husserl , Martin Heidegger , and Transcendence. Everydayness, Historicity and the World of Science: Despite the large literature on Husserl's conception written since then, in many ways the concept remains deeply problematic.

Jan Publication Name: History , Phenomenology , Edmund Husserl , Husserl: Life-world Lebenswelt , and Historicity. Realism, Science, and Pragmatism. The Phenomenology of Embodied Subjectivity more.

Christian Neoplatonism and the Phenomenological Tradition: In this paper I exa mine Lh e mos tly hidden influence of J ohn Scottus Eriugena in th e ph enomenologica l tradition. The classica l phenomenologists Husserl. Heidegger, however, developed a strong and life-long interest in Meister Eckhart and gradually it became more generally recognised that Eckhart's conception of the divine stands in opposition to traditional ontotheology.