Philanthropy in England, 1480 - 1660: A study of the Changing Patterns of English Social Aspirations

This included organized campaigns against the ill treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the slave trade throughout the Empire starting in Financial donations to organized charities became fashionable among the middle-class in the 19th century. In addition to making annual donations, increasingly wealthy industrialists and financiers left generous sums in their wills. Led by the energetic Lord Shaftesbury — , philanthropists organized themselves. It was a federation of district committees, one in each of the 42 Poor Law divisions.

Its central office had experts in coordination and guidance, thereby maximizing the impact of charitable giving to the poor.

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This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for "cottage husbandry" that later became the allotment movement, and in it became the first Model Dwellings Company —an organization that sought to improve the housing conditions of the working classes by building new homes for them, while at the same time receiving a competitive rate of return on any investment. This was one of the first housing associations , a philanthropic endeavor that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century, brought about by the growth of the middle class.

Later associations included the Peabody Trust , and the Guinness Trust. The principle of philanthropic intention with capitalist return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy. He shared the first Nobel Peace Prize for this work in The French Red Cross played a minor role in the war with Germany — After that it became a major factor in shaping French civil society as a non-religious humanitarian organization. By it operated one thousand local committees with , members, 21, trained nurses, and over 27 million francs in assets.

Philanthrophy in England, 1480-1660 : A Study of the Changing Pattern of English Social Aspirations

It was in a cash starved position when the war began in , but quickly mobilized its national offices set up a Central Prisoner of War Agency. For example, it provided food, mail and assistance to , British and Commonwealth soldiers and civilians held captive.

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In France, the Pasteur Institute had a monopoly of specialized microbiological knowledge allowed it to raise money for serum production from both private and public sources, walking the line between a commercial pharmaceutical venture and a philanthropic enterprise. By , at the depth of the Great Depression, the French wanted a welfare state to relieve distress, but did not want new taxes.

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War veterans came up with a solution: American money proved invaluable. The Rockefeller Foundation opened an office in Paris and helped design and fund France's modern public health system, under the National Institute of Hygiene. It also set up schools to train physicians and nurses. The history of modern philanthropy the European Continent is especially important in the case of Germany, which became a model for others, especially regarding the welfare state. The princes and in the various Imperial states continued traditional efforts, such as monumental buildings, parks and art collections.

Starting in the early 19th century, the rapidly emerging middle classes made local philanthropy a major endeavor to establish their legitimate role in shaping society, in contradistinction to the aristocracy and the military. They concentrated on support for social welfare institutions, higher education, and cultural institutions, as well as some efforts to alleviate the hardships of rapid industrialization. The bourgeoisie upper-middle-class was defeated in its effort to it gain political control in , but they still had enough money and organizational skill that could be employed through philanthropic agencies to provide an alternative powerbase for their world view.

The Catholics, for example, continued their medieval practice of using financial donations in their wills to lighten their punishment in purgatory after death. The Protestants did not believe in purgatory, but made a strong commitment to the improvement of their communities here and now.

Conservative Protestants Raised concerns about deviant sexuality, alcoholism and socialism, as well as illegitimate births. They used philanthropy to eradicate social evils that were seen as utterly sinful. Each was devoted to a specific benefit to that religious community. Each had a board of trustees; these were laymen who donated their time to public service. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, an upper class Junker , used his state-sponsored philanthropy, in the form of his invention of the modern welfare state, to neutralize the political threat posed by the socialistic labor unions.

For example, state funding for universities and gymnasiums covered only a fraction of the cost; private philanthropy became the essential ingredient. Indeed, such German institutions as the kindergarten, the research university, and the welfare state became models copied by the Anglo-Saxons. The civil society so elaborately build up in the 19th century was practically dead by However, by the s, as the "economic miracle" was restoring German prosperity, the old aristocracy was defunct, and middle-class philanthropy started to return to importance.

It was led by Herbert Hoover. For example, the CRB shipped ,, pounds of flour to Belgium. At its peak, his organization was feeding nine million Belgians and French a day. The ARA fed millions. When attacked for distributing food to Russia, which was under Bolshevik control, Hoover snapped, "Twenty million people are starving.

Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!

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