Preciso como un reloj (Criminal (roca)) (Spanish Edition)

At the conclusion of all the trials participants were asked what they thought the experiment was about, if they noticed any relationship between the primes and targets, what the relationship was, and how soon in the experiment they noticed. Responses were classified into one of three major types: Related and unrelated trials were compared using both response outcomes and RTs. On each picture naming trial, an experimenter pressed one button if a correct naming response triggered the voice-key producing a valid RT, and a different button to indicate that the RT was invalid if the voice-key was triggered in a different way e.

Figure 1 shows the number of positive TOTs our variable of primary interest on translation primed versus control trials, Table 2 shows the percent of responses classified into each of the three types outlined above, and Figure 2 shows naming times for correct retrievals. Mean number of positive TOT states in related and unrelated conditions in Experiments 1 and 2. Error bars show standard errors. Mean naming times RTs for correct responses in related and unrelated conditions Experiments 1 and 2. Speakers reported almost one 0. To the extent that translation primes induced more TOTs, this effect was at least somewhat temporary, as speakers spontaneously resolved nearly one 0.

Analysis of GOTs and Other response rates did not show any consistent effects of prime relatedness. Experiment 1 showed that bilinguals were more likely to report a TOT for an English target word when first primed with Spanish translation equivalent words than with unrelated words, an effect that was significant by subjects and marginally significant by items.

This suggests that dual-language activation can increase TOT reports in bilinguals, and therefore that dual-language activation could be a contributing factor explaining why bilinguals get stuck in TOTs more often than monolinguals. Of course, naming times are assessed only when speakers name the pictures correctly, so at least in principle, the facilitation observed on these correct retrievals may be separate from any effects seen with TOTs.

One possibility is that the prime task used in Experiment 1 whereby subjects generated semantic associates of the translations and other Spanish words may have caused speakers to think of more of the conceptual features of the named entity. The fact that these features belong also to the target concept may have led to faster conceptual processing, causing faster picture naming times irrespective of any effects on TOTs.

To further explore the effect of translation equivalent primes on dominant-language TOT rates, we asked whether the effects we observed for RTs and TOT incidence might arise at different processing loci. To test this, in Experiment 2 we replaced the semantic association task with a phonological association task, such that speakers were asked to generate words that were similar in sound to the prime words.

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If translation facilitation effects for either RTs and TOTs are enhanced by the semantic association task, then the switch from semantic association to phonological association should reduce the extent to which translation facilitation occurs. In the first place, we can look to see if this eliminates the faster naming times observed for correct retrieval times when speakers were primed by translations compared to when they were primed by only unrelated words. Of further interest, however, will be whether the switch to the phonological association task has any effect on priming of TOTs observed in Experiment 1.

For example, if the change in task also affects TOT rates this would place priming effects at a relatively early processing stage i. Conversely, if the change in task does not affect TOT rates this would suggest that priming effects do not arise at a purely semantic locus, and perhaps instead arise at a lexical locus we assume that the change in task leads speaker to perform less elaborate semantic processing — or perhaps even no semantic processing — of the non-dominant language translation primes. Also of interest was to consider if priming effects might have been caused by semantically related associates that bilinguals generated; to the extent that these might have increased TOT rates the effects should disappear in Experiment 2 in which speakers generated phonological rather than semantic associates to the translation primes.

To examine the locus of translation-priming effects in Experiment 1, the procedure in Experiment 2 was the same as in Experiment 1 except that speakers were instructed to produce phonologically related words instead of semantically related words when presented with each Spanish prime. Note that although the phonological association task encouraged speakers to focus on the form of the Spanish prime words, the association responses they produced are not phonologically or semantically related to the target names.

That is, in both Experiments 1 and 2, the translation primes were related to the targets only through meaning, whereas in Experiment 1 both the translation primes and likely the semantic associates that speakers produced were related in meaning to the English target names. Additionally, although the task was phonological association in Experiment 2, it is unlikely that the phonological associates would be related in meaning or form to the English targets. For example, consider again the related trial for the target octopus with the primes pulpo Spanish for octopus , dinero Spanish for money and clase Spanish for class.

Phonological associates for these primes might include papel Spanish for paper , delgado Spanish for thin , and clavo Spanish for nail , none of which are related in meaning or form to the target octopus 3. In this respect the manipulation in Experiment 2 is rather different from phonological priming studies of TOTs in monolinguals e.

Here the focus is exclusively on the possible influence of translation equivalent word forms for inducing TOTs. Thirty Spanish-English bilinguals who were undergraduates at UCSD and did not participate in Experiment 1 participated for course credit. However, these differences were no longer significant after excluding Spanish-dominant participants, and the pattern of results reported below is not different when excluding Spanish-dominant participants from the analyses.

The procedure was the same as in Experiment 1 except that after reading the Spanish prime aloud, participants were instructed to produce a word that is related in sound to the prime. For example, if the participant saw the word perro which means dog they might say papel paper. Despite the change in task, as in Experiment 1, translation primes significantly increased TOT reports: Also as in Experiment 1, TOTs were significantly more likely to be spontaneously resolved by 0. Mean naming times are shown in Figure 2. Thus, the change in task from semantic to phonological association seemed to have eliminated translation facilitation effects on RTs entirely.

Comparing the main findings in Experiments 1 and 2, the results suggest a robust effect of change in task on correct response times, but little effect on the TOT data. The contrast between experiments suggests that translation facilitation effects influenced naming times by speeding access to the target-relevant concepts in Experiment 1, and the similarity between experiments on TOT effects implies that the facilitatory effect of semantic elaboration affects only the speed of correct retrieval and is separate from any TOT effects.

The primary goal in the current study was to determine if bilingual speakers are more likely to get stuck in a TOT state because of prior production of or activation of a translation equivalent word. In two experiments, prior processing of a translation equivalent significantly increased the probability of a TOT response even though primes were in a nondominant language Spanish and bilinguals attempted to retrieve targets in their more dominant language English. These data suggest that dual-language activation contributes to why bilinguals have more TOTs than monolinguals.

Importantly, this conclusion does not require that dual-language activation increases TOTs via interference between languages a possibility we discuss in detail below. It is also compatible with the hypothesis that reduced frequency of use of each language also leads bilinguals to have more TOTs than monolinguals i. The current data merely demonstrate that the increased TOT rate may occur for more than one reason, a proposal that fits well with the robustness of the phenomenon. Although these data demonstrate that recent processing of a translation equivalent word increases the chances of a TOT it remains to be determined to what extent translations must be processed to influence TOT rates, and how often bilingual speakers actually face such dual-language activation when they speak.

In these experiments, the translation was explicitly presented, creating potentially greater other-language competition than bilinguals experience in everyday life. Priming of TOTs might occur only if translations are externally presented and overtly processed as they were in the current study, or it is possible that more implicit processing could have the same effect. Note however that the type of processing appeared to have no influence on TOT rates.

That is, in Experiment 1 speakers generated semantic associates to the primes enhancing semantic processing of the prime , whereas in Experiment 2 speakers generated phonological associates enhancing phonological processing of the prime. Presumably, these tasks enhanced different aspects of prime processing, and indeed the change in task had a robust effect on correct naming times, but no effect on TOT rates.

This suggests that differences in the extent or manner to which translations are activated do not change the extent to which dual-language activation increases TOT rates. In addition, the current study demonstrated an effect of the nondominant language on the dominant language; dual-language activation is likely to have much stronger effects when bilinguals speak in their non-dominant language. Finally, each bilingual produced just target words in the current study — the number of words a speaker says in less than a minute or two.

Though other-language activation may be relatively reduced in natural language use, the far greater number of opportunities for TOTs to occur in natural language production suggests that the current observations may indeed be relevant to everyday language use. Another open question remains about the mechanism underlying the robust increase in TOTs reported here.

In the introduction, we briefly described two mechanisms that might allow dual-language activation to increase TOT rates in bilingual speakers. First, competition between translations may have caused a response that would have been fully retrieved to be at least temporarily interfered with, effectively turning a GOT into a TOT. These mechanisms make different predictions regarding the effect of the relatedness manipulation on GOT and Other less successful response rates. By the first explanation, including the translation in the prime set should decrease GOT rates along with increasing TOT rates.

Analyses of GOTs and Other less successful than TOT responses in Experiments 1 and 2 did not provide conclusive evidence favoring either of these explanations — perhaps implying that both mechanisms are at play. To further increase our power for testing these predictions, we combined the data from Experiments 1 and 2, and used a form of analysis of derived TOT rates based on logic developed by Gollan and Brown In addition, we used logistic mixed-effects regression which combines subjects and items into a single analysis and also addresses a number of possible shortcomings associated with the use of traditional ANOVA in repeated measures designs with categorical outcomes; Dixon, ; Jaeger, Fixed effects were prime relatedness, and the models included both random intercepts, and correlated random slopes for relatedness for both subjects and items.

For these analyses it was not possible to calculate proportions as Gollan and Brown recommend because with logistic regression each trial for each participant is coded individually. Thus, in the analysis of GOTs, correct responses were coded as 1s and all other trials were coded as 0s. For the analysis of Other response outcomes we used the logic of Gollan and Brown see below by coding GOTs and positive TOTs both self-resolved and not as 1s and all other trials as 0s.

To confirm that this approach to data analysis replicates the above reported TOT findings, we also conducted an analysis of TOTs, in which we contrasted successful GOTs with partially successful retrievals TOTs , by coding GOTs as 1s, and all positive TOTs both self-resolved and not as 0s, and excluding all other trials.

These codings roughly correspond to the logic outlined by Gollan and Brown in the following way: From the perspective of a TOT analysis, to fully produce a name, speakers must proceed through two processing steps: First, they must retrieve the conceptual features that correspond to the meaning of the name. Second, they must retrieve the lexical representation and phonological features of the name. A failure at the first of these steps, such that speakers do not retrieve the correct conceptual features of a to-be-produced name either because they retrieve nothing, or because they retrieve the wrong conceptual features is what Gollan and Brown termed a Step 1 failure —both TOTs and GOTs reflect successful completion of this stage which justifies collapsing these together when analyzing Other response outcomes in the logistic regression.

A failure at the second of these steps, such that speakers do not fully retrieve the lexical or phonological features of a to-be-produced name given that they have retrieved the correct conceptual features is what Gollan and Brown term a Step 2 failure. If neither Step 1 nor Step 2 fails — that is, if both steps succeed — then the speaker has fully retrieved the name — a GOT. However, of greatest importance given the goals of these analyses were GOTs, which should decrease with prime relatedness if translation equivalents interfere with retrieval, and Other responses which should decrease with prime relatedness if translation equivalents facilitated speakers out of profound retrieval failures into partially successful retrievals i.

Thus, the results of these analyses suggest that related primes increase TOTs primarily via interference between languages indeed this seems also more plausible given that we used pictures to elicit TOTs; failure to access the target concept seems more likely with definition stimuli, which are inherently more ambiguous, than pictures. Having concluded that translation equivalents sometimes interfere with correct retrieval, it is necessary to clarify how related primes significantly increased TOT resolution rates in both experiments see Table 2.

If translations exerted a facilitatory effect, cueing speakers into a TOT out of a less successful retrieval outcome, then such facilitation could continue to eventually resolve the TOT. If translations exerted an interfering effect, blocking a correct retrieval enough to yield a TOT, subsequent resolution could be triggered by a reduced ability for the translation to compete with continued attempts to retrieve the target. Additionally, it is important to realize that mechanisms underlying TOT incidence and TOT resolution need not — indeed probably do not — overlap completely.

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For example, once speakers are in a TOT state, prior access to the translation equivalent could allow the strategy of re-accessing translations as a means for elaborating conceptual activation to increase activation in the lexical representation and resolve the TOT. As discussed above, once retrieval is divided into stages in this way there is the possibility of access failure at each of these different points.

The first proposed locus for TOT states in a well-articulated model of language production was that TOTs reflect failed lexeme, but successful lemma, access Levelt, ; Levelt et al. The proposal that priming translation equivalent lexical representations increases TOT rates may be more broadly relevant to the extent that it also applies to semantically related words within a single language, and if so the current interpretation also provides some explanation for why phonological cues are superior to semantic cues for facilitating TOT resolution e.

That is, initially, the contrast between phonological and semantic effects on TOTs seemed more consistent with the previously proposed later-locus for TOT failures, and with the idea of TOTs as a failure in phonological encoding. On this view, phonological cues are effective because they activate needed representations precisely at the point of failure. By moving TOTs back to an earlier processing locus, a different explanation is required.

Semantic cues may be less effective than phonological cues because to the extent that they cue retrieval they may also block it. Phonological cues by contrast activate the desired lexical representations without increasing activation of semantically related competitors. An avenue to consider for future investigations of the TOT phenomenon is the possibility that there may be more than one type of TOT. Some TOTs may reflect failure of lexical selection while others reflect failure of phonological encoding. This too would reduce the effectiveness of semantically related primes which would only affect the early-locus failure type TOT giving the impression that there are little or no semantic blocking effects note that both types of TOTs would be facilitated by phonological cues.

Further work is needed to confirm the proposal that competition between lexical representations leads to increased TOT rates in bilinguals, and to further explore the locus or possibly loci of processing for TOT failures. In addition to helping us to understand bilingual language processing better, this helps to identify that TOTs in general arise not only because of failed phonological access Levelt, , but also at a level of representation where lexical candidates compete for selection. As frustrating as TOTs are, their causes and nature help to illuminate the functioning of the cognitive mechanisms responsible for fluent and nonfluent language production more broadly.

The authors thank Niels Janssen and F. Xavier Alario for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Materials used in Experiments 1 and 2. English translations of Spanish prime words are provided in parentheses but were not presented during the actual task.

To consider if such trials influenced the results we repeated the analyses of retrieval outcomes excluding these trials and found that this did not change the pattern or significance of results. Previous studies using similar priming paradigms but with monolinguals have sometimes shown that priming effects varied with prime position e. The results in the current study therefore seem to differ from those results; however, we refrain from interpreting these null effects any further because of the reduction in power when dividing the materials by prime position.

Specifically, this analysis confirmed the results already reported above, i. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Author manuscript; available in PMC Jan 1. Gollan , a Victor S. Ferreira , a Cynthia Cera , a and Susanna Flett b. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Semantic Association to Translation Primes Early evidence for dual-language activation effects came from studies of late bilinguals speaking in a second language using the picture-word interference paradigm, showing that distractors in a non-target language, or related to words in a non-target language, can interfere with production of a different target language Hermans et al.

Table 1 Participant characteristics in Experiments 1 and 2 and t-tests for the difference between experiments. That's the way it is. You must do it this way. And so they decided to act immediately. I don't say it without reason. I'll let you know as soon as I get there. Your attendance isn't necessary. I took care of him during his illness.

Were you present at the meeting? The wash'll have to be put in the sun to dry. They were taking a sun bath on the beach. He put his head out of the window. It's forbidden to lean out of windows. He amazes everybody by his cleverness. I'm amazed that you say that. He assumed full responsibility. What's the subject of that play? Don't meddle in my affairs. Your screams frightened me. She's frightened by loud noises. If we go this way we'll catch up with 'em. He cut him short by saying no. Lace your shoes up tight. When I heard that I put two and two together.

I've danced so much that I'm dizzy. The announcer called for attention. I'll never forget your kindness. She likes to attract attention. I reprimanded him for his insolence. The clerk waited on them immediately. Please pay attention to what I'm saying. He takes very good care of his guests.

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I don't know what to depend on. There was an attempt on the life of the president. Su atento seguro servidor. He guessed the amount of money I had in my pocket. He didn't succeed in explaining what he wanted. I can't find the keyhole. I've never seen such a scatterbrain.

What an attractive woman! She's very pretty but she has no appeal. She's back there with some friends. Don't back up; there's a tree behind you. She stayed behind with some friends. This'll delay my trip a long time. I have to set my watch back; it's very fast. My watch loses ten minutes a day. I think we're getting behind in this work. The backwardness of that country's well known. The bullet pierced his arm. I've crossed the Atlantic several times.

A truck stopped crosswise in the middle of the road. He doesn't dare to tell me. What a horrible thing! An automobile ran over him. If you want to do a good job, don't rush through it. We can't tolerate such an outrage. Three pedestrians were victims of an accident. So much noise rattles me. He was stunned and didn't know what to answer. We can still get there on time.

Even now it wouldn't be possible. He hasn't come yet. Even if he doesn't come we'll have to begin. Though I wasn't born in the country, I know it very well. He left the class because he was feeling sick. Is there enough room in the car for everybody? Which is cheaper, the bus or the street car?

Dictionary of spoken Spanish

He couldn't maintain his authority. They reported it to the authorities. The car moved very slowly. We're not making any progress in our work. The floods ruined the crops. He agreed to what they said. He's a very promising young man. He gets ahead of everybody in his work. He shamed his whole family by his conduct.

After he said it, he was ashamed. The mechanic repaired the damage without delay. The shipment was damaged by the rain. We have to notify the police. I'm warning you for the last time. They revived the fire by putting on more wood. Why don't you keep your eyes open? Step lively; it's very late. Wake up; you're half asleep. I want to help him carry the packages. Don't smoke on an empty stomach. Let's take that chance. He likes games of chance. He chose them at random. This would embarrass anyone. When I told him that he was very much embarrassed.

The enemy suffered many casualties. There was a general fall in prices. He dropped out of the club. For lack of payment they dropped him from the subscription list. Let's go down the stairs slowly. Bring the suitcase down from my room. Will you help me take the suitcases down from the rack? They saw us as they were getting off the train. He bent over to tie his shoe. I want a low table. He's shorter than his brother. They were speaking in a low voice. Let's put the basses on the left. The temperature's fallen below zero.

The superintendent lives on the ground floor. What's my bank balance this month? Don't rock in the chair; it's going to break. Three shots were heard. He had three bullet wounds in his chest. They're giving tickets free. He tried to get her on the phone without success. Can I cash my check in this bank? All the benches are taken. The skirt had three red bands. He wore a red sash across his chest. That band gives me a headache. A gang of thieves works these parts. Please bathe the children. I'm going to take a bath. It's very pretty and besides it's cheap.

They sell things very cheap in this store. There's a sale today in that department store. He eats too much. What he did was an outrage. I like her an awful lot. How many times have you made the trip by boat? We need an iron bar. The spectators cheered the players on. He dicho que te calles. I told you to shut up! Do you have enough money? She's a rather pretty woman.

There wasn't enough food for all. The suit's made of very rough material. Please beat the eggs. He defeated his enemy. They haven't unpacked their trunks yet. He doesn't appreciate favors. The profits were very high. He doesn't know the difference between good and evil. He spoke very well.

The beer's very cold. He has a great deal of property. He's rich rather than poor. All right or Correct. Pay close attention to what I tell you.

Experiment 1: Semantic Association to Translation Primes

Have you bought the tickets? Give me the money in fives and tens. You have to put a screen in front of the door. I wish I'd bought a white dress! There are white people, Indians, and Negroes in this city. They hit the target. Leave this sheet blank. They hit the mark three times. The soldiers had target practice in the morning. He didn't open his mouth all afternoon. The subway entrance is on the corner. The child's sleeping on his stomach.

He was lying on his back on the beach. What an embarrassing situation that was! What sultry weather we're having! What a shameful action! Blow the horn so that car'll let us pass. I'm out of breath. Give me that iron ball. We bought some tennis balls. There was a crowd of people at the entrance of the theater. She carried a silk purse. I need a paper bag to put it in. I don't know what the quotations are on the exchange today. They used a pump to take out the water.

The bomb destroyed three houses. It struck like a bombshell! Where is there a filling station? Se puso una bomba. He got drunk [ Am ]. Three bulbs have burned out. Thank you for your kindness. Please wait a moment. He was lying on the bed. Be careful, don't throw away those papers. Look how that ball bounces. I want a can of tomatoes. When he heard it he jumped. The theater was jammed. Be careful, it's a fierce bull. He got very mad. I don't like this paper; it's too shiny. He gave her a diamond bracelet. Let's drink to your health!

I said it as a joke. He takes everything lightly. He's abrupt in his way of speaking. That's a very good car. It was a good opportunity. I'm not feeling very well. Bueno, nos veremos a las cinco. All right, we'll meet at five. He gave it to me willingly. They made a terrible racket. He went out with a bundle of clothes in his hand. He has a swelling on his head. As soon as he saw what he had to do, he ducked out. They were making fun of him. Put these letters in the mail box. He's a perfect gentleman. Here's your bill, sir. She wears her hair loose.

Nothing else will fit in the trunk. The piano won't go through that door. There's no doubt that he's English. That child has a very large head. He was the leader of the movement. You have to use your brains in this work. He plunged into the water head first. Business is in a mess.

He never loses his head. Ese proyecto no tiene pies ni cabeza. There's no rhyme or reason to that plan. From end to end. We can't leave any loose ends. They passed the Cape of Good Hope. He has corporal's stripes. They put an end to the conversation. I know the story from beginning to end. They carried out the plan right away. Take this junk out of here. Every day he says something different.

Dictionary of spoken Spanish - Wikisource, the free online library

Every one paid for his own meal. He asks me for it every time he sees me. A heavy rain fell. He dropped to his knees. The suit's becoming to him. His birthday falls on Sunday. He was taken sick a few days ago. I didn't realize it until much later. She fell down the stairs. Be careful, don't drop the tray. He was lame after the fall.

The opposition of the House caused the fall of the government. He gave her a box. He put a lot of money in the savings bank. They keep their jewelry in the safe.

Look and see how much the cash register rings up. We have to see how much cash we have on hand. I'm going to buy a pack of cigarettes. They've lost the key to the drawer. They received a box of books. She turned him down. They flunked him in geometry. He got a cramp while he was swimming. The dagger penetrated to his heart. I got home drenched. He pulled his hat down to his eyes. Let's figure out the cost of the trip. Please heat the water. They warmed themselves in the sun. He's had a fever for the past few days. Is this good material? Be careful, the soup's very hot.

Why are you so quiet? He kept quiet while we were talking. He kept the truth from us. You're talking too much. Se callaron de repente. All of a sudden they stopped talking. What street do you live on? I had no choice but to throw him out. When his business failed he was left penniless. We're in a blind alley. There was a calm after the storm.

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He takes his time when he works. These pills will ease the pain. He didn't calm down until much later. I don't like the heat. It's very warm today. Everything he's saying is slander. What size shoe do you wear? I'm going to chock the wheels so the car won't move. Please make my bed. He's been confined to bed for the past three months. What kind of a camera do you have? They were talking together like old pals. The maid hasn't made up the room yet.

Ask the waitress for the menu. I want to reserve a first-class stateroom. He hasn't changed a bit since I saw him. Can you change a ten-peso bill for me? Has there been any change in policy? Do you have any change? What's the rate of exchange on the dollar today? I'll give you this book in exchange for the other one. He's very fond of walking.

You have to move cautiously in this matter. Is the road all right to drive on? I don't know how to go about getting it. They started out the following day. He was in his shirt sleeves. The soldiers will soon return to camp. I didn't hear how many times the clock struck. We lived in the country for many years. She found her first gray hair. She has a lot of gray hair. We passed through the Panama Canal.

The boat was approaching the English Channel. They brought us a basket of fruit. There are tennis courts in this park. What's the latest song hit? Give me a light for my cigarette. They decided to exchange prisoners. This man's very tiresome. It's a very tiring job. She gets tired quickly. He's always harping on the same string.

I want to learn that song. The tenor sang very well tonight. I'll have to tell it to him straight from the shoulder. How much do I owe you? He's a singing teacher. I like folk songs. Stand the book on edge. A lot of sugar cane is grown in Cuba. He carried a cane. They have to fix the water pipe; it's clogged. He bought a double-barreled shotgun. Have you seen the Grand Canyon?

He wears a Spanish cape. The door needs another coat of paint. Poor people, they're on the downgrade! This tank has a capacity of thirty liters. He's a very capable business man. I don't believe it! Es de creer que no lo maten, porque Carrasco tiene muy buenas aldabas. Ser Supremo Supreme Being. Somos 50 There are 50 of us. Eran 38 en total There were 38 of them altogether.

Here are the most popular phrases with "ser. Present Preterite Imperfect Conditional Future yo so y. We've combined the most accurate English to Spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and Spanish to English translators into one very powerful search box. Inaccurate Unclear Missing translations Missing conjugations Other. SpanishDict is the world's most popular Spanish-English dictionary, translation, and learning website. SpanishDict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the Spanish language.

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