Die Aasgeier von Junction City (Western) (German Edition)

In , the state had , mi , km of public roads. In that same year, there were some , automobiles, around 1. In , Kansas had 1,, licensed drivers. In the late s, the two major railroads, the Kansas Pacific now the Union Pacific and the Santa Fe now the Burlington Northern-Santa Fe acquired more than 10 million acres 4 million hectares of land in the state and then advertised for immigrants to come and buy it.

By , the railroads stretched across the state, creating in their path the towns of Ellsworth, Newton, Caldwell, Wichita, and Dodge City. One of the first "cow towns" was Abilene, the terminal point for all cattle shipped to the East. In , the state had 6, route mi 10, km of railroad track.

As of , Amtrak's Southwest Chief passenger train crosses Kansas, serving six stations in the state en route from Chicago to Los Angeles. In , Kansas had a total of public and private-use aviation-related facilities. The state's busiest airport is Kansas City International. In , the airport had 5,, enplanements, making it the 39th busiest airport in the United States.

River barges move bulk commodities along the Missouri River. In , Kansas had mi km of navigable inland waterways. In , waterborne shipments totaled 1. Present-day Kansas was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians approximately 10, years ago. They were followed by several prehistoric cultures, forerunners of the Plains tribes — the Wichita, Pawnee, Kansa, and Osage — that were living or hunting in Kansas when the earliest Europeans arrived. These tribes were buffalo hunters who also farmed and lived in small permanent communities. The first European, explorer Francisco Coronado, entered Kansas in , searching for riches in the fabled land of Quivira.

He found no gold but was impressed by the land's fertility. A second Spanish expedition to the Plains was led by Juan de Onate in Between and , French explorers established trading contacts with the Indians. France ceded its claims to the area to Spain in but received it back from Spain in The extreme southwestern corner was gained after the Mexican War. Lewis and Clark examined the country along the Missouri River in , and expeditions under the command of Zebulon Pike and Stephen Long traversed the land from east to west.

Pike and Long were not impressed with the territory's dry soil, the latter calling the area "unfit for civilization, and of course uninhabitable by a people depending on agriculture for their subsistence. Largely because of these negative reports, early settlement of Kansas was sparse, limited to a few thousand eastern Indians who were removed from their lands and relocated in what is now eastern Kansas. They were joined by a number of Christian missionaries seeking to transform the Indians into Christian farmers.

William Becknell opened the Santa Fe Trail to wagon traffic in , and for 50 years that route, two-thirds of which lay in Kansas, was of commercial importance to the West. During the s and s, thousands of migrants crossed northeastern Kansas on the California- Oregon Trail. Leavenworth was established, followed by Ft. Scott and Ft. Riley are the two largest military installations in the state.

Almost immediately, disputes arose as to whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state. Both free-staters and proslavery settlers were brought in, and a succession of governors tried to bring order out of the chaos arising from the two groups' differences. Free-staters established an extralegal government at Topeka following the establishment of a territorial capital at Lecompton.

Because of several violent incidents, the territory became known as " Bleeding Kansas. John Brown , an abolitionist who had recently arrived from upstate New York , retaliated by murdering five proslavery settlers. Guerrilla skirmishes continued for the next few years along the Kansas-Missouri border. The final act of violence was the Marais des Cygnes massacre in , which resulted in the death of several free-staters.

In all, about 50 people were killed in the territorial period — not an extraordinary number for a frontier community. After several attempts to write a constitution acceptable to both anti- and proslavery groups, the final document was drafted in Kansas entered the Union on 29 January as a free state. Topeka was named the capital, and the western boundary was moved to its present location. Although Kansas lay west of the major Civil War action, more than two-thirds of its adult males served in the Union Army , giving it the highest military death rate among the northern states.

The only full-scale battle fought in Kansas was at Mine Creek in , at the end of General Sterling Price's unsuccessful Confederate campaign in the West. The most tragic incident on Kansas soil came on 21 August , when Confederate guerrilla William C. Quantrill raided Lawrence, killing at least persons and burning the town.

Following the Civil War , settlement expanded in Kansas, particularly in the central part of the state. White settlers encroached on the hunting grounds of the Plains tribes, and the Indians retaliated with attacks on white settlements. Treaty councils were held, the largest at Medicine Lodge in , but not until did conflict cease between Indians and whites. Most of the Indians were eventually removed to the Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. Also during this period, buffalo, slaughtered for food and hides, all but disappeared from the state.

By , both the Union Pacific and the Santa Fe railroads crossed Kansas, and other lines were under construction. Rail expansion brought more settlers, who established new communities. It also led to the great Texas cattle drives that meant prosperity to a number of Kansas towns — including Abilene, Ellsworth, Wichita, Caldwell, and Dodge City — from to A strain of hard winter wheat that proved particularly well suited to the state's soil was brought to Kansas in the s by Russian Mennonites fleeing czarist rule, and Plains agriculture was thereby transformed.

There were also political changes: The state adopted limited female suffrage in Prohibition, made part of the state constitution in , was a source of controversy until its repeal in Significant changes in agriculture, industry, transportation, and communications came after Mechanization became commonplace in farming, and vast areas were opened to wheat production, particularly during World War I. Some automobile manufacturing took place, and the movement for "good roads" began. The so-called agrarian revolt of the late 19th century, characterized politically by populism, evolved into the Progressive movement of the early s, which focused attention on control of monopolies, public health , labor legislation, and more representative politics.

Much of the Progressive leadership came from Kansas; Kansan newspaper editor and national Progressive leader William Allen White devoted considerable energy to Theodore Roosevelt 's Bull Moose campaign in Kansas suffered through the Great Depression of the s. The state's western region, part of the Dust Bowl , was hardest hit. The World War II era also saw the development of industry, especially in transportation. Wichita had been a major center of the aircraft industry in the s and s, and its plants became vital to the US war effort.

Other heavy industry grew, and mineral production — oil, natural gas , salt, coal, and gypsum — expanded greatly. In , a native Kansan, Dwight D. Eisenhower, was elected to the first of two terms as president of the United States. Board of Education case that banned racial segregation in the nation's schools. Agriculture became highly commercialized and the state became home to dozens of large companies that process and market farm products and supply materials to crop producers.

Livestock production, especially in closely controlled feedlots, is a major enterprise. Kansas farmers were hit hard by the recession of the s. Agricultural banks failed and many farms were lost, their owners forced into bankruptcy. As part of a solution, the state government worked to expand international exports of Kansas products, securing, for example, a trade agreement with the St.

Petersburg region of Russia in The late s and early s also saw dramatic extremes of weather. Topsoil erosion damaged , acres , hectares and drought drove up commodity prices and depleted grain stocks. From April through September of , Kansas experienced the worst floods of the century. In the s, in response to the economic problems created by severe weather and a slowdown in industrial growth, the state government implemented a number of measures, including block grants to cities, to bolster economic development.

Amid the sustained economic boom of the late s, Kansas generally prospered. The state's poverty rate declined in the period between when it was But with farmers and ranchers still struggling in , a bipartisan group of rural legislators came together to introduce a plan to address what was by then perceived as a crisis in the state's agricultural economy.

Their nine-point plan aimed to shore up the farming sector by restraining the anticompetitive market forces they believed threatened family farmers. In , the Kansas Board of Education voted to adopt standards that downplayed the importance of evolution and omitted the Big Bang theory of the universe's origin from the curriculum. Though the standards were not mandatory, they drew national attention, with critics decrying the standards as "backward looking. In , Kansas adopted a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, and the Kansas Board of Education resumed hearings to determine whether evolution should once again be eliminated from state science standards.

The Kansas economy was improving in , after the US recession. The national unemployment rate in July was 6.

Her plans were met with opposition from the Republican-controlled legislature, however. In , Sebelius focused on education, health care, transportation, and the economy. She also set forth plans to streamline state government and encourage citizen involvement in local communities. Sebelius in continued to stress goals of improving education, health care, and creating jobs. From to , Wichita's aircraft industry was shored up, business development in small Kansas towns was increasing, and heavy investments were made in bioscience research at universities and medical centers.

The form of Kansas's constitution was a matter of great national concern, for the question of whether Kansas would be a free or slave state was in doubt throughout the s. After three draft constitutions failed to win popular support or congressional approval, a fourth version, banning slavery, was drafted in July and ratified by Kansas voters that October.

Signed by President James Buchanan on 29 January , this constitution with 92 subsequent amendments as of , one of which was subsequently nullified by the state supreme court governs Kansas to the present day. The Kansas legislature consists of a member Senate and a member House of Representatives. Senators serve four-year terms and House members serve for two years; elections are held in even-numbered years.

Legislative sessions, which begin the second Monday of January each year, are limited to 90 calendar days in even-numbered years but are unlimited in odd-numbered years. Legislators may call a special session by petition to the governor of two-thirds the membership of each house. Length of special sessions is not limited. Legislators must be at least 18 years old, state citizens, residents of their districts, and qualified voters. Constitutional amendments are proposed by the legislature, where they must be approved by two-thirds of the members before being sent to the voters for ratification.

A maximum of five proposed amendments may be submitted to the state's voters at any one time. Officials elected statewide are the governor and lieutenant governor elected jointly , secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer, and commissioner of insurance. Members of the state Board of Education are elected by districts.

All elected state officials serve four-year terms. The governor cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. Every office in the executive branch is controlled by either the governor or another elected official. There are no formal age, citizenship, or residency provisions for a gubernatorial candidate's qualifications for office. A bill becomes law when it has been approved by 21 senators and 63 representatives and signed by the governor. A veto can be overridden by two-thirds of the elected members of both houses. If the governor neither vetoes nor signs a bill, it becomes law after 10 days whether or not the legislature is in session.

To vote in the state, a person must be a US citizen, 18 years old at the time of the election, a resident of Kansas, and not able to claim the right to vote elsewhere. Restrictions apply to those convicted of certain crimes and to those judged by the court to be mentally incompetent to vote. Kansas was dominated by the Republican Party for the first three decades of statehood s — s. Although the Republicans remain the dominant force in state politics, the Democrats controlled the governorship in the early s.

• Pain dépices - Variations gourmandes (French Edition).
• Skin Deep: Debating Body Image: 234 (Issues).
• Product description.
• Aunt Louisas Fairy Legends - Puss in Boots, Jack and the Bean-Stalk, White Cat and Cinderella.
• Navigation menu;

The Republican Party of early Kansas espoused the abolitionist ideals of the New England settlers who sought to ban slavery from the state. After the Civil War , the railroads played a major role in Republican politics and won favorable tax advantages from the elected officials.

The party's ranks swelled with the arrival of immigrants from Scandinavia and Germany, who tended to side with the party's strongly conservative beliefs. The Republicans' hold over state life was shaken by the Populist revolt toward the end of the 19th century. The high point of Populist Party power came in , when the insurgents won all statewide elective offices and also took control of the Senate. When electoral irregularities denied them control of the House, they temporarily seized the House chambers. The two parties then set up separate houses of representatives, the Populists meeting one day and the Republicans the next.

This continued for six weeks, until the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that the Republicans constituted the rightful legal body. After a Republican sweep in , the Populists returned to office in , but the party declined rapidly thereafter. The Democrats rose to power in the state as a result of a split between the conservative and progressive wings of the Republican Party in Democratic Kathleen Sebelius was elected governor in Republicans have regularly controlled the legislature.

In , there were 1,, registered voters. In and , Kansans voted for George H. Bush in the presidential elections. In the and elections, Republican George W. The state had six electoral votes in the presidential election. Bob Dole , first elected to the US Senate in and elected Senate majority leader in , reclaimed the post of majority leader when the Republicans gained control of the Senate in the elections of In a surprise move in May , Dole announced his retirement from the Senate to concentrate on his presidential campaign.

In November, the race to fill his remaining term was won by Republican Sam Brownback. Completing the term, Brownback won his first full term in November ; he was reelected in Kansas's other Republican senator, Nancy Landon Kassebaum, also vacated her seat in ; it was won by Republican congressman Pat Roberts, who was reelected in In the state legislature in mid, there were 30 Republicans and 10 Democrats in the state Senate and 83 Republicans and 42 Democrats in the state House.

As of , Kansas had counties, municipal governments, public school districts, and 1, special districts. As of , there were 1, townships. By law, no county can be less than sq mi 1, sq km. Each county government is headed by elected county commissioners. Other county officials include the county clerk, treasurer, register of deeds, attorney, sheriff, clerk of district court, and appraiser. Most cities are run by mayor-council systems.

In , local government accounted for about , full-time or equivalent employment positions. To address the continuing threat of terrorism and to work with the federal Department of Homeland Security, homeland security in Kansas operates under the authority of the governor; the adjutant general is designated as the state homeland security adviser.

All education services, including community colleges, are handled by the state Board of Education; the state university system lies within the jurisdiction of the Board of Regents. The Department of Human Resources administers employment and worker benefit programs. Social, vocational, and children's and youth programs are run by the Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services. The Department of Health and Environment supervises health, environment, and laboratory services.

Other departments focus on agriculture, corrections, revenue, transportation, wildlife and parks, aging, and information systems and communication. A "Sunset Law" automatically abolishes specified state agencies at certain times unless they receive renewed statutory authority. The Kansas Supreme Court, the highest court in the state, is composed of a chief justice and six other justices.

All justices are appointed by the governor but after one year must run for election in the next general election. They are then elected for six-year terms. In case of rejection by the voters, the vacancy is filled by appointment. An intermediate-level court of appeals consists of a chief judge and six other judges appointed by the governor; like supreme court justices, they must be elected to full terms, in this case for four years. In January , probate, juvenile, and county courts, as well as magistrate courts of countywide jurisdiction, were replaced by district courts. The 31 district courts are presided over by district and associate district judges and 69 district magistrate judges.

As of 31 December , a total of 8, prisoners were held in state and federal prisons in Kansas, a decrease from 9, of 1. As of year-end , a total of inmates were female, down from or 1. Among sentenced prisoners includes some sentenced to one year or less , Kansas had an incarceration rate of per , population in Kansas had a death penalty until 17 December when the state's death penalty statutes were declared unconstitutional. However, as of 1 January , eight inmates remained on death row. Founded in , Ft. Leavenworth is the oldest continuously active military fort west of the Mississippi.

A total of 20, active-duty federal military personnel, along with 3, civilian personnel, were stationed in Kansas in There were , veterans of US military service in Kansas as of , of whom 36, served in World War II; 26, in the Korean conflict; 76, during the Vietnam era; and 38, in the Gulf War.

By the s, Kansas was inhabited by a few thousand Indians, mainly from five tribes: In , the US government signed a treaty with the Kansa and Osage that allowed eastern Indians to settle in the state. The first wave of white migration came during the s with the arrival of New England abolitionists who settled in Lawrence, Topeka, and Manhattan. They were followed by a much larger wave of emigrants from the eastern Missouri and the upper Mississippi Valley, drawn by the lure of wide-open spaces and abundant economic opportunity.

The population swelled as a result of the Homestead Act of , which offered land to anyone who would improve it and live on it for five years. The railroads promoted the virtues of Kansas overseas and helped sponsor immigrant settlers. More than 30, blacks, mostly from the South , arrived during — Crop failures caused by drought in the late s led to extensive out-migration from the western half of the state. Another period of out-migration occurred in the early s, when massive dust storms drove people off the land.

Steady migration from farms to cities has been a feature of Kansas since the early 20th century, with urban population surpassing farm population after World War II. From to , the urban population increased from Also from to , Kansas had a net loss of 63, from migration. Only 10 of Kansas's counties recorded a net gain from migration in the s. Between and , the state had a net loss of 13, in domestic migration and a gain of 24, in international migration. In , 3, foreign immigrants arrived in the state.

Between and , Kansas's overall population increased 6. The Interstate Cooperation Commission assists state officials and employees in maintaining contact with governmental units in other states. Although wheat production has long been the mainstay of the Kansas economy, efforts to bring other industries into the state began as early as the s, when the railroads linked Kansas to eastern markets. By , agricultural products and meat-packing industries were rivaled by the large aircraft industry centered in Wichita.

The Kansas City metropolitan area is a center of automobile production and printing. Metal fabrication, printing, and mineral products industries predominate in the nine southeastern counties. Kansas continues to lead all states in wheat production. The national recession of had a relatively mild impact on the Kansas economy.

Net job creation, though sharply slowed by layoffs in and , including several rounds of layoffs in the Wichita aircraft manufacturing industry, remained positive, in contrast to the nation as whole, in which job creation turned to net layoffs in the second half of and stayed negative throughout In December , however, unemployment in Kansas was at the relatively high level of 4.

The farm sector was also afflicted by drought conditions, which persisted into the winter of — Kansas's rural population continues its long-term decline as people migrate to urban areas seeking better employment opportunities. Since , 67 of the state's counties have lost population, and in 19 of these, the rate of decrease accelerated during the s. From to , Kansas farm output experienced a net decrease of In that same year, there were an estimated , small businesses in Kansas. Of the 69, businesses that had employees, a total of 67, or An estimated 6, new businesses were established in the state in , down Business terminations that same year came to 7,, down There were business bankruptcies in , down In , the state's personal bankruptcy Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 filing rate was filings per , people, ranking Kansas as the 21st highest in the nation.

The — average annual growth rate of PCPI was 4. The — average annual growth rate of TPI was 4. The — 04 national change was 6. During the same period, Approximately 67, workers were unemployed, yielding an unemployment rate of 4. Preliminary data for the same period placed nonfarm employment at 1,, Since the beginning of the BLS data series in , the highest unemployment rate recorded in Kansas was 7.

The historical low was 2. Preliminary nonfarm employment data by occupation for April showed that approximately 4. Data were unavailable for financial services. The BLS reported that in , a total of 85, of Kansas's 1,, employed wage and salary workers were formal members of a union. Overall in , a total of , workers 9. Kansas is one of 22 states with a right-to-work law, which is a part of the state's constitution. Known as the Wheat State and the breadbasket of the nation, Kansas typically produces more wheat than any other state. Because of fluctuating prices, Kansas farmers have always risked economic disaster.

During the s, depressed farm prices forced many new farmers out of business. By World War II, Kansas farmers were prospering again, as record prices coincided with record yields. Since then, improved technology has favored corporate farms at the expense of small landholders. Other leading crops are alfalfa, hay, oats, barley, popcorn, rye, dry edible beans, corn and sorghums for silage, wild hay, red clover, and sugar beets. In , Kansas dairy farmers had an estimated , milk cows that produced 2.

In , Kansas farmers had an estimated 6. Kan-sas farmers had an estimated 1. The wool clip in totaled , lb , kg. There is little commercial fishing in Kansas. Sport fishermen can find bass, crappie, catfish, perch, and pike in the state's reservoirs and artificial lakes. In , there were , fishing licenses issued by the state.

The Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks' objectives for fisheries include provision of There are four state hatcheries. Kansas was at one time so barren of trees that early settlers were offered acres 65 hectares free if they would plant trees on their land. This program was rarely implemented, however, and today much of Kansas is still treeless. Kansas has 1,, acres , hectares of forestland, 2.

No customer reviews

The USGS data ranked Kansas as 23rd among the 50 states by the total value of its nonfuel mineral production, accounting for almost 1. Nationally, Kansas continued to rank first out of only two states in the production of Grade-A and crude helium. In addition, the state was fifth in the production of salt and eighth in the production of gypsum.

Portland cement production in totaled 2. The production of crushed stone totaled Kansas was also a producer of common clays and dimension stone in As of , Kansas had electrical power service providers, of which were publicly owned and 29 were cooperatives.

Buy for others

The remaining, six were investor owned. As of that same year, there were 1,, retail customers. Of that total, , received their power from investor-owned service providers. Cooperatives accounted for , customers, while publicly owned providers had , customers. Total net summer generating capability by the state's electrical generating plants in stood at Of the total amount generated, The largest portion of all electric power generated, Other renewable power sources accounted for 0. Including federal offshore domains, the state that year ranked 11th 10th excluding federal offshore in proven reserves and ninth eighth excluding federal offshore in production among the 31 producing states.

In , Kansas had 40, producing oil wells. As of , the state's three refineries had a combined crude oil distillation capacity of , barrels per day. In , Kansas had 18, producing natural gas and gas condensate wells. In that same year, marketed gas production all gas produced excluding gas used for repressuring, vented and flared, and nonhydrocarbon gases removed totaled As of 31 December , proven reserves of dry or consumer-grade natural gas totaled 4, billion cu ft Kansas in , had only one producing coal mine, a surface operation.

Coal production that year totaled 71, short tons, down from , short tons in One short ton equals 2, lb 0. Kansas is a world leader in aviation, claiming a large share of both US and world production and sales of commercial aircraft. In , a total of , people in Kansas were employed in the state's manufacturing sector, according to the ASM. Of that total, , were actual production workers. In terms of total employment, the transportation equipment manufacturing industry accounted for the largest portion of all manufacturing employees at 40, with 24, actual production workers.

It was followed by food manufacturing at 30, employees 24, actual pro-duction workers ; machinery manufacturing at 17, employees 11, actual production workers ; fabricated metal product manufacturing at 13, employees 9, actual production workers ; and plastics and rubber products manufacturing with 11, employees 9, actual production workers. Domestically, Kansas is not a major commercial state. Wholesalers of durable goods accounted for 2, establishments, followed by nondurable goods wholesalers at 1, and electronic markets, agents, and brokers accounting for establishments.

The leading types of retail businesses by number of establishments were motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts dealers 1, ; gasoline stations 1, ; miscellaneous store retailers 1, ; and food and beverage stores 1, A total of , people were employed by the retail sector in Kansas that year. The attorney general's Consumer Protection and Antitrust Division enforces the Kansas Consumer Protection Act, which protects consumers against fraud and false advertising.

The consumer credit commissioner is responsible for administering the state's investment and common credit codes. When dealing with consumer protection issues, the state's Attorney General 's Office through its Consumer Protection Division can initiate civil and criminal proceedings; represent the state before state and federal regulatory agencies; administer consumer protection and education programs; handle formal consumer complaints; and exercise broad subpoena powers.

In antitrust actions, the Attorney General 's Office can act on behalf of those consumers who are incapable of acting on their own and can initiate damage actions on behalf of the state in state courts. However, the office cannot commence criminal proceedings, nor can it represent counties, cities, and other governmental entities in recovering civil damages under state or federal law. County government -based consumer protection offices are located in the cities of Olathe and Wichita.

As of June , Kansas had insured banks, savings and loans, and saving banks, plus 94 state-chartered and 26 federally chartered credit unions CUs. Regulation of Kansas's state-chartered financial institutions is handled by the Kansas Office of the State Bank Commissioner. In , the state savings and loan commissioner's office was merged into the state bank commissioner's office. In , the state's insured financial institutions reported a median return on assets ROA of 1.

The improvement in ROA resulted from lower loan losses and improved net interest margins. In there were over 1. In , 12 life and health and 27 property and casualty insurance companies were domiciled in Kansas. The state offers a six-month health benefits expansion program for small-firm employees in connection with the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act COBRA, , a health insurance program for those who lose employment-based coverage due to termination or reduction of work hours.

In , there were over 2. Personal injury protection and uninsured motorist coverage are also required. There are no stock exchanges in Kansas. In , there were personal financial advisers employed in the state and 1, securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. The state budget is prepared by the Division of the Budget and submitted by the governor to the legislature for approval. The fiscal year FY runs from 1 July to 30 June.

Generally, according to state law, no Kansas governmental unit may issue revenue bonds to finance current activities. These must operate on a cash basis. Bonds may be issued for such capital improvements as roads and buildings. Property taxes accounted for 1. As of 1 January , Kansas had three individual income tax brackets ranging from 3. The state taxes corporations at a flat rate of 4. The per capita amount ranks the state 14th nationally.

Kansas taxes retail sales at a rate of 5. Food purchased for consumption off premises is taxable, although an income tax credit is allowed to off set sales tax on food. The tax on cigarettes is 79 cents per pack, which ranks 27th among the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Kansas taxes gasoline at 24 cents per gallon. This is in addition to the The first state commission to promote industrial development was formed in In , this commission was reorganized into the Kansas Department of Commerce, and in it became the Department of Commerce and Housing.

The department in consisted of five divisions: In the 21st century, the KDOC has recommended investments in the fields of aviation, plastics, value-added agriculture, call centers, administrative service centers, and wholesale, packaging, and distribution. Events sponsored by the KDOC include training in downtown revitalization, conferences on finding new markets though international trade and, for leaders, facilitating international business, and workshops on applying for community development block grants CDBGs.

Kansas provides tax-exempt bonds to help finance business and industry. Specific tax incentives include job expansion and investment tax credits; tax exemptions or moratoriums on land, capital improvements, and specific machinery; and certain corporate income tax exemptions. The infant mortality rate in October was estimated at 6.

The birth rate in was The abortion rate stood at In , about The crude death rate in was 9 deaths per 1, population. As of , the death rates for major causes of death per , resident population were as follows: The mortality rate from HIV infection was 1. In , the reported AIDS case rate was at about 4. As of , about In , Kansas had community hospitals with about 10, beds. There were about , patient admissions that year and 6 million outpatient visits. The average daily inpatient census was about 5, patients. In , it was estimated that about Kansas had physicians per , resident population in and nurses per , in In , there was a total of 1, dentists in the state.

The University of Kansas has the state's only medical and pharmacology schools. The university's Mid-America Cancer Center and Radiation Therapy Center are the major cancer research and treatment facilities in the state. The Menninger Foundation has a research and treatment center for mental health. Public assistance and social programs are coordinated through the Department of Human Resources and the Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services. TANF is funded through federal block grants that are divided among the states based on an equation involving the number of recipients in each state.

In December , Social Security benefits were paid to , Kansas residents. This number included , retired workers, 45, widows and widowers, 51, disabled workers, 24, spouses, and 33, children. Social Security beneficiaries represented Kansas has relatively old housing stock. The overwhelming majority The total number of housing units in was estimated at 1,,, of which 1,, were occupied.

Most units relied on utility gas and electricity for heating. It was estimated that 46, units lacked telephone service, 3, lacked complete plumbing facilities, and 5, lacked complete kitchen facilities. The average household had 2. In , 13, privately owned units were authorized for construction. The court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that Topeka's "separate but equal" elementary schools for black and white students were inherently unequal, and it ordered the school system to integrate.

Total public school enrollment for fall stood at , Of these, , attended schools from kindergarten through grade eight, and , attended high school. Total enrollment was estimated at , in fall and was estimated to be , by fall , an increase of 0. There were 41, students enrolled in private schools in fall The resulting report, The Nation's Report Card , stated that in , eighth graders in Kansas scored out of in mathematics compared with the national average of As of fall , there were , students enrolled in institutions of higher education; minority students comprised In Kansas had 63 degree-granting institutions.

There are 9 four-year public institutions, 27 public two-year schools, and 21 private nonprofit four-year institutions. In addition, Kansas has a state technical institute, a municipal university Washburn University, Topeka , and an American Indian university. Kansas State University was the nation's first land-grant university. Washburn University and the University of Kansas have the state's two law schools. The oldest higher-education institution in Kansas is Highland Community College, which was chartered in The oldest four-year institution is Baker University, a United Methodist institution, which received its charter just three days after Highland's was issued.

The Kansas Board of Regents offers scholarships and tuition grants to Kansas students in need. The Kansas Arts Commission is a state arts agency governed by a member panel of commissioners appointed for four-year rotating terms by the governor. The commission's annual budget is made up of funds appropriated by the Kansas legislature and grants awarded to the agency by the National Endowment for the Arts.

The Kansas Humanities Council, founded in , sponsors programs involving over , people each year. The largest and most active arts organization in the state is the Wichita Symphony Orchestra; established in , it is one of the oldest arts organizations in the state. Attracting some , people, the Wichita Symphony performs a wide range of music at this outdoor concert, including favorite patriotic pieces and rock choices.

The Topeka Performing Arts Center presents concerts and shows of a variety of music. Topeka also hosts the Topeka Symphony, established in The Wichita Art Museum, established in , is noted for its emphasis on American art and American artistic heritage.

Its permanent Roland P. In , Kansas had public library systems, with a total of libraries, of which 53 were branches. In that same year, the state's public library system had 10,, volumes of books and serial publications on its shelves and a total circulation of 21,, The system also had , audio and , video items, 21, electronic format items CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, and disks , and five bookmobiles. Eisenhower Library in Abilene houses a collection of papers and memorabilia from the 34th president.

There is also a museum. The Menninger Foundation Museum and Archives in Topeka maintains various collections pertaining to psychiatry. Almost museums, historical societies, and art galleries were scattered across the state in The Kansas State Historical Society maintains an extensive collection of ethnological and archaeological materials in Topeka.

The Dalton Museum in Coffeyville displays memorabilia from the famed Dalton family of desperadoes.

La Crosse is the home of the Barbed Wire Museum, displaying more than varieties of barbed wire. The entire town of Nicodemus, where many blacks settled after the Civil War, was made a national historic landmark in The chalk formations of Monument Rocks in western Kansas constitute the state's only national natural landmark. Larned are national historic parks. Additionally, by June of that same year, there were 1,, mobile wireless telephone subscribers.

By June , there were , high-speed lines in Kansas, , residential and 34, for business. The state had 15 major AM and 54 major FM radio stations, 14 major commercial television stations, and 4 public television stations in In , Kansas had registered a total of 42, Internet domain names. Starting with the Shawnee Sun , a Shawnee-language newspaper founded by missionary Jotham Meeker in , the press has played an important role in Kansas history. The most famous Kansas newspaperman was William Allen White , whose Emporia Gazette was a leading voice of Progressive Republicanism around the turn of the century.

Ingalls launched his political career by editing the Atchison Freedom's Champion. The Kansas City Missouri Star , daily; , Sundays is widely read in the Kansas as well as in the Missouri part of the metropolitan area. In , there were over 3, nonprofit organizations registered within the state, of which about 2, were registered as charitable, educational, or religious organizations. State and regional cultural and educational organizations include the Association of Community Arts Agencies of Kansas and the Kansas State Historical Society, as well as a number of county historical societies and regional arts groups.

Kansas has 23 state parks, 2 national historic sites, 24 federal reservoirs, 48 state fishing lakes, more than privately owned campsites, and more than , acres , hectares of public hunting and game management lands. The two major national historic sites are Ft. Scott, both 19th-century Army bases on the Indian frontier.

In , the top five parks based on number of visitors were Hillsdale State Park 1. The most popular tourist attraction, with over 2. Topeka features a number of tourist attractions, including the state capitol, state historical museum, and Menninger Foundation. Dodge City offers a reproduction of Old Front Street as it was when the town was the "cowboy capital of the world. In Hanover stands the only remaining original and unaltered Pony Express station. The Eisenhower Center in Abilene contains the 34th president's family home, library, and museum.

The state fair is held in Hutchinson. Kansas has six national parks including the site of the famous school desgregation lawsuit Brown v. Carrie Nation of Medicine Lodge founded the Temperance Movement leading to the Prohibition Act, which outlawed the sale and consumption of alcohol. Each April, the city of Flint Hills hosts the Prairie Fire Festival, when there is a controlled burn of dead prairie material. There are no major professional sports teams in Kansas.

There is also a minor league hockey team in Wichita. During spring, summer, and early fall, horses are raced at Eureka Downs. The national Greyhound Association Meet is held in Abilene. Kansas went to the Orange Bowl in and , losing both times. The Jayhawks won the Aloha Bowl in and Kansas State played in the Cotton Bowl in and , winning in , and they won the Fiesta Bowl in The Kansas Relays take place at Lawrence in April.

Women wearing housedresses, aprons, and scarves run along an S-shaped course carrying skillets and flipping pancakes as they go. Kansas claims only one US president and one US vice president. Texas, — as elected the 34th president in and reelected in ; he had served as the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in World War II.

He is buried in Abilene, his boyhood home. Charles Curtis — was vice president during the Herbert Hoover administration. Brewer — and Charles E. Whittaker — Other federal officeholders from Kansas include William Jardine — , secretary of agriculture; Harry Woodring — , secretary of war; and Georgia Neese Clark Gray — 95 , treasurer of the Unites States. Prominent US sen-ators include Edmund G. Ross — , who cast a crucial acquittal vote at the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson ; John J.

Ingalls — , who was also a noted literary figure; Joseph L. Bristow — , a leader in the Progressive movement; Arthur Caper — , a former publisher and governor; Robert Dole b. Hope — , important in the farm bloc. Gary Hart, a senator and a presidential candidate in and , was born in Ottowa, Kansas, on 28 November Notable Kansas governors include George W. Glick — ; Walter R. Stubbs — ; Alfred M. Landon — , who ran for US president on the Republican ticket in ; and Frank Carlson — Other prominent political figures were David L.

Payne — 84 , who helped open Oklahoma to settlement; Carry Nation — , the colorful prohibitionist; and Frederick Funston — , hero of the Philippine campaign of and a leader of San Francisco 's recovery after the earthquake and fire. Earl Sutherland — 74 won the Nobel Prize in for physiology or medicine. Other leaders in medicine and science include Samuel J. Crumbine — , a public health pioneer; the doctors Menninger — C. Kansas also had several pioneers in aviation, including Clyde Cessna — , Glenn Martin — , Walter Beech — , Amelia Earhart — , and Lloyd Stearman — Holliday — founded the Santa Fe Railroad; William Coleman — was an innovator in lighting; and Walter Chrysler — was a prominent automotive developer.

White — 73 , also had a distinguished literary career; Damon Runyon — was a popular journalist and storyteller. Gordon Parks — has made his mark in literature, photography, and music. William Inge — 73 was a prize-winning playwright who contributed to the Broadway stage. Sculptors include Robert M. Gage — , Bruce Moore — 80 , and Bernard Frazier — Among composers and conductors are Thurlow Lieurance b.

Iowa — , Joseph Maddy — , and Kirke L. The clown Emmett Kelly — was a Kansan. Operatic performers include Marion Talley — 83 and Kathleen Kersting — Glenn Cunningham — 88 and Jim Ryun b. Also prominent in sports history were James Naismith — , the inventor of basketball; baseball pitcher Walter Johnson — ; and Gale Sayers b. Reflections of a Plainsdaughter. Council of State Governments. The Book of the States, Edition. Council of State Governments, John Brown to Bob Dole: Movers and Shakers in Kansas History.

University Press of Kansas, Indiana University Press, Public Policy and the Two States of Kansas. Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma. ExxonMobil Travel Publications, Who Settled Where in Frontier Kansas. Socolofsky, Homer , and Virgil W. Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics: US Government Printing Office, Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.

Retrieved December 17, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. The geographic center of the 48 contiguous states of the United States is in Kansas, one mile north of the city of Lebanon. The geodetic center which takes into account the curvature of the earth of North America is in Osborne County in north-central Kansas.

The state is rectangular, approximately miles east to west, and miles north to south. Kansas is bordered to the east by Missouri, to the south by Oklahoma, to the west by Colorado, and to the north by Nebraska. Because of its geographic center and because of its agricultural prominence, Kansas is often referred to as "the heartland of America. The state is customarily divided into four different geologic regions. The northeastern part of Kansas is the Dissected Till Plains, so-called because the retreating glaciers of the last ice age left the land looking as though it had been divided and plowed.

It has forests and an abundance of water. The southeastern part of Kansas, known as the Southeastern Plains, is marked by limestone hills, the Osage Plains, and grass. To the west of these two regions is the Plains Border, so called because its western edge borders the eastern edge of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. This region is plagued by severe droughts and tornadoes. Also prone to drought are the High Plains, which occupy the western part of Kansas and rise westward up into the Rockies.

It is a dry area whose people rely on an underground aquifer for irrigation of their crops. The Missouri River forms part of the northeastern border and has been important for shipping. It formed a natural boundary between the Native American tribes, in the northeast, and the rest of the state. The Arkansas River enters Kansas a third of the way north on Kansas's western border, meanders east, then northeast, then crosses the border into Oklahoma.

The Santa Fe Trail, used by hundreds of thousands of migrants and traders, followed the Kansas River, then turned southwest to the Arkansas River and followed it to the west. Some people chose a quicker but more hazardous route by crossing south over the Arkansas River and heading southwest to cross the Cimarron River, which originates in the High Plains and flows southeastward to Oklahoma.

It is not known when humans first arrived in what is now Kansas. Archaeologists and paleoanthropologists have continued to push backward in time the era when the first people arrived in North America , probably more than , years ago. During the last ice age, a glacier extended southward into northeastern Kansas and would have obliterated evidence of habitation earlier than 11, b. There is much evidence of humans south of the glacier in 11, b.

These Paleo-Indians, a term meaning people who predate the Native American cultures that existed after b. The archaic Indians of b. With the extermination of large game, they became focused on small animals and on plants as sources for food. During the period between b. These people also developed techniques for making ceramics.

They still used stone tools, but they were making great strides in their pottery making. During this era, bows and arrows began to supplant spears and atlatls, with spear points becoming smaller and sharper. Maize, first grown in Mexico and Central America , appeared in Kansas, perhaps between a. Settlements became larger, and in eastern Kansas large burial mounds were built, suggesting evolution of complex societies. They used the bow and arrow to hunt bison and small game.

Native Americans of northern Kansas and southern Nebraska lived in large communal lodges built of sod. Those to the south made thatched-roofed, plaster-covered houses. These people likely traded with the Pueblo Indians to the southwest, and at least one habitation within what is now Kansas was built by the Pueblo. The memorial is a children's paddling pool and contains a bronze plaque commemorating the original building and the Jewish community which perished.

The pavements of Freiburg carry memorials to individual victims, in the form of brass plates outside their former residences. Freiburg was heavily bombed during World War II. In May , aircraft of the Luftwaffe mistakenly dropped approximately 60 bombs on Freiburg near the railway station, killing 57 people.

Kansas | www.newyorkethnicfood.com

After the war, the city was rebuilt on its medieval plan. The French Army maintained a presence in Freiburg until , when the last French Army division left the city, and left Germany. On the site of the former French Army base, a new neighborhood for 5, people, Vauban , was begun in the late s as a "sustainable model district". Because of its scenic beauty, relatively warm and sunny climate, and easy access to the Black Forest, Freiburg is a hub for regional tourism.

The longest cable car run in Germany, which is 3. They were never intended to be used for sewage, and even in the Middle Ages such use could lead to harsh penalties. During the summer, the running water provides natural cooling of the air, and offers a pleasant gurgling sound. The Augustinerplatz is one of the central squares in the old city. Formerly the location of an Augustinian monastery that became the Augustiner Museum in , it is now a popular social space for Freiburg's younger residents. It has a number of restaurants and bars, including the local brewery 'Feierling', which has a Biergarten.

On warm summer nights, hundreds of students gather here. A farmers market is held here every day except Sundays. Built between and , it was once the center of the financial life of the region. The Platz der alten Synagoge "Old Synagogue Square" is one of the more important squares on the outskirts of the historic old city. The square was the location of a synagogue until it was destroyed on Kristallnacht in The Siegesdenkmal , or victory monument, is a monument to the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War in It is situated at the northern edge of the historic city center of Freiburg, and was built by Karl Friedrich Moest.

In everyday language of people living in Freiburg, it serves as an orientation marker or as a meeting place.

Product details

To the east of the city centre, the Schlossberg hill provides extensive views over the city and surrounding region. The castle Schloss from which the hill takes its name was demolished in the s, and only ruins remain. Schlossberg retained its importance to the city, however, and years ago the city leaders opened up walks and views to make the mountain available to the public.

Today, the Schlossbergbahn funicular railway connects the city centre to the hill. Badische Zeitung is the main local daily paper, covering the Black Forest region. In , Freiburg was voted as the Academy of Urbanism's European City of the Year in recognition of the exemplary sustainable urbanism it has implemented over the past several decades. Marine features are limited however, as a result of its vast distance from oceans and seas. As a result, summers have a significant subtropical influence as the inland air heats up. July and August are even under normal circumstances akin to a heatwave for most of Germany.

Winters are moderate but usually with frequent frosts. Freiburg is known as an "eco-city". The newly built neighbourhoods of Vauban and Rieselfeld were developed and built according to the idea of sustainability. The citizens of Freiburg are known in Germany for their love of cycling and recycling. In June , the Freiburg city council adopted a resolution that it would permit construction only of " low-energy buildings " on municipal land, and all new buildings must comply with certain "low energy" specifications.

Low-energy housing uses solar power passively as well as actively. Freiburg is a center of academia and research with numerous intellectual figures and Nobel Laureates having lived, worked, and taught there. The city houses one of the oldest and most renowned of German universities, the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg , as well as its medical center.

Home to some of the greatest minds of the West , including such eminent figures as Johann Eck , Max Weber , Edmund Husserl , Martin Heidegger , and Friedrich Hayek , it is one of Europe's top research and teaching institutions. Freiburg belonged to Austria until and because of this stayed Catholic, even though surrounding villages like Haslach, Opfingen, Tiengen, and the surrounding land ruled by the Margrave of Baden turned Protestant as a result of the Reformation.

The city was part of the Diocese of Konstanz until Due to a dispute between the government of Baden and the Holy See , the archbishop officially took office in The borders of the archdiocese correspond with the borders of the former province of Baden and the former Margraviate of Hohenzollern.

The cathedral, in which the Bishop resides, is Freiburg Minster. Also part of the ecclesiastical province of Freiburg are the suffragan dioceses of Mainz and Rottenburg-Stuttgart. Until the dioceses of Limburg and Fulda also belonged to this ecclesiastical province. The Archbishop of Freiburg holds the title of metropolitan and the German headquarters of the Caritas International is in Freiburg. Saint George the flag of Freiburg has the cross of George , Lambert of Maastricht and the catacomb saint, Alexander , are the patron saints of Freiburg. Many works of art depicting these saints are in the Freiburg Minster, on the Minster square, just as in the museums and archives of the city, including some by Hans Baldung Grien , Hans Holbein the Younger and Gregorius Sickinger.

In , with the attack of Breisgau on the Grand Duchy of Baden by a Catholic ruler, many Protestants moved into the city. There are multiple other free protestant churches: The Catholic Church of St. Jews are said to have lived in the city before , but it was only after that they supposedly founded an official community in the Webergasse a small street within the city center.

The counts of Freiburg bought the lucrative Schutzjude , which means that all personal information on Jews living in Freiburg was directly sent to Konrad II and his co-reigning son Friedrich. The two issued a comprising letter promising safety and liberty to all local Jews on 12 October It lost all value shortly after, however, on 1 January Even though the plague had not yet broken out in the city, Jews were accused of having spread it and taken into custody. All Jewish people with the exception of pregnant women were burned alive on 31 January The remaining children were forced to be baptized.

This pogrom left Jews very hesitant to settle in the city again. In the city council decreed a regulation to ban all Jews from Freiburg orig. Middle High German dialect: This was also officially reaffirmed by King Sigismund with a ban for life orig. It was only in that Jews were once again allowed permanent residence within the city.

They subsequently founded a Jewish community in At the Kristallnacht in , the synagogue, built in , was set afire. Numerous shops and apartments of jewish citizen of Freiburg were devastated and plundered by National Socialists without the intervention of police or fire department. Male, wealthy, Jewish citizens were kidnapped and taken into protective custody in concentration camps in Buchenwald and Dachau in order to force them to migrate and to aryanize their fortune. One among many collecting points was Annaplatz. The first one was inserted into the ground in front of the Vordtriede-Haus Freiburg in and the second one in front of the Basler Hof, the regional authorities, in spring This was also the seat of the Gestapo until , where unrelenting people were cruelly interrogated, held prisoner or at worst [ citation needed ] deported.

The only solutions were flight or emigration. The Vordtriede family , however, was lucky and escaped in time. Freiburg has an extensive pedestrian zone in the city centre where no motor cars are allowed. Freiburg also has an excellent public transport system, operated by the city-owned VAG Freiburg. The backbone of the system is the Freiburg tramway network , supplemented by feeder buses. Freiburg is on the main Frankfurt am Main - Basel railway line , with frequent and fast long-distance passenger services from the Freiburg Hauptbahnhof to major German and other European cities. Other railway lines run east into the Black Forest and west to Breisach.

The line to Breisach is the remaining stub of the Freiburg—Colmar international railway , severed in when the railway bridge over the Rhine at Breisach was destroyed, and was never replaced. The city also is served by the A5 Frankfurt am Main - Basel motorway. The nearby Flugplatz Freiburg , a small airfield in the Messe, Freiburg district, lacks commercial service but is used for private aviation.

Car share websites such as Mitfahrgelegenheit are commonly used among Freiburg residents, since they are considered relatively safe. Freiburg is home to football teams SC Freiburg , which plays at the Schwarzwald-Stadion and is represented in the 1. Bundesliga since , and Freiburger FC , German championship winner of In , SC Freiburg got promoted to the highest league for the fifth time in its club history.

The club became generally known in Germany for its steady staffing policy. Achim Stocker was president of the club from until his death in Longtime coach was Volker Finke , to whose initiative the football school of the club goes back. In , SC Freiburg celebrated its th anniversary. Since december , the coach is Christian Streich. The home ground of the club, the only rugby sports field in the wider area, is located in March-Hugstetten.