Herrschaft und Fall des Marcus Opellius Macrinus (German Edition)

Through her sister's marriage, she became sister-in law to the emperor Septimius Severus and later the aunt of emperors Caracalla and Geta. She herself married fellow Syrian Julius Avitus, who was of consular rank. Politically able and ruthless, she contended for political power after her sister's suicide. Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus Augustus;[3] c. The Praetorian Guard then elected Maximinus emperor. Maximinus advanced on Rome to put down the revolt, but was halted at Aquileia, where he was assassinated by disaffected elements of the Legio IV Parthica.

Maximinus is described by several ancient sources, though none are contemporary except Herodian's Roman History. He was a so-called barracks emperor of the 3rd century; his rule is often considered to mark the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. A Roman senator from Lucania[4] Severus was one of the last Western emperors, emptied of any effective power the real power was in the hands of the magister militum Ricimer , and unable to solve the many problems affecting the empire; the sources describe him as a pious Christian.

The Eastern Emperor traditionally had the right to accept his "colleague," for the empire was nominally still united. Ricimer needed a weak emperor on the throne, in order to control him: The Severan dynasty was a Roman imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between and The dynasty was founded by the general Septimius Severus, who rose to power as the victor of the Civil War of — Although Septimius Severus successfully restored peace following the upheaval of the late 2nd century, the dynasty was disturbed by highly unstable family relationships, as well as constant political turmoil foreshadowing the imminent Crisis of the Third Century.

It was one of the last lineages of the Principate founded by Augustus. History For dynastic relationships: He rose through military service to consular rank under the later Antonines. He married Syrian noblewoman Julia Domna and had two childre It was dedicated to the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus r.

The arch was built in , in gratitude to the emperor for his beneficence towards the city. The preserved arch is the span of a single vault, about 4 metres wide, and lateral pylons with niches, which would have been framed by detached columns on tall plinths which are now lost fluted pilasters remain at the rear. Only a single minor trace of the entablature remains, immediately above the blocks of the archway.

The divided Empire in The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis AD — , was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression.

The crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops in , initiating a year period during which there were at least 26 claimants to the title of emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, who assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire.

The same number of men became accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor during this period and so became legitimate emperors. By , the empire had split into three competing states: Julius Alexander[1] also known as Julius Alexander of Emesa[2] was prince from the Royal family of Emesa[3] who lived in the 2nd century.

Although Alexander was a nobleman from Emesa,[4] little is known of his origins.

He may have been the son of Sohaemus of Armenia also known as Gaius Julius Sohaemus,[5] who served as a Roman Client King of Armenia from until , then again in perhaps up to He may have been a possible kinsman of the Roman Empress Julia Domna,[6] which could explain him as a possible ancestor of the Roman emperor of the 3rd century Alexander Severus.

Alexander and Severus share the same cognomen, Alexander. In his career, Alexander became a Bestiarius also known as an animal fighter. Venus Felix sculpture of Orbiana. A victim of the jealousy of Julia Mamaea, the emperor's mother, Orbiana was divorced and exiled to Libya in Co-ruler with his father from , he continued to rule with his brother Geta, emperor from , after their father's death in He had his brother murdered later that year, and reigned afterwards as sole ruler of the Roman Empire.

Caracalla's reign was marked by domestic instability and external invasions from the Germanic people.

Caracalla's reign was notable for the Antonine Constitution Latin: Constitutio Antoniniana , also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted Roman citizenship to nearly all freemen throughout the Roman Empire. The edict gave all the enfranchised men Caracalla's adopted praenomen and nomen: Domestically, Caracalla was known for the construction of the Baths of Caracalla, which became the second-largest bat Nero commissioned a metre ft tall bronze statue resembling himself and the Roman sun god, Sol.

He holds a rudder on the globe which is a symbolic gesture of his power over land and sea. This is an artist's impression as no images have survived to the present day.

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Image and map from National Geographic magazine, September It is shown from the front, with four stories: Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus Augustus; born c. The sources for this period are scant, and thus knowledge of the emperor is limited. In most contemporary texts Pupienus is referred to by his cognomen "Maximus" rather than by his second nomen family name Pupienus. Origins and early career The Historia Augusta, whose testimony is not to be trusted unreservedly, paints Pupienus as an example of advancement through the cursus honorum due to military success.

It claims he was the son of a blacksmith, was adopted by one Pescennia Marcellina otherwise unknown , and who started his career as a Centurio primus pilus before becoming a Tribunus Militum, and then a Praetor. Pupienus's career was allegedly impressive, serving a number of important posts during the reign of the Severan dynasty throughout the late 2nd and ear During this rebellion, Flavius Heracleo was killed, and the legion proclaimed Taurinius emperor. He is said to have thrown himself into The legion was still active in the beginning of the 5th century.

The legion's symbol were a bull and centaur. The campaign was a success and Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital was taken and sacked. Since it was not garrisoning a Roman province, it functioned both as a reserve that could be used in afflicted parts of the Empire, as well as a security element against possible internal rebellions. Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 3rd century AD.

Map of the world in AD Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 3rd century AD. The 3rd century was the period from to A. In this century, the Roman Empire saw a crisis, marking the beginning of Late Antiquity. China was in the Three Kingdoms period. The Xiongnu formed the Tiefu state under Liu Qubei. Korea was ruled by the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Japan entered the Kofun period.

Southeast Asia mainland was mostly dominated by Funan; the first kingdom of Khmer people Cambodians. The Maya civilization entered its Classic Era. Roman Empire After the death of Commodus in the late previous century It is unclear whether his governorship precedes or succeeds those of Calvisius Rufus and Claudius Apellinus. The Roman government of Britain. Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus;[note 1] 1 August — 28 March was a Roman military leader and Roman Emperor for the first three months of Born the son of a freed slave, Pertinax became an officer in the army. He fought in the Roman—Parthian War of —, where his success led him to be promoted to higher-ranking positions in both the military and political spheres, leading to him achieving the rank of provincial governor and urban prefect.

He was a member of the Roman Senate, serving at the same time as the historian Cassius Dio. Following the death of Commodus, Pertinax was acclaimed emperor.

He attempted to institute several reform measures, although the short length of his time as emperor prevented the success of those attempts. One of those reforms, the restoration of discipline among the Praetorian Guards, led to conflict that eventually culminated in Pertinax's Theoclia was most probably born and raised in Arca Caesarea modern Arqa, Lebanon. She may have had an elder brother called Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus[7] who served as a Magister master in the Arval Brethren during the reign of Roman emperor Caracalla[8] who ruled from until Bust of Severus Alexander Mamaea A very few sentences of it have been preserved by Rabbinic literature.

This scroll was allegedly taken to Rome by emperor Titus as part of the booty after the Fall of Jerusalem, AD 70, and one century and half later the emperor Severus Alexander gave it as a gift to a synagogue he allowed to be built in Rome. Some relevant variants are "garments of light" in place of "garments of skin" in Genesis 3: The following is a list of notable people from Homs and ancient Emesa. Didius Julianus ; Latin: He ascended the throne after buying it from the Praetorian Guard, who had assassinated his predecessor Pertinax.

A civil war ensued in which three rival generals laid claim to the imperial throne. Septimius Severus, commander of the legions in Pannonia and the nearest of the generals to Rome, marched on the capital, gathering support along the way and easily defeating those sent to impede his progress. Abandoned by the Senate and the Praetorian Guard, Julianus was killed by a soldier in the palace and succeeded by Severus. His brothers were Didius Proculu Damnatio memoriae was the ancient Roman practice of erasing the names of disgraced individuals from public memory.

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The emperors listed below were erased from monuments by decree of the Senate. The Battle at the Harzhorn took place in the early 3rd century between Germanic and Roman troops near the Harzhorn hill between the towns of Kalefeld and Bad Gandersheim, in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany. The battlefield, spanning several square kilometers, was discovered in December and is currently being excavated. Roman coinage found at the site gives a probable date of the battle during the reign of one of two Roman emperors: Severus Alexander — or Maximinus Thrax — Archaeologists view the battlefield as a spectacular discovery of extraordinary scientific importance.

Historical context Coinage of the Roman emperors Caracalla to and Severus Alexander dates the battle to the 2nd quarter of the 3rd century AD. This places the battle at the junction between the reign of the Severan emperors and the A silver talisman from the 6th or 7th century, inscribed with words similar to abracadabra Abracadabra is an incantation used as a magic word in stage magic tricks, and historically was believed to have healing powers when inscribed on an amulet.

Abracadabra is of unknown origin, and its first occurrence is in the second century works of Serenus Sammonicus, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. The UNHCR estimated the population of the district to be , in , including , registered refugees of the Syrian Civil War and 19, Palestinian refugees. The district is characterized by the presence of a relatively large coastal plain, with high mountains to the east. Akkar has many important Roman and Arabic archaeological sites. One of the most famous archaeological sites and the birthplace of the Roman emperor Severus Alexander d.

Several prehistoric sites were found in the Akkar plain foothills that were suggested to have been used by the Heavy Neolithic Qaraoun culture at the dawn of the Neolithic Revolution. Julia Soaemias Bassiana — March 11, was a Syrian noblewoman and the mother of Roman emperor Elagabalus who ruled over the Roman Empire from to She was born and raised in Emesa, Syria and through her mother was related to the Royal family of Emesa, and through marriage, to the Severan dynasty of Ancient Rome.

As members of the imperial Roman family of the Severan dynasty, they resided in Rome, and Julia's husband rose to the Roman senate. Her husband died in c. Nero's mother, Agrippina the Younger, was likely implicated in Claudius' death and Nero's nomination as emperor. She dominated Nero's early life and decisions until he cast her off.

Five years into his reign, he had her murdered.

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As time passed, he started to play a more active and independent role in government and foreign policy. During his reign, the redoubtable general Corbulo conducted a successful war and negotiated peace with the Parthian Empire. His general Suetonius Paulinus crushed a major revolt in Britain, led by the Emperor Severus may refer to these Roman emperors: Through conquest and assimilation, it eventua He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and he created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the age of thirty, stretching from Greece to northwestern India.

Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this Two columns from the baths near the church of Sant' Eustachio on via di Sant'Eustachio - two columns from the baths also survive, supporting the portico of the Pantheon. The fontana del Senato on Via degli Staderari, re-using a fountain basin from the baths. For the archaeological remains of this name in Pisa, see Baths of Nero Pisa. They covered an area of about by metres. Their extent is shown by the modern-day piazza della Rotonda, via del Pozzo delle Cornacchie and via della Dogana Vecchia, all now on their site.

It was initially supplied by the Aqua Virgo, which already supplying the neighbouring Baths of Agrippa, then on its restoration in the 3rd century by the Aqua Alexandrina. According to Sidonius Apollinaris, it was still in use in the 5th century. It was probably th Marcus Aurelius ; Latin: He was adopted by Antoninus Pius, whose daughter Faustina he married and whom he and his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, succeeded.

He was the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors. He was a practitioner of Stoicism, and his personal philosophical writings, which later came to be called Meditations, are a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. In central Europe, Marcus fought the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians with success during the Marcomannic Wars, although the threat of the Germanic peoples began to represent a troubl Julia Augusta Ivlia Avgvsta may refer to: Marcus Aurelius was a name used by men from gens Aurelia.

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus;[1] c. Eutropius reports Quintillus to have been elected by soldiers of the Roman army immediately following the death of his brother. Joannes Zonaras reports him elected by the Senate itself. They instead elevated their current leader Aurelian Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, an painting by Viktor Vasnetsov. Depicted from left to right are Death, Famine, War, and Conquest.

The Lamb is visible at the top.

Wolfgang Dietrich of Castell-Remlingen

The chapter tells of a book or scroll in God's right hand that is sealed with seven seals. The Lamb of God opens the first four of the seven seals, which summons four beings that ride out on white, red, black, and pale horses. Though theologians and popular culture differ on the first Horseman, the four riders are often seen as symbolizing Conquest[1] or Pestilence and less frequently, the Christ or the Antichrist , War,[2] Famine,[3] and Death. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Quintianus or, less frequently, year Ab urbe condita.

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The denomination for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. The Severan dynasty ends. This marks the epoch event of the Crisis of the Third Century. March 20 — Maximinus Thrax, age 62, is proclaimed Augustus.

He is not a senator but the second emperor of the equestrian order since Macrinus 17 years earlier. Maximinus had been a common soldier in the army, serving i Acquedotto alessandrino was a Roman aqueduct located in the city of Rome. It remained in use from the 3rd to the 8th century AD. It was built under the reign of Emperor Alexander Severus to supply his enlargement of the Thermae of Nero which were renamed Thermae Alexandrinae. The aqueduct was repaired for the first time in the era of Diocletian between the 3rd and 4th century, later between the 5th and 6th century and finally in the 8th century during the reign of Pope Adrian I.

The aqueduct was described in the 17th century by Raffaello Fabretti Route The Aqua Alexandrina received its water from the The gens Gessia was a minor Roman family, known chiefly from the east of Imperial times. Members of this gens are first mentioned toward the end of the second century BC. Although they were of senatorial rank, none of the Gessii are known to have held any curule magistracies. The emperor Severus Alexander is believed to have been descended from a branch of this family. Members This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.

Lucius Gessius Optatus, built an altar for Neptune at Roatto. Primus, freedman of Publius Gessius. Fausta, freedwoman of Publius Gessius. The son of the popular Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina the Elder, Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire, conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Although he was born Gaius Caesar, after Julius Caesar, he acquired the nickname "Caligula" meaning "little soldier's boot", the diminutive form of caliga from his father's soldiers during their campaign in Germania. When Germanicus died at Antioch in AD 19, Agrippina returned with her six children to Rome, where she became entangled in a bitter feud with Tiberius.

The conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family, with Caligula as the sole male survivor. Untouched by the deadly intrigues, Caligula accepted an invitation in AD 31 to join the emperor on th She was the mother of Roman Emperor Alexander Severus and served as regent of Rome during his minority, de facto during his reign.

Deified Roman emperors

She was born and raised in Emesa modern Homs, Syria. Julia's first husband was a former consul whose name is unknown who died. Perhaps she may have had an elder son called M Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus; c. He was considered one of the great legal authorities of his time and was one of the five jurists upon whom decisions were to be based according to the Law of Citations of Valentinian III.

He made his first appearance in public life as assessor in the auditorium of Papinian and member of the council of Septimius Severus; under Caracalla he was master of the requests magister libellorum. Elagabalus also known as Heliogabalus banished him from Rome, but on the accession of Severus Alexander he was reinstated, and finally became the emperor's chief adviser and Praefectus Praetorio. During the Severan dynasty, the position of Praetorian prefect in Italy came increasingly to resemble a general administrative post, and there was a tendency to appoint jurists such The office of Roman Emperor went through a complex evolution over the centuries of its existence.

During its earliest phase, the Principate, the reality of autocratic rule was masked behind the forms and conventions of oligarchic self-government inherited from the Roman Republic. The emperor had no specific office unless he chose to occupy the Republican office of consul. Julio-Claudian dynasty The Julio-Claudian dynasty was composed of the Iulii Caesares and the Claudii Nerones, two distinguished patrician families in the waning days of the old Republic. The Iulii Caesares rose to absolute power in the Roman state in the person of the paterfamilias, Julius Caesar himself; upon his murder in 44 BC, the majority of his estate passed to his posthumously adopted son, Octavian, the grandson of Caesar's sister Julia Minor.

Octavian emerged from a series of civil wars as the sole master of the Roman world, and in January 27 BC was appointed princeps senatus and given the cognomen "Augustus" Latin, "Majestic" or The Praetorian Guard Latin: During the era of the Roman Republic, the Praetorians served as a small escort force for high-ranking officials such as senators or provincial governors like procurators, and also serving as bodyguards for high ranking officers within the Roman legions.

With the republic's transition into the Roman Empire, however, the first emperor, Augustus, founded the Guard as his personal security detail. Although they continued to serve in this capacity for roughly three centuries, the Guard became notable for its intrigue and interference in Roman politics, to the point of overthrowing emperors and proclaiming their successors.

In , the Guard was disbanded by Constantine the Great. Under the Roman Republic The designation originated during the Roman Republic, for the guards of Roman generals as early as the rise to prominence of the Scipio family around These are some examples of its bearers: Any of the men from the family Marcii Philippi. Aurelius Philippus, the tutor of Severus Alexander reigning AD — , who afterward wrote a life of the emperor. References Aelius Lampridius, Alexander Severus, 3. Bust of Alexander Severus, Louvre.

Denarii of Severus Alexander. Denarius of Sallustia Orbiana. Ancestors of Severus Alexander 2. Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus 1. Julius Avitus Alexianus 3. Julia Avita Mamaea Retrieved 2 May Library of World History: New York Public Library: Valentine Nind Hopkins, Sir Richard. The Life of Alexander Severus. Historia Augusta, Life of Severus Alexander, The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Jews In The Roman World. Novak, Ralph Martin Christianity and the Roman Empire: Severus Alexander topic Severus Alexander ; Latin: Member feedback about Severus Alexander: Aurelii Revolvy Brain revolvybrain.

Septimius Severus topic Septimius Severus ; Latin: The couple settled in Russia, where Alexander, as a maternal uncle of both Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I made a military and diplomatic career. Antoinette, who was regarded as influen This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year Africa Kingdom of Dahomey — Gangnihessou? Leopold I;[a] 16 December — 10 December was a German prince who became the first King of the Belgians following the country's independence in He reigned between July and December Charlotte died after only a year of marriage, but Leopold continued to enjoy considerable status in Britain.

After the Greek War of Independence —32 , Leopold was offered the crown of Greece but turned it down, believing it to be too precarious. Instead, Leopold accepted the kingship of the newly She was born in Saalburg-Ebersdorf. She was the maternal grandmother of Queen Victoria and the paternal grandmother of Albert, Prince Consort. Her birthplace, Ebersdorf, was a center of Pietism in Thuringia and Augusta's grandparents were ardent admirers of this religious movement.

This background explains the deep religious feelings of Duchess Augusta in later years. The empress spoke of pride about the young grand duke as an enviable match for many Despite remaining a Lutheran, by marriage he established the Catholic branch of the family, which eventually gained the thrones of Portugal and Bulgaria He played a role in starting the Protestant mission movement by supporting two determined Moravian missionaries Johann Leonhard Dober and David Nitschmann to go to the Danish colony of Saint Thomas via Copenhagen to minister to the enslaved population see Moravian slaves.

Zinzendorf was critical of slavery and supported the first Moravian missionaries who in spite of Danish royal support from Charlotte Amalie of Denmark faced discouragement from some Moravians at Herrnhut including Christian David , the Danish West India Company, Saint Thomas planters, the risk of getting malaria and the slaves themselves. Born at Dresden, Zinzendorf was often influenced by strong and vehement feelings, and he was easily moved both by sorrow and joy Queen Victoria with her nine children, six of their spouses, and 23 grandchildren.

It also lists Victoria and Albert's 9 children and 87 great-grandchildren, as well as the spouses of those children and grandchildren who married. Overview Victoria and Albert had 20 grandsons and 22 granddaughters, two of whom the youngest sons of Prince Alfred and Princess Helena were stillborn, and two more Prince Alexander John of Wales and Prince Harald of Schleswig-Holstein died shortly after birth. Wolfgang Dietrich of Castell-Remlingen. Member feedback about Sophie Theodora of Castell-Remlingen: Member feedback about Castell-Remlingen: Member feedback about Wolfgang Dietrich of Castell-Remlingen: Member feedback about Castell, Bavaria: Municipalities in Bavaria Revolvy Brain revolvybrain.

January 6 topic January 6 is the sixth day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. Member feedback about January 6: January Revolvy Brain revolvybrain. Member feedback about April 8 topic April 8 is the 98th day of the year 99th in leap years in the Gregorian calendar. Member feedback about April 8: Days of the year Revolvy Brain revolvybrain. List of state leaders in topic This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year Member feedback about List of state leaders in Member feedback about Leopold I of Belgium: Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of th Member feedback about Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf: Member feedback about Nicolaus Zinzendorf: Descendants of individuals Revolvy Brain revolvybrain.